A Watery Grave for the Urey Ratio Paradox?
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1 A Watery Grave for the Urey Ratio Paradox? CIDER group: J. Crowley, M. Gérault, T. Höink, A. Schaeffer, P. Barry, M. Hirschmann, T. Becker, S. Hier-Majumder, R. O Connell, J. Frost, J. Girard, M. Nunez-Valdez Volatiles Melting Hydrated Layer Dehydrated Lithosphere Mantle Warm Mantle Heat Flow Cold Plate Volatiles
2 Water and Plate Tectonics Water may affect plate mantle dynamics by 1 - Lubricating subduction zone faults 2 - Creating strong plates through dehydration of the lithosphere 3 - Modifying mantle viscosity Consider the cooling and thermal evolution of a simple Earth-like planet with plate tectonics and a water dependent rheology
3 Heat and Water Transport by Plate Tectonics Degassing Heat Flow Regassing Internal Heating Melting Mantle Temperature Water Concentration Viscosity
4 Heat and Water Transport by Plate Tectonics Feedbacks Degassing Heat Flow Regassing Internal Heating Melting Mantle Temperature Water Concentration Viscosity
5 Heat and Water Transport by Plate Tectonics Feedbacks Degassing Heat Flow Regassing Internal Heating Melting Mantle Temperature Water Concentration Viscosity Effect of water dependence Effect of temperature dependence J. Crowley, M. Gérault, and R. O Connell, EPSL (2011)
6 Relative Effect of Water and Thermal Cycles Time Scale Analysis: Feedbacks and relative rates of change require system to evolve such that (Theory) (In agreement with Observation for present day Earth) J. Crowley, M. Gérault, and R. O Connell, EPSL (2011)
7 Relative Effect of Water and Thermal Cycles Time Scale Analysis: Feedbacks and relative rates of change require system to evolve such that (Theory) (In agreement with Observation for present day Earth) Implications: Heat and water transport are coupled Feedback needs to be included in thermal evolutions Cooling + Regassing Cooling + Degassing Warming + Degassing Warming + Regassing Regassing-Degassing Surface Heat Flow A net regassing of the mantle forces the thermal cycle to release heat faster Regassing reduces the Urey ratio Rheology J. Crowley, M. Gérault, and R. O Connell, EPSL (2011)
8 Now Apply to the Earth J. Crowley, M. Gérault, T. Höink, A. Schaeffer, P. Barry, T. Becker, M. Hirschmann, S. Hier-Majumder, and R. O Connell Temperature and water dependent rheology More accurate parameterization of degassing and regassing fluxes New dynamic model for thermal evolution that includes effects of strong plates and depth dependent viscosity Modeling of multiple reservoirs (surface, upper and lower mantle, and transition zone)
9 Link Between Past and Present Earth Classic Thermal Evolutions Temperature (C) Heat Flow (TW) Internal Heating Time (Gy) Time (Gy)
10 Link Between Past and Present Earth Temperature (C) No Water Dependence Water Dependent Viscosity Heat Flow (TW) Classic Thermal Evolutions Thermal Evolutions with Water Internal Heating Time (Gy) Time (Gy)
11 Link Between Past and Present Earth Temperature (C) No Water Dependence Water Dependent Viscosity Heat Flow (TW) Classic Thermal Evolutions Thermal Evolutions with Water Internal Heating Time (Gy) Time (Gy) New mechanism allowing for a large range of possible Urey ratios Dynamics of present day Earth tell us about the past - possibly deep time
12 Feedback on CIDER smaller groups... have all groups meet throughout the year
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14 New Work: - Sensitivity to rheology - Plate Velocity (cm/year) Mantle Water Concentration (ppm) Heat Flow (TW) Surface Heat Flow Internal Heating Urey Ratio r r r r Plate Velocity (cm/year) Activation Energy E (kj/kg mol) Mantle Water Concentration (ppm) Activation Energy E (kj/kg mol) Heat Flow and Internal Heating (TW) Surface Heat Flow Internal Heating Activation Energy E (kj/kg mol) Urey Ratio Activation Energy E (kj/kg mol)
15 Relative Effect of Water and Heat Transport on Viscosity Effect of temperature dependence Relative Effect for Present Day Earth (Observation) J.W. Crowley, M. Gérault, and R.J. O Connell, EPSL (2011) Effect of water dependence Regassing Degassing Urey Ratio Activation Energy Water Exponent Water Concentration ( R D ) U r E r χ m S WT ( kg kj ) yr mol (ppm) ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± Relative Strength
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