Marine Geophysics. Plate tectonics. Dept. of Marine Sciences, Ocean College, Zhejiang University. Nov. 8, 2016
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1 Marine Geophysics Plate tectonics 何小波 Dept. of Marine Sciences, Ocean College, Zhejiang University Nov. 8, 2016 Ocean College (ZJU) Plate tectonics 1 / 1
2 Mantle flow and Plate tectonics Two suggested models of plate tectonics show how flow in the mantle might be related to plate movement. Book: Earth s Dynamic Systems 10th Edition Ocean College (ZJU) Plate tectonics xbhe@zju.edu.cn 2 / 1
3 Convergent plate boundaries Book: Earth s Dynamic Systems 10th Edition Ocean College (ZJU) Plate tectonics xbhe@zju.edu.cn 3 / 1
4 Convergent plate boundaries Possible modes of behavior of oceanic lithosphere at convergent plate boundaries: Ocean College (ZJU) Plate tectonics 4 / 1
5 Convergent plate boundaries Possible modes of behavior of oceanic lithosphere at convergent plate boundaries: Ocean College (ZJU) Plate tectonics 5 / 1
6 Forces active on the plates Include slab-pull, ridge-push, basal drag, and friction along transform faults and in the subduction zone. Book: Earth s Dynamic Systems 10th Edition Ocean College (ZJU) Plate tectonics xbhe@zju.edu.cn 6 / 1
7 Forces active on the plates Summary of main plate driving forces : Ocean College (ZJU) Plate tectonics xbhe@zju.edu.cn 7 / 1
8 Mantle drag force Ocean College (ZJU) Plate tectonics 8 / 1
9 Mantle drag force Small-scale convection: mostly associated with mantle plume, subduction and variation in lithospheric thickness Toroidal mantle flow through the western U.S. slab window (Zant and Humphreys, 2008, Geology) Ocean College (ZJU) Plate tectonics 9 / 1
10 Small scale convection Edge-Driven Convection: (From: Ocean College (ZJU) Plate tectonics 10 / 1
11 Ridge push force 1. Ridge push is attributed to the cooling and thickening of the oceanic lithosphere with age. 2. This type of force can be thought of as created by the horizontal pressure gradient attributable to the cooling and thickening of the oceanic lithosphere, 3. and its magnitude can be determined by the regional bathymetry, which is largely a function of plate age. 4. The term ridge push is misleading, though, since the force is zero at the ridge, and increases linearly with plate age. Ocean College (ZJU) Plate tectonics xbhe@zju.edu.cn 11 / 1
12 Slab pull force Ocean College (ZJU) Plate tectonics 12 / 1
13 Drive or resist: Ocean College (ZJU) Plate tectonics 13 / 1
14 Trench suction force 1. This force acts to draw plates together at a trench. 2. Trench Suction is thought to result from small-scale convection in the mantle wedge, driven by the subducting lithosphere. 3. Related to Trench Suction is Slab Roll-Back. Ocean College (ZJU) Plate tectonics xbhe@zju.edu.cn 14 / 1
15 Collisional resistance force 1. For every subducting slab there is an associated resistive force provided by the relatively high viscosity of the warmer, more ductile upper mantle. 2. This force is only significant when young, relatively buoyant, oceanic crust is subducted. 3. Old oceanic crust dips at a steep angle, reducing friction with the overriding plate. 4. This force is velocity independent. 5. Together, the negative buoyancy of the sinking slab and the resistive nature of the slab entering the mantle is called the Net Slab Force. 6. The sum of these two forces is exerted at the colliding margin and contributes to the intra-plate stress field of the surface plates. Ocean College (ZJU) Plate tectonics xbhe@zju.edu.cn 15 / 1
16 Transform fault resistance force The resistance at transform faults due to friction. Ocean College (ZJU) Plate tectonics 16 / 1
17 Discussion : Convergence of two continental plates The density of two convergent continental plates are comparable. Why or how one continent can subduct beneath another one? Book: Earth s Dynamic Systems 10th Edition Ocean College (ZJU) Plate tectonics xbhe@zju.edu.cn 17 / 1
18 Different continental subduction scenarios (Magni, 2013, GRL) Ocean College (ZJU) Plate tectonics 18 / 1
19 Further reading Suggestions for further reading: Book: Earth s Dynamic Systems 10th Edition Geodynamics: Third Edition, Turcotte, D. L. and Schubert, G., Cambridge University Press, Mantle Dynamics: Mantle Convection in the Earth and Planets, Schubert, G., Turcotte, D. L. and P. Olson, Cambridge University Press, 2001 Ocean College (ZJU) Plate tectonics xbhe@zju.edu.cn 19 / 1
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