Rock Scour: Past, Present and Future. George W. Annandale, D.Ing, P.E. Engineering and Hydrosystems Inc. Denver, Colorado
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1 Rock Scour: Past, Present and Future George W. Annandale, D.Ing, P.E. Engineering and Hydrosystems Inc. Denver, Colorado
2 Outline Rock Scour Process Jet Hydraulics Scour Resistance of Rock Methods of Analysis Past Present Future Plunge Pool Design
3 Bartlett Dam, Arizona
4 Bartlett Dam, Arizona 30m Scour in Granite
5 Turbulent Jet Scour Process Analysis Design
6 Fluctuating Pressures and Resonance 6 4 excitation at fissure entry end of fissure middle of fissure Pressure [m] Time [5 msec/unit] Impacting high velocity jet Fissure length = 10 m Sinusoidal pressure excitation at entry of fissure Resonance conditions at middle of fissure Resonance conditions at end of fissure Bollaert 2002
7 Rock-Water Interaction H Aerated jet impact Macro-turbulent energy dissipation Interface pressure fluctuations Pressure propagation-hydrojacking Uplift of rock entities Downstream displacement β q,v 1 h t y d m 6 4 p Bollaert 2002 Scour Process Analysis Design
8 Hydraulics Fluctuating Pressures Entrained Air C = 1000 m/s 100 m/s Resonance f = c / 4L approx 25 Hz Scour Process Analysis Design
9 Rock Breakup Processes Brittle Fracture Fatigue Failure Removal of Intact Rock Blocks Scour Process Analysis Design
10 Brittle Fracture / Fatigue Close-ended Fissures impacted by Pressure Fluctuations Brittle Fracture or Fatigue Failure Scour Process Analysis Design
11 Brittle Fracture and Sub-Critical Failure Stress Intensity K I Fracture Toughness K I,insitu Scour Process Analysis Design
12 Removal of Intact Rock Downward Force Friction Fluctuating Uplift Force Scour Process Analysis Design
13 Santa Luzia Dam 76m Drop 134m 3 /s ~7 m Scour Process Analysis Design
14 Outline Rock Scour Process Jet Hydraulics Scour Resistance of Rock Methods of Analysis Past Present Future Plunge Pool Design
15 Analysis Techniques Rigorous Mathematical Modeling Semi-Empirical Methods Empirical Methods Increased Understanding Increased Complexity Increased Value Scour Process Analysis Design
16 Past: Empirical Methods Veronese (1937) Ys = 1. 90H q 0.54 Yildiz and Uzucek (1994) Y s = 1.90H q 0.54 cosα Mason and Arumugan (1985) Y = s K q x y H h v z g d w Scour Process Analysis Design
17 Near-Prototype Testing Scour Process Analysis Design
18 Empirical Methods 2 Yildiz Mason Prototype Identity Line Linear (Mason Prototype) Predicted Erosion Elevation (m) Linear (Yildiz) y = x R 2 = y = x R 2 = Experimental Erosion Elevation (m)
19 Current: Semi-Empirical Quantify Relative Magnitude of Erosive Capacity of Water Quantify Relative Magnitude of Ability of Rock to Resist Scour Scour Threshold Relationship based on Field Data and Near-Prototype Validation Scour Process Analysis Design
20 Essence of Erosion Process Fluctuating pressures Jacking Dislodgment Displacement Scour Process Analysis Design
21 Fluctuating Pressures and Resonance 6 4 excitation at fissure entry end of fissure middle of fissure Pressure [m] Time [5 msec/unit] Impacting high velocity jet Fissure length = 10 m Sinusoidal pressure excitation at entry of fissure Resonance conditions at middle of fissure Resonance conditions at end of fissure
22 Erosive Power of Water 320 P = γ. Q. E Std. Deviation of Pressure Fluctuations (Pa) Rate of Energy Dissipation (W/m 2 ) Annandale 1995 Scour Process Analysis Design
23 Estimation of Stream Power Q H P= ρgqh/a A Scour Process Analysis Design
24 Turbulent Jet? Scour Process Analysis Design
25 Plunging Jet Footprint? Scour Process Analysis Design
26 Rock Resistance Principal Elements Geo-mechanical Index Scour Threhold
27 M s - Intact Material Strength Water Jets Perfect Rock Perfect Clay Water jet likely to scour perfect clay easier than perfect rock Intact Material Strength of latter is greater Therefore greater resistance Scour Process Analysis Design
28 K b - Block Size Large Blocks Small Blocks or particles More Difficult to Erode Easier to Erode Scour Process Analysis Design
29 Block Size and Shape Removal of blocks by flowing water is easier than removal of elongated blocks. Flow direction Elongated slabs of rock Equi-sided blocks of rock Scour Process Analysis Design
30 Friction Scour Process Analysis Design
31 Friction Scour Process Analysis Design
32 Friction + Effects of Gouge Scour Process Analysis Design
33 Orientation Intersection between plane of discontinuity and horizontal plane (also known as the strike) Dip Dip Direction Dip Plane of discontinuity Scour Process Analysis Design
34 Orientation Flow penetrates underneath rock and removes it from bed. Increased difficulty to remove rock by flowing water. Rock dipped in direction of flow Rock dipped against direction of flow. Scour Process Analysis Design
35 Mass Strength Erodibility of Rock Factors Block Size Primary Inter-block Shear Strength Relative Dip and Dip Direction Secondary Scour Process Analysis Design
36 Erodibility Index Block Size Number Ground Structure Number K = M s. K b. K d. J s Mass Strength Number Joint Shear Strength Number Scour Process Analysis Design
37 Erodibility Index Erosion Threshold Scour No Scour Scour-CSU Threshold Stream Power KW/m E E E E E E E+04 Erodibility Index Scour Process Analysis Design
38 Seismic Velocity Erosion Threshold Seismic Velocities (p-wave) Scour Stream Power KW/m 2 1,200 ft/sec ,000 ft/sec CASE 590M Refusal 2,500 ft/sec 3,000 ft/sec 3,500 ft/sec 3,600-3,800 ft/sec No Scour Excavation Class A D3 and D5 D5 and D6 D7 and D8 D9, D10 and D Extremely Hard Hand Pick and Very Hard Ripping and Power Tools Easy Ripping Hard Ripping Spade Ripping Blasting E E E E E E Erodibility Index Scour Process Analysis Design
39 Gibson Dam Montana Scour Process Analysis Design
40 Gibson Dam Scour Process Analysis Design
41 Gibson Dam Scour Process Analysis Design
42 Gibson Dam Stream Power at lower abutment EROSION Concrete Stream Power KW/m Erosion threshold line Fractured rock where scour was observed Stream power at upper abutment Competent rock where no scour was observed 1 NO EROSION Erodibility Index Scour Process Analysis Design
43 Erodibility Index Simulated Rock Scour Process Analysis Design
44 Erodibility Index Granular Material Scour Process Analysis Design
45 Erodibility Index Failure of Simulated Rock Scour Process Analysis Design
46 Erodibility Index Method Simulated Rock: Verification Erosion Threshold for a Variety of Earth Materials Scour-SCS No Scour-SCS Scour-CSU Threshold Stream Power KW/m E E E E E E E+04 Erodibility Index Scour Process Analysis Design
47 San Roque Philippines Scour Process Analysis Design
48 San Roque Philippines Scour Process Analysis Design
49 Future: Computer Modeling Simulate Fluctuating Pressures Air Entrainment - Resonance Rock Failure Brittle Fracture Fatigue Failure Direct Removal of Rock Blocks Scour Process Analysis Design
50 Experimental installation Lausanne, Switzerland Scour Process Analysis Design
51 Pressure Fluctuations Scour Process Analysis Design
52 Outline Rock Scour Process Jet Hydraulics Scour Resistance of Rock Methods of Analysis Past Present Future Plunge Pool Design
53 Plunge Pool Design Options Plunge Pools: Energy Dissipaters Pre-formed Self-formed formed Hardened Scour Process Analysis Design
54 Plunge Pool Design Approach Plunge Pool Scour Assessment Jet Modification Plunge Pool Pre-Forming Plunge Pool Boundary Modification Rock Modification Lining Is it a Problem & to What Extent? L/Lb > 2 Scour Analysis; How Deep? Mass Strength & Block Size Scour Process Analysis Design
55 Plunge Pool Pre-Forming Minimum Depth q H Y required Yrequired = H q 2g ( ) 2 5 Puerta 2004 Scour Process Analysis Design
56 Plunge Pool Pre-Forming Appropriate Pool Depth Scour Process Analysis Design
57 Erodibility Index Erosion Threshold Scour No Scour Scour-CSU Threshold Stream Power KW/m E E E E E E E+04 Erodibility Index Scour Process Analysis Design
58 Plunge Pool Scour Assessment Hydrology & Hydraulics Material Properties: Geology and Geotechnical Ele vat ion Available Stream Power Ele vat ion Threshold Required Stream Power Stream Power El ev ati on Scour Depth Calculation Stream Power Plunge Pool WSEOriginal Riverbed Available Stream Power Stream Power Maximum Scour Elevation ThresholdRequired Stream Power Scour Process Analysis Design
59 Plunge Pool Boundary Modification Rock Anchors Lining Scour Process Analysis Design
60 Rock Anchors Mass Strength Block Size Tensioned Scour Process Analysis Design
61 Lining Jet Mass Strength Block Size Concrete Lining Scour Process Tensioned Anchors Analysis Design
62 Concrete Lining Design Weight Brittle Fracture Fatigue Scour Process Analysis Design
63 Example Scour Process Analysis Design
64 Scour Assessment: Validation Stilling Pool Elevation = 690' Bull Run Dam No. 2: Erodibility Index Jet Erosive Power 20000cfs 25100cfs 30000cfs 40000cfs General Stratigraphic Column highly weathered basalt A B Approximate Current Stilling Pool Level (Bottom) Flow 3 vesicular basalt pillow lava Elevation (ft) From "A" to "B" is the Probable Range of Material Resistance for Flow 3 After Calibration Sedimentary Interbed Flow 4 claystone, sandstone, tuff: cemented and non-cemented vesicular basalt altered/weathered basalt 570 Flow Fault Zone Resistance Power per Unit Area (kw/m^2) vesicular basalt cfs Discharge cfs Discharge cfs Discharge cfs Discharge Calibration Max Rock Resistance Min Rock Resistance Fault Zone
65 Scour Assessment NW General Cross Section Showing Scour Potential: Bull Run Dam No. 2* SE 40' 40' WSE ~ 695' Approximate Jet Centerline Jet Spread (~14 ) Flow 1 No Significant Scour for 30,000cfs Event (If Material Resistance is Closer to Line "B" Flow 2 ~ 677' Stilling Pool Level 1964 Conduits 3 & 5 Approximate Current Stilling Pool Level ~ 627' Probable Scour from 40,000 cfs Event Probable Scour from 30,000cfs Event (Line "A") ~613' Sedimentary Interbed Flow 3 ~ 597' ~ 594' Flow 4 ~ 573' *General profile (i.e. ground surface, flow locations, etc.) taken from Shannon & Wilson, Inc. report (July 1978) Cross Section C - C`. Flow 5
66 Scour Assessment: Backroller Protective Concrete Slab Beneath Spillway d = Diameter of Backroller; As the Amount of Scour Increases, so does the Diameter d Backroller Flow Length = p *d ~5' of Scour Observed Along Fault Zone Beneath Spillway Associated with 1964 Event
67 Scour Assessment: Backroller Protective Concrete Slab Beneath Spillway Probable Scour from 40,000 cfs Event Probable Scour from 30,000 cfs Event Existing Scour Hole (25,100 cfs ) 5' 7' 22'
68 Mitigation Design Flow Length of the Macroturbulent Eddy = p *d Approximate Jet Centerline Jet Spread (~14 ) Jet Thickness d = Depth of Pool = Diameter of Eddy d
69 Optional Protection Measures Pre-Forming + Maintain Plunge Pool Elevation WSE = 690 ft Concrete Wall with Rock Bolts Excavation Flow 5 ~ 572 ft
70 Optional Protection Measures Lining + Increase Plunge Pool Elevation WSE = 695 ft Concrete Slab with Rock Bolts
71 Optional Protection Lining + Riprap + Increase Plunge Pool Elevation WSE = 695 ft Riprap with D50 ~ 3.5 ft Concrete Slab with Rock Bolts Covering Jet Impingement Zone and Fault Zone
72 Outline Rock Scour Process Jet Hydraulics Scour Resistance of Rock Methods of Analysis Past Present Future Plunge Pool Design
73 Reviewed Rock Scour Analysis Methods Past: Empirical Present: Semi-Empirical Quantify Rock and Erosive Capacity Scour Threshold for Rock Erodibility Index Method Field and Near-Prototype Validation Future: Computer Simulation Rock: Brittle Fracture, Fatigue and Block Removal Hydraulics: Air, Pressure Fluctuations and Resonance
74 Plunge Pool Design Self Formed Pre-Formed Hardened Example
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