Proxy-based reconstructions of Arctic paleoclimate
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1 Proxy-based reconstructions of Arctic paleoclimate TODAY THE PAST Boothia Peninsula, Nunavut Prof. Sarah Finkelstein Earth Sciences, University of Toronto
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3 Outline Why does climate change and over what time periods? Early Cenozoic: warmer and wetter, forested Arctic Quaternary ice ages Holocene paleoclimates Recent changes
4 Mechanisms for climatic changes, and their timescales. Williams et al Quaternary Environments.
5 Strathcona Fiord Fossil Forest, Ellesmere Island (J. Eberleye) Brontothere tooth / J. Eberleye Reported in Nunatsiaq Online News (2010) American Museum of Natural History
6 C.R. Scotese, PALEOMAP Project Continental configurations similar to today but warmer, wetter Arctic Role of meridional heat transport, ice-albedo feedbacks, CO 2 Ice-free Arctic may be significantly different
7 Stable isotopes from fossil material used to infer summer paleotemperatures of ~20, winter temperatures above freezing and water vapour concentrations 2x present day Geology 2003
8 The Quaternary Period Oscillations between warm(ish) and cold periods linked to orbitallymediated changes in timing and spatial distribution of solar radiation (Milankovitch cycles) Glacials: long cold periods (~ 10 5 yrs), continental ice sheets, alpine glaciers Interglacials: warmer periods (~10 4 yrs) of ice retreat, increased biological productivity Large-scale movement of biomes, changes in atmospheric CO 2 and CH 4 concentrations
9 Palynology: fossil pollen and spores Pollen grains produced in abundance by plants Dispersal, preservation and accumulation Reflects paleovegetation and is a key indicator of paleoclimate Pinaceae Saxifraga oppositifolia Saxifraga Indicator taxa: Dryas pollen and the Younger Dryas stadial S. Weart ldeo.columbia.edu Salix Images:
10 Modern Analogue Technique (MAT) for paleoclimate reconstruction using fossil pollen data Fossil sample from core Modern sample Location Oxyria Mean July Temperature ( C) Cyperaceae Salix Resolute (High Arctic) 4.3 Oxyria % Cyperaceae Salix % Oxyria Cyperaceae Salix Taloyoak (Mid-Arctic) % Oxyria Cyperaceae Salix Iqaluit (Low Arctic) 7.7 Modified from Jackson & Williams, %
11 Pollen concentrations higher during past interglacials than during the Holocene Smaller Greenland ice sheet Boreal conifers established Warmer temperatures Science After de Vernal and Hillaire-Marcel.
12 Photos by P. Barnett Quaternary interglacial and interstadial records in Northern Ontario (April Dalton) Ridge River Organic Site Severn River Organic Site Dalton et al., 2016, QSR v 146 Beaver River Organic Site
13 The Holocene Our present interglacial Corresponds to rise of agriculture, cities, human civilizations and The Anthropocene Supra- and sub-millennial scale climate changes Paleoclimate reconstructed from marine and lake sediment records, geochemical proxies, biological proxies, varves and ice cores, land surface (boreholes, geomorphic evidence )
14 Holocene paleoclimate: general trends (at 70 N) Redrawn from Fisher et al. (1995) and Berger & Loutre (1991); Finkelstein in press. Oxford Handbook of Arctic Archaeology
15 Lake sediment core collection Colour change: recent sediments, Lake SP04 Fosheim Peninsula, Ellesmere Island Gravity corer used for upper sediments Piston corer used for lower sections
16 Cal yr BP Mean annual air T (degc) Total annual ppt (mm) Summer (JJA) temp (degc) SCD (x100) Paleo-temperature and precipitation reconstructions from Lake SP02 pollen, Melville Peninsula, Nunavut Persistent ice sheet (to 6500 years ago) Warmer and wetter early Holocene Thermal Maximum Neoglacial cooling Error estimates on reconstructions / geochronology / resolution Iamonaco & Finkelstein, in prep
17 Putting recent change into perspective Science, v. 325, 2009 Composite paleo-temperature reconstruction based on 23 high resolution records (~annual). Standardized relative to reference period AD.
18 Acknowledgements Communities of Pond Inlet & Hall Beach, Nunavut Nasittuq Corp, Dew Line Inuit Heritage Trust Nunavummi Quajisaqtulirijikkut (Nunavut Research Institute) Polar Shelf K. Gajewski, M. Douglas, J. Smol, K. Rühland, M. Friesen, J. Ross, P. Barnett, S. Forman Students: J. Adams, JP Iamonaco, K. Ryan, J. Devlin, G. Raval, S. Mah, G. Jeon Financial support from:
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