Present and Past Warming of the Arctic Morten Hald Department of Geology, University of Tromsø, Norway

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Present and Past Warming of the Arctic Morten Hald Department of Geology, University of Tromsø, Norway"

Transcription

1 Lectures to the workshop Approaching Arctic Frontiers Areas for Petroleum exploration, Nov Univ. Tromsø Present and Past Warming of the Arctic Morten Hald Department of Geology, University of Tromsø, Norway

2 Outline Where is the Arctic? Warming of the Arctic Arctic climate forcing factors Past climate Future challenges

3 Where is the Arctic? Various definitions: - North of the Arctic Circle - North of the July 10 O C isotherm - Areas north of the tree line having continuous permafrost and north of the maximum sea-ice limit

4

5 Warming of the Arctic Increasing temperature Increased precipitation Reduced snow cover Increased river flooding Thawing of permafrost Glacier thawing Reduction of summer sea ice cover Sea level rise Ocean salinity changes

6 Increased temperature

7 Mean global temperature has increased by almost 1 O C the last 100 years with a maximum rise during the last 25 Large Arctic land areas in Russia and North America have experienced a significantly higher temperature rise than the ocean

8 Atmospheric temperature anomalies Johannessen et al. 2004

9 A large part of the warming during the last 50 years are related to human activity

10 Temperature change ( o C) the next 110 years winter: 4 model-runs Met.no Hanssen-Bauer & Førland, 2006

11 Annual precipitation %: 4 scenarios Met.no Hanssen-Bauer & Førland, 2006

12 ACIA, 2005 Reduces snow cover

13 Rivers in the Arctic

14 % increase in river drainage during the last years From : A. Shiklomanov

15 Thawing of the permafrost (ACIA, 2005)

16 Melting of glaciers Glaciers are melting all over the Arctic. In particular the glaciers in Alaska, that contribute to ca. 50% 5 of the estimated mass loss of the world's glaciers, representing the largest contribution to the sea level (~1.8 m/year thinning since mid-1990s)

17 Melting of glaciers Microwave data from the Special Sensor Microwave Imaging radiometer was used to create this image of the 2007 Greenland melting anomaly which reflects the difference between the number of melting days occurring in 2007 and the average number of melting days during the period (Credit: NASA/Earth Observatory)

18 Reduction in sea ice 1978 Average summer sea ice distribution has been reduced by % during the last 30 years Annual Arctic ice extent Ice extent (million km 2 ) Johannessen et al. Walsh Year

19 Reduction in sea ice

20 Reduction in sea ice 1978 National Snow and Ice Data Centre, USA 2008

21 Modellert (Hadley-UK) og observert endring i utbredelse av havis 2005 Sommer % reduksjon Iskonsentrasjon Johannessen et et al. al. 2003

22 Sea level rise Expansion of the water masses as a function of increasing ocean temperatures.

23 Changing ocean salinity Reduction in ocean salinity and density as a function of increased glacier melting and river drainage If the trend continue it may cause changes in ocean circulation patterns and climate.

24 Arctic climate forcing factors? Low effect of sun energy due to high albedo Ocean currents and sea ice Atmospheric circulation

25 CAUSES (external forcing) Changes in plate tectonics Earth orbit Solar forcing CLIMATE SYSTEM (internal feedbacks) Atm. Veg. Is CLIMATE CHANGE (internal responce) Atmosph. changes Ice Vegetation HUMAN INFLUENCE Land Hav Ocan Land surface

26 Surface ocean circulation and sea ice

27 Atmospheric circulation: The Arctic Oscillation AO + AO -

28 Past climate of the Arctic Interglacial-glacial cycles The last deglaciation & the Holocene

29 Kellogg 1976

30 Dansgaard et al Damsgaard et al., 1993

31

32 18 δ O N.pach. sin δ 13 C # Foram/g N.pach. sin # G.quinq./g % Carbonate Sed. rate cm/1000 years # IRD /g >0,5mm # Benthic foram/g MIS 0 HP0 7,855 +/-85 cm in core LOE 1 HP1 HP2 HP4 Tot. #IRD/g Monocrystalline 13,100 +/ / ,135 +/ ,375+/ ,185+/ ,080 +/ ,605 +/ ,840 +/ HP LOE 2 HP6 Not analysed NP90-39 Fi 2 H ld t l Hald et al. 2001

33 Cal. years BP Advection of Atlantic Water HP0 HP1 HP2 HP3 HP4 HP5 HP6 HP7 HP8 HP9 HP10 Glaciation curve Svalbard G Kapp Ekholm interstad. E Phantomodden interstad. Glaciation curve Western Scandiavia Ålesund Bø Tampen F G I K L Karmøy Torvastad Fana Bønes Meltwater events LOE1 LOE2 IRD events H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 Heinrich Events Insolation (78 o N) Gisp ice core MIS a 5b 5c HP11 HP12 C Fjøsanger Gulstein W/m δ 18 O d 5e 6 Hald et al. 2001

34 ENAM93-21 plank. forams/cm 3 M23385 plank. forams/g NP90-39 plank. forams/g PS %CaCO 3 PS plank.forams10 3 cm -2 yr HP1 Cal. years BP HP2 HP3 HP4 HP5 Turbidite? Fig. 7 Hald et al 2001

35 Pflaumann et al. 2003

36 Nørgaard-Pedersen et al. 2003

37 Knies et al. 2007

38 Knies et al. 2007

39 The deglaciation and the Holocene

40 18 δ O N.pach. sin δ 13 C # Foram/g N.pach. sin # G.quinq./g % Carbonate Sed. rate cm/1000 years # IRD /g >0,5mm # Benthic foram/g MIS 0 HP0 7,855 +/-85 cm in core LOE 1 HP1 HP2 HP4 Tot. #IRD/g Monocrystalline 13,100 +/ / ,135 +/ ,375+/ ,185+/ ,080 +/ ,605 +/ ,840 +/ HP LOE 2 HP6 Not analysed NP90-39 Figure 2. Hald et al. Hald et al. 2001

41 δ 18 O N.pach. sin N C yrs LOE 1 13,100 15,135 19,375 21,185 23,080 re 31 29,605 Hald et al. 2001

42 Modified from Sarnthein et al. 1992

43 "Paleo-CTD's": LGM BP H1, BP Bølling/Allerød BP Present Younger Dryas BP Holocene maximum BP Rasmussen et al. 2007

44

45

46 80 MD T-88-2 T-79-51/2 65 MD Trol l km Hald et al. 2007

47 SST (ML) o C Troll 8903/28-03 MD JM97-948/2A T JM T MD Cal. years BP Hald et al. 2007

48 Temperature O C (SST) Latitude ( O N) Hald et al. 2007

49 Temperature O C (SST) Latitude ( O N) Hald et al2007

50 Temperature O C (SST) Latitude ( O N) Hald et al. 2007

51 14 12 Temperature O C (SST) Latitude ( O N) Hald et al2007

52 14 12 Temperature O C (SST) Latitude ( O N) Hald et al. 2007

53 14 12 Temperature O C (SST) Latitude ( O N) Hald et al2007

54 Temperature O C (SST) Latitude ( O N) Hald et al. 2007

55 Temperature O C (SST) Latitude ( O N) Hald et al. 2007

56 Temperature O C (SST) Latitude ( O N) Hald et al. 2007

57 Temperature O C (SST) Latitude ( O N) Hald et al. 2007

58 Temperature O C (SST) Latitude ( O N) Hald et al2007

59 Temperature O C (SST) Latitude ( O N) Hald et al. 2007

60 The long and winding road future challenges for paleoclimatic research Focus on the periods of major change Abrupt climate changes Reduce uncertainties in the reconstructions Land ocean interactions Increased focus on effects of climate change Humans and paleoclimate

61 Thanks

Welcome to ATMS 111 Global Warming.

Welcome to ATMS 111 Global Warming. Welcome to ATMS 111 Global Warming http://www.atmos.washington.edu/2010q1/111 Isotopic Evidence 16 O isotopes "light 18 O isotopes "heavy" Evaporation favors light Rain favors heavy Cloud above ice is

More information

Father of Glacial theory. First investigations of glaciers and mountain geology,

Father of Glacial theory. First investigations of glaciers and mountain geology, First investigations of glaciers and mountain geology, 1750-1800 Glaciation happens! -- Historical perspective It happens in cycles -- How do we know this? What are Milankovitch cycles? Sub-Milankovitch

More information

Speleothems and Climate Models

Speleothems and Climate Models Earth and Life Institute Georges Lemaître Centre for Earth and Climate Research Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium Speleothems and Climate Models Qiuzhen YIN Summer School on Speleothem Science,

More information

An Arctic Perspective on Climate Change

An Arctic Perspective on Climate Change An Arctic Perspective on Climate Change 23 Oct 2012 Gifford Miller (and many others) University of Colorado Boulder The Earth is warming How do we know? Temperature Anomaly ( C) It s a fact Global Land

More information

The Ice Age sequence in the Quaternary

The Ice Age sequence in the Quaternary The Ice Age sequence in the Quaternary Subdivisions of the Quaternary Period System Series Stage Age (Ma) Holocene 0 0.0117 Tarantian (Upper) 0.0117 0.126 Quaternary Ionian (Middle) 0.126 0.781 Pleistocene

More information

Climate Change: Past and Future ERTH 303, 3 December, 2009

Climate Change: Past and Future ERTH 303, 3 December, 2009 Climate Change: Past and Future ERTH 303, 3 December, 2009 a) Defining climate change b) Patterns of past climate change c) Causes of past climate change 1 2006 temperature relative to 1951-1980 means

More information

Introduction to Quaternary Geology (MA-Modul 3223) Prof. C. Breitkreuz, SS2012, TU Freiberg

Introduction to Quaternary Geology (MA-Modul 3223) Prof. C. Breitkreuz, SS2012, TU Freiberg Introduction to Quaternary Geology (MA-Modul 3223) Prof. C. Breitkreuz, SS2012, TU Freiberg 1. Introduction: - Relevance, and relations to other fields of geoscience - Lower stratigraphic boundary and

More information

The ocean s overall role in climate

The ocean s overall role in climate The ocean s overall role in climate - moderates climate in time (diurnally, annually) - redistributes heat spatially in the largescale ocean circulation - lower albedo (sea ice higher albedo) - dry atmosphere

More information

Lecture 21: Glaciers and Paleoclimate Read: Chapter 15 Homework due Thursday Nov. 12. What we ll learn today:! Learning Objectives (LO)

Lecture 21: Glaciers and Paleoclimate Read: Chapter 15 Homework due Thursday Nov. 12. What we ll learn today:! Learning Objectives (LO) Learning Objectives (LO) Lecture 21: Glaciers and Paleoclimate Read: Chapter 15 Homework due Thursday Nov. 12 What we ll learn today:! 1. 1. Glaciers and where they occur! 2. 2. Compare depositional and

More information

Lecture 0 A very brief introduction

Lecture 0 A very brief introduction Lecture 0 A very brief introduction Eli Tziperman Climate variability results from a very diverse set of physical phenomena and occurs on a very wide range of time scales. It is difficult to envision a

More information

Land Surface Sea Ice Land Ice. (from Our Changing Planet)

Land Surface Sea Ice Land Ice. (from Our Changing Planet) Lecture 5: Land Surface and Cryosphere (Outline) Land Surface Sea Ice Land Ice (from Our Changing Planet) Earth s s Climate System Solar forcing Atmosphere Ocean Land Solid Earth Energy, Water, and Biochemistry

More information

Earth s Climate System. Surface Albedo. Climate Roles of Land Surface. Lecture 5: Land Surface and Cryosphere (Outline) Land Surface Sea Ice Land Ice

Earth s Climate System. Surface Albedo. Climate Roles of Land Surface. Lecture 5: Land Surface and Cryosphere (Outline) Land Surface Sea Ice Land Ice Lecture 5: Land Surface and Cryosphere (Outline) Earth s Climate System Solar forcing Land Surface Sea Ice Land Ice Atmosphere Ocean Land Solid Earth Energy, Water, and Biochemistry Cycles (from Our Changing

More information

Climate Change. April 21, 2009

Climate Change. April 21, 2009 Climate Change Chapter 16 April 21, 2009 Reconstructing Past Climates Techniques Glacial landscapes (fossils) CLIMAP (ocean sediment) Ice cores (layering of precipitation) p Otoliths (CaCO 3 in fish sensory

More information

Paleoclimatology ATMS/ESS/OCEAN 589. Abrupt Climate Change During the Last Glacial Period

Paleoclimatology ATMS/ESS/OCEAN 589. Abrupt Climate Change During the Last Glacial Period Paleoclimatology ATMS/ESS/OCEAN 589 Ice Age Cycles Are they fundamentaly about ice, about CO2, or both? Abrupt Climate Change During the Last Glacial Period Lessons for the future? The Holocene Early Holocene

More information

6. What has been the most effective erosive agent in the climate system? a. Water b. Ice c. Wind

6. What has been the most effective erosive agent in the climate system? a. Water b. Ice c. Wind Multiple Choice. 1. Heinrich Events a. Show increased abundance of warm-water species of planktic foraminifera b. Show greater intensity since the last deglaciation c. Show increased accumulation of ice-rafted

More information

ATOC OUR CHANGING ENVIRONMENT Class 19 (Chp 6) Objectives of Today s Class: The Cryosphere [1] Components, time scales; [2] Seasonal snow

ATOC OUR CHANGING ENVIRONMENT Class 19 (Chp 6) Objectives of Today s Class: The Cryosphere [1] Components, time scales; [2] Seasonal snow ATOC 1060-002 OUR CHANGING ENVIRONMENT Class 19 (Chp 6) Objectives of Today s Class: The Cryosphere [1] Components, time scales; [2] Seasonal snow cover, permafrost, river and lake ice, ; [3]Glaciers and

More information

1. Deglacial climate changes

1. Deglacial climate changes Review 3 Major Topics Deglacial climate changes (last 21,000 years) Millennial oscillations (thousands of years) Historical Climate Change (last 1000 years) Climate Changes Since the 1800s Climate Change

More information

Today s Climate in Perspective: Hendrick Avercamp ( ) ~1608; Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam

Today s Climate in Perspective: Hendrick Avercamp ( ) ~1608; Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam Today s Climate in Perspective: Paleoclimate Evidence Hendrick Avercamp (1585-1634) ~1608; Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam Observations Instrumental surface temperature records? (Le Treut et al., 2007 IPCC AR4

More information

ATOC OUR CHANGING ENVIRONMENT

ATOC OUR CHANGING ENVIRONMENT ATOC 1060-002 OUR CHANGING ENVIRONMENT Class 22 (Chp 15, Chp 14 Pages 288-290) Objectives of Today s Class Chp 15 Global Warming, Part 1: Recent and Future Climate: Recent climate: The Holocene Climate

More information

Title: Greenhouse Gases & Climate Change 2/19. You should take notes for today s lecture & put the notes into your notebook

Title: Greenhouse Gases & Climate Change 2/19. You should take notes for today s lecture & put the notes into your notebook Title: Greenhouse Gases & Climate Change 2/19 You should take notes for today s lecture & put the notes into your notebook Summary of topics to will be discussed What causes climate to change? (2/19) Is

More information

Lecture 8. The Holocene and Recent Climate Change

Lecture 8. The Holocene and Recent Climate Change Lecture 8 The Holocene and Recent Climate Change Recovery from the last ice age About 15,000 years ago, the earth began to warm and the huge ice sheets covering much of North America and Eurasia began

More information

We re living in the Ice Age!

We re living in the Ice Age! Chapter 18. Coping with the Weather: Causes and Consequences of Naturally Induce Climate Change 지구시스템의이해 We re living in the Ice Age! 1 Phanerozoic Climate 서늘해지고 더웠고 따뜻했고 3 Climate Rollercoaster 4 2 Time

More information

Ice on Earth: An overview and examples on physical properties

Ice on Earth: An overview and examples on physical properties Ice on Earth: An overview and examples on physical properties - Ice on Earth during the Pleistocene - Present-day polar and temperate ice masses - Transformation of snow to ice - Mass balance, ice deformation,

More information

Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis

Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis Working Group I Contribution to the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report Presented by R.K. Pachauri, IPCC Chair and Bubu Jallow, WG 1 Vice Chair Nairobi, 6 February

More information

Climate and Environment

Climate and Environment Climate and Environment Oxygen Isotope Fractionation and Measuring Ancient Temperatures Oxygen Isotope Ratio Cycles Oxygen isotope ratio cycles are cyclical variations in the ratio of the mass of oxygen

More information

The Distribution of Cold Environments

The Distribution of Cold Environments The Distribution of Cold Environments Over 25% of the surface of our planet can be said to have a cold environment, but defining what we actually mean by that can be very challenging. This is because cold

More information

MAR110 LECTURE #28 Climate Change I

MAR110 LECTURE #28 Climate Change I 25 November 2007 MAR 110 Lec28 Climate Change I 1 MAR110 LECTURE #28 Climate Change I Figure 28.1 Climate Change Diagnostics Drought and flooding represent just a couple of hazards related to climate variability

More information

Ice core-based climate research in Denmark

Ice core-based climate research in Denmark June 16, 2009 Ice core-based climate research in Denmark Sune Olander Rasmussen Center coordinator and postdoc Centre for Ice and Climate Niels Bohr Institute University of Copenhagen Temperature and CO

More information

lecture 12 Paleoclimate

lecture 12 Paleoclimate lecture 12 Paleoclimate OVERVIEW OF EARTH S CLIMATIC HISTORY Geologic time scales http://www.snowballearth.org/index.html Features of the climate during the Cretaceous period the land-sea distribution

More information

Rapid Climate Change: Heinrich/Bolling- Allerod Events and the Thermohaline Circulation. By: Andy Lesage April 13, 2010 Atmos.

Rapid Climate Change: Heinrich/Bolling- Allerod Events and the Thermohaline Circulation. By: Andy Lesage April 13, 2010 Atmos. Rapid Climate Change: Heinrich/Bolling- Allerod Events and the Thermohaline Circulation By: Andy Lesage April 13, 2010 Atmos. 6030 Outline Background Heinrich Event I/Bolling-Allerod Transition (Liu et

More information

Land cover effect on climate

Land cover effect on climate Land cover effect on climate Martin Claussen Max Planck Institut for Meteorology KlimaCampus Hamburg CITES 2009 Land cover and climate dynamics Martin Claussen Max Planck Institut for Meteorology KlimaCampus

More information

0.5cm Eocene Foram

0.5cm Eocene Foram Eocene Foram 0.5cm Eocene Foram Bubbles in ice 5 µm Tree rings Tree rings Reconstructing past climate Talk outline: A trip through geologic time Take away points: Climate change through time What past

More information

History. Late 18 th /early 19 th century Europeans observed that erratic boulders dispersed due to the retention of glaciers caused by climate chance

History. Late 18 th /early 19 th century Europeans observed that erratic boulders dispersed due to the retention of glaciers caused by climate chance Ice ages What is an ice age? Geological period of long-term reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere which results in the formation and expansion of continental ice sheets, polar

More information

Lessons from the past: interpreting the paleorecord & modelling

Lessons from the past: interpreting the paleorecord & modelling Agenda ATLAB WP5 Workshop - June 11-13, 2014 Lessons from the past: interpreting the paleorecord & modelling ING PAN, Research Centre in Kraków 1. DAY - Wednesday - 11.06.2014 General introduction into

More information

Understanding past climate change

Understanding past climate change Steven J. Phipps ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science Climate Change Research Centre University of New South Wales CLIM1001 Introduction to Climate Change 3 September 2013 1 Why past climates

More information

Extent of Periglacial = Global Permafrost Permafrost: Soil and/or rock where temperatures remain below 0 degrees C for 2 or more years.

Extent of Periglacial = Global Permafrost Permafrost: Soil and/or rock where temperatures remain below 0 degrees C for 2 or more years. Geog 1000 - Lecture 34 Periglacial Environments and Paleoclimatology http://scholar.ulethbridge.ca/chasmer/classes/ Today s Lecture (Pgs 422-434) 1. Exam questions from last week, and today 2. Extent of

More information

Climate Roles of Land Surface

Climate Roles of Land Surface Lecture 5: Land Surface and Cryosphere (Outline) Climate Roles Surface Energy Balance Surface Water Balance Sea Ice Land Ice (from Our Changing Planet) Surface Albedo Climate Roles of Land Surface greenhouse

More information

Future Climate Change

Future Climate Change Future Climate Change How do you know whether to trust a prediction about the future? All predictions are based on global circulation models (GCMs, AOGCMs) - model accuracy is verified by its ability to

More information

The global response to Younger Dryas boundary conditions in an AGCM simulation

The global response to Younger Dryas boundary conditions in an AGCM simulation Climate Dynamics (1997) 13: 587 599 Climate Dynamics Springer-Verlag 1997 The global response to Younger Dryas boundary conditions in an AGCM simulation H. Renssen* Netherlands Centre for Geo-ecological

More information

/ Past and Present Climate

/ Past and Present Climate MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 12.842 / 12.301 Past and Present Climate Fall 2008 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms. Ice Sheet Paleoclimatology

More information

Reminders: Week 14 Assessment closes tonight Watch for Week 15 Assessment (will close Wednesday, Dec. 13)

Reminders: Week 14 Assessment closes tonight Watch for Week 15 Assessment (will close Wednesday, Dec. 13) Wednesday, December 6, 2017 The Pleistocene Glaciations, Continued (Chapter 14) Reminders: Week 14 Assessment closes tonight Watch for Week 15 Assessment (will close Wednesday, Dec. 13) Homework 5 due

More information

MAR110 LECTURE #22 Climate Change

MAR110 LECTURE #22 Climate Change MAR 110: Lecture 22 Outline Climate Change 1 MAR110 LECTURE #22 Climate Change Climate Change Diagnostics Drought and flooding represent just a couple of hazards related to climate variability (O) The

More information

IMPACTS OF A WARMING ARCTIC

IMPACTS OF A WARMING ARCTIC The Earth s Greenhouse Effect Most of the heat energy emitted from the surface is absorbed by greenhouse gases which radiate heat back down to warm the lower atmosphere and the surface. Increasing the

More information

Rapid climate change in ice cores

Rapid climate change in ice cores Rapid climate change in ice cores Liz Thomas British Antarctic Survey Overview Introduction to ice cores Evidence of rapid climate change in the Greenland ice cores DO events Younger Dryas 8.2 kyr cold

More information

CLIMATE CHANGE IN ARCTIC AND ALPINE AREAS

CLIMATE CHANGE IN ARCTIC AND ALPINE AREAS CLIMATE CHANGE IN ARCTIC AND ALPINE AREAS 1. Introduction 2. Data sources: glaciers 3. Data sources: ice cores 4. Patterns and mechanisms 5. Feedbacks and surprises Striations (evidence of glacial erosion)

More information

Earth s Heat Budget. What causes the seasons?

Earth s Heat Budget. What causes the seasons? Earth s Heat Budget Solar Energy and the global Heat Budget Transfer of heat drives weather and climate Ocean circulation Should we talk about this? What causes the seasons? Before you answer, think. What

More information

Earth s Heat Budget. What causes the seasons? Seasons

Earth s Heat Budget. What causes the seasons? Seasons Earth s Heat Budget Solar energy and the global heat budget Transfer of heat drives weather and climate Ocean circulation A. Rotation of the Earth B. Distance from the Sun C. Variations of Earth s orbit

More information

Name Date Class. growth rings of trees, fossilized pollen, and ocean. in the northern hemisphere.

Name Date Class. growth rings of trees, fossilized pollen, and ocean. in the northern hemisphere. Lesson Outline LESSON 2 A. Long-Term Cycles 1. A(n) climate cycle takes much longer than a lifetime to complete. a. To learn about long-term climate cycles, scientists study natural records, such as growth

More information

Climate changes in Finland, but how? Jouni Räisänen Department of Physics, University of Helsinki

Climate changes in Finland, but how? Jouni Räisänen Department of Physics, University of Helsinki Climate changes in Finland, but how? Jouni Räisänen Department of Physics, University of Helsinki 19.9.2012 Outline Some basic questions and answers about climate change How are projections of climate

More information

Orbital-Scale Interactions in the Climate System. Speaker:

Orbital-Scale Interactions in the Climate System. Speaker: Orbital-Scale Interactions in the Climate System Speaker: Introduction First, many orbital-scale response are examined.then return to the problem of interactions between atmospheric CO 2 and the ice sheets

More information

Major climate change triggers

Major climate change triggers Major climate change triggers Variations in solar output Milankovitch cycles Elevation & distribution of continents Ocean interactions Atmospheric composition change (CO 2 and other volcanic gasses) Biological

More information

Introduction to Global Warming

Introduction to Global Warming Introduction to Global Warming Cryosphere (including sea level) and its modelling Ralf GREVE Institute of Low Temperature Science Hokkaido University Sapporo, 2010.09.14 http://wwwice.lowtem.hokudai.ac.jp/~greve/

More information

The oceans: Sea level rise & gulf stream

The oceans: Sea level rise & gulf stream Lecture Climate Change Lesson 10 The oceans: Sea level rise & gulf stream Rene Orth rene.orth@bgc-jena.mpg.de 1 Course webpage https://www.bgc-jena.mpg.de/bgi/index.php/lectures/hydrobioclimclimatechange

More information

Chapter Causes of Climate Change Part I: Milankovitch Cycles

Chapter Causes of Climate Change Part I: Milankovitch Cycles Chapter 19.1-19.3 Causes of Climate Change Part I: Milankovitch Cycles Climate Cycles =400 Milankovitch Cycles Milankovitch Cycles are created by changes in the geometry of Earth s orbit around the sun

More information

Lake Levels and Climate Change in Maine and Eastern North America during the last 12,000 years

Lake Levels and Climate Change in Maine and Eastern North America during the last 12,000 years Maine Geologic Facts and Localities December, 2000 Lake Levels and Climate Change in Maine and Eastern North America during the last 12,000 years Text by Robert A. Johnston, Department of Agriculture,

More information

Sensitivity of the Younger Dryas climate to changes in freshwater, orbital, and greenhouse gas forcing in CESM1.

Sensitivity of the Younger Dryas climate to changes in freshwater, orbital, and greenhouse gas forcing in CESM1. OCE-1536630 EAR-0903071 Sensitivity of the Younger Dryas climate to changes in freshwater, orbital, and greenhouse gas forcing in CESM1. The 21 st Annual CESM Workshop Paleoclimate Working Group Taylor

More information

Natural Climate Variability: Longer Term

Natural Climate Variability: Longer Term Natural Climate Variability: Longer Term Natural Climate Change Today: Natural Climate Change-2: Ice Ages, and Deep Time Geologic Time Scale background: Need a system for talking about unimaginable lengths

More information

CORRELATION OF CLIMATIC AND SOLAR VARIATIONS OVER THE PAST 500 YEARS AND PREDICTING GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGES FROM RECURRING CLIMATE CYCLES

CORRELATION OF CLIMATIC AND SOLAR VARIATIONS OVER THE PAST 500 YEARS AND PREDICTING GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGES FROM RECURRING CLIMATE CYCLES Easterbrook, D.J., 2008, Correlation of climatic and solar variations over the past 500 years and predicting global climate changes from recurring climate cycles: International Geological Congress, Oslo,

More information

Léo Siqueira Ph.D. Meteorology and Physical Oceanography

Léo Siqueira Ph.D. Meteorology and Physical Oceanography Léo Siqueira Ph.D. Meteorology and Physical Oceanography Modular Ocean Model (Griffies 2009) from GFDL version MOM4p1: Includes the Sea Ice Simulator (SIS) built-in ice model (Winton 2000). Includes TOPAZ

More information

Deke Arndt, Chief, Climate Monitoring Branch, NOAA s National Climatic Data Center

Deke Arndt, Chief, Climate Monitoring Branch, NOAA s National Climatic Data Center Thomas R. Karl, L.H.D., Director, NOAA s National Climatic Data Center, and Chair of the Subcommittee on Global Change Research Peter Thorne, PhD, Senior Scientist, Cooperative Institute for Climate and

More information

Changes in Frequency of Extreme Wind Events in the Arctic

Changes in Frequency of Extreme Wind Events in the Arctic Changes in Frequency of Extreme Wind Events in the Arctic John E. Walsh Department of Atmospheric Sciences University of Illinois 105 S. Gregory Avenue Urbana, IL 61801 phone: (217) 333-7521 fax: (217)

More information

8. Climate changes Short-term regional variations

8. Climate changes Short-term regional variations 8. Climate changes 8.1. Short-term regional variations By short-term climate changes, we refer here to changes occurring over years to decades. Over this timescale, climate is influenced by interactions

More information

Wednesday, November 15, 2017

Wednesday, November 15, 2017 Wednesday, November 15, 2017 Northern Europe: Physical Geography Objective: Locate and describe the various traditional regions of Western Europe. Outline how the physical geography varies from region

More information

Earth s Heat Budget. What causes the seasons? Seasons

Earth s Heat Budget. What causes the seasons? Seasons Earth s Heat Budget Solar energy and the global heat budget Transfer of heat drives weather and climate Ocean circulation A. Rotation of the Earth B. Distance from the Sun C. Variations of Earth s orbit

More information

Today we will discuss global climate: how it has changed in the past, and how the current status and possible future look.

Today we will discuss global climate: how it has changed in the past, and how the current status and possible future look. Global Climate Change Today we will discuss global climate: how it has changed in the past, and how the current status and possible future look. If you live in an area such as the Mississippi delta (pictured)

More information

Chapter outline. Reference 12/13/2016

Chapter outline. Reference 12/13/2016 Chapter 2. observation CC EST 5103 Climate Change Science Rezaul Karim Environmental Science & Technology Jessore University of science & Technology Chapter outline Temperature in the instrumental record

More information

Deep Ocean Circulation & implications for Earth s climate

Deep Ocean Circulation & implications for Earth s climate Deep Ocean Circulation & implications for Earth s climate I. Ocean Layers and circulation types 1) Ocean Layers Ocean is strongly Stratified Consists of distinct LAYERS controlled by density takes huge

More information

Chapter 14: The Changing Climate

Chapter 14: The Changing Climate Chapter 14: The Changing Climate Detecting Climate Change Natural Causes of Climate Change Anthropogenic Causes of Climate Change Possible Consequences of Global Warming Climate Change? -Paleo studies

More information

Milankovitch Theory of the Ice Ages

Milankovitch Theory of the Ice Ages Ruddiman CHAPTER 10 Insolation Control of Ice Sheets Milankovitch Theory of the Ice Ages margin of Greenland ice sheet Today s main points: 1) Review of glaciology basics. 2) Orbital changes affecting

More information

TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS AND GLACIATION. Chris Brierley & Alexey Fedorov

TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS AND GLACIATION. Chris Brierley & Alexey Fedorov TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS AND GLACIATION Chris Brierley & Alexey Fedorov Outline Recap on the warm early Pliocene (as we have reconstructed it) Methodology to compare meridional SST gradient impacts and zonal

More information

FACULTY OF OTHER. East African Rift

FACULTY OF OTHER. East African Rift Cause School of something Pliocene warmth & Intensification of FACULTY OF OTHER Northern Hemisphere Glaciation Talk Outline The Pliocene a stranger world than you might think Climate evolution the last

More information

Summary. The Ice Ages and Global Climate

Summary. The Ice Ages and Global Climate The Ice Ages and Global Climate Summary Earth s climate system involves the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere. Changes affecting it operate on time scales ranging from decades to millions

More information

Components of the Climate System. Lecture 2: Earth s Climate System. Pop Quiz. Sub-components Global cycles What comes in What goes out

Components of the Climate System. Lecture 2: Earth s Climate System. Pop Quiz. Sub-components Global cycles What comes in What goes out Lecture 2: Earth s Climate System Components of the Climate System terrestrial radiation Atmosphere Ocean solar radiation Land Energy, Water, and Biogeochemistry Cycles Sub-components Global cycles What

More information

ATMS 321: Natural Climate Variability Chapter 11

ATMS 321: Natural Climate Variability Chapter 11 ATMS 321: Natural Climate Variability Chapter 11 Solar Variability: Total solar irradiance variability is relatively small about a tenth of a percent. Ultraviolet variability is larger, and so could affect

More information

3. Climate Change. 3.1 Observations 3.2 Theory of Climate Change 3.3 Climate Change Prediction 3.4 The IPCC Process

3. Climate Change. 3.1 Observations 3.2 Theory of Climate Change 3.3 Climate Change Prediction 3.4 The IPCC Process 3. Climate Change 3.1 Observations 3.2 Theory of Climate Change 3.3 Climate Change Prediction 3.4 The IPCC Process 3.1 Observations Need to consider: Instrumental climate record of the last century or

More information

TOPIC #12. Wrap Up on GLOBAL CLIMATE PATTERNS

TOPIC #12. Wrap Up on GLOBAL CLIMATE PATTERNS TOPIC #12 Wrap Up on GLOBAL CLIMATE PATTERNS POLE EQUATOR POLE Now lets look at a Pole to Pole Transect review ENERGY BALANCE & CLIMATE REGIONS (wrap up) Tropics Subtropics Subtropics Polar Extratropics

More information

Lecture 2: Earth s Climate System

Lecture 2: Earth s Climate System Lecture 2: Earth s Climate System terrestrial radiation solar radiation Atmosphere Ocean Solid Earth Land Energy, Water, and Biogeochemistry Cycles Sub-components Global cycles What comes in What goes

More information

Effects of climate change on water resources

Effects of climate change on water resources Effects of climate change on water resources Key Points Global climate has varied widely in the past. On time scales of tens to hundreds of millions of years, these changes were at least partly a result

More information

Science of Global Warming and Climate Change

Science of Global Warming and Climate Change Science of Global Warming and Climate Change Part 1 Science Dr. David H. Manz, P. Eng. University of Calgary May 2015 Weather vs. Climate Weather happens day to day (moment to moment) best forecast is

More information

Recent studies and plans on subjects related to NEESPI at JAMSTEC and other Japanese plans

Recent studies and plans on subjects related to NEESPI at JAMSTEC and other Japanese plans Recent studies and plans on subjects related to NEESPI at JAMSTEC and other Japanese plans Tetsuo Ohata Program Director IORGC/JAMSTEC, Yokosuka, Japan REGIONAL WATER CYCLE C SNOW COVER P E R C http://www.jamstec.go.jp

More information

"Global Warming Beer" Taps Melted Arctic Ice (UPDATE)

Global Warming Beer Taps Melted Arctic Ice (UPDATE) "Global Warming Beer" Taps Melted Arctic Ice (UPDATE) The brewery filed for bankruptcy in Aug 2008 The Greenland Brewhouse is the world's first Inuit microbrewery. The water, the brewers say, is the beer's

More information

Spectral Albedos. a: dry snow. b: wet new snow. c: melting old snow. a: cold MY ice. b: melting MY ice. d: frozen pond. c: melting FY white ice

Spectral Albedos. a: dry snow. b: wet new snow. c: melting old snow. a: cold MY ice. b: melting MY ice. d: frozen pond. c: melting FY white ice Spectral Albedos a: dry snow b: wet new snow a: cold MY ice c: melting old snow b: melting MY ice d: frozen pond c: melting FY white ice d: melting FY blue ice e: early MY pond e: ageing ponds Extinction

More information

Past and future climate development in Longyearbyen, Svalbard

Past and future climate development in Longyearbyen, Svalbard Past and future climate development in Longyearbyen, Svalbard Eirik J. Førland 1,2 and Ketil Isaksen 1 1). Norwegian Meteorological Institute 2). Norwegian Centre for Climate Services Svalbard Science

More information

The Great Ice Ages. Copyright abcteach.com 2001 Graphics from Art Today

The Great Ice Ages. Copyright abcteach.com 2001 Graphics from Art Today The Great Ice Ages The Great Ice Ages occurred during the Pleistocene epoch. The word epoch means time period. This period began about 2.5 million years ago and ended roughly 10,000 years ago. During the

More information

Challenges for Climate Science in the Arctic. Ralf Döscher Rossby Centre, SMHI, Sweden

Challenges for Climate Science in the Arctic. Ralf Döscher Rossby Centre, SMHI, Sweden Challenges for Climate Science in the Arctic Ralf Döscher Rossby Centre, SMHI, Sweden The Arctic is changing 1) Why is Arctic sea ice disappearing so rapidly? 2) What are the local and remote consequences?

More information

Introduction to Climate Change

Introduction to Climate Change Ch 19 Climate Change Introduction to Climate Change Throughout time, the earth's climate has always been changing produced ice ages Hence, climate variations have been noted in the past what physical processes

More information

This satellite image of an Ellesmere Island glacier that reaches the sea in the Greely Fjord reveals growing meltwater ponds on the glacier's surface

This satellite image of an Ellesmere Island glacier that reaches the sea in the Greely Fjord reveals growing meltwater ponds on the glacier's surface This satellite image of an Ellesmere Island glacier that reaches the sea in the Greely Fjord reveals growing meltwater ponds on the glacier's surface as well as icebergs that have calved off the glacier

More information

IODP Proposal Cover Sheet 915 -

IODP Proposal Cover Sheet 915 - IODP Proposal Cover Sheet 915 - Pre North Atlantic Fjord Sediment Archives Received for: 2017-04-03 Title Proponents Fjord sediment archives: assessing the recent (post LGM) millennial to sub-decadal scale

More information

What are the consequences of melting pack ice?

What are the consequences of melting pack ice? The Hydrosphere s Cryosphere: A-Pack Ice: (Sea Ice) They are large sheets of ice found in the oceans around Antarctica and in the Arctic Ocean. Smaller ones are called ice floes. Example 1: What are the

More information

Weather Forecasts and Climate AOSC 200 Tim Canty. Class Web Site: Lecture 27 Dec

Weather Forecasts and Climate AOSC 200 Tim Canty. Class Web Site:   Lecture 27 Dec Weather Forecasts and Climate AOSC 200 Tim Canty Class Web Site: http://www.atmos.umd.edu/~tcanty/aosc200 Topics for today: Climate Natural Variations Feedback Mechanisms Lecture 27 Dec 4 2018 1 Climate

More information

Climate of Alaska: Past, Present and Future

Climate of Alaska: Past, Present and Future Climate of Alaska: Past, Present and Future Pond shrinkage in Alaska's Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge, 1951-2000. Source: USGCRP (2009) Uma S. Bhatt, usbhatt@alaska.edu John Walsh for many of today

More information

Development of the Global Environment

Development of the Global Environment Development of the Global Environment G302: Spring 2004 A course focused on exploration of changes in the Earth system through geological history Simon C. Brassell Geological Sciences simon@indiana.edu

More information

TROPICAL-EXTRATROPICAL INTERACTIONS

TROPICAL-EXTRATROPICAL INTERACTIONS Notes of the tutorial lectures for the Natural Sciences part by Alice Grimm Fourth lecture TROPICAL-EXTRATROPICAL INTERACTIONS Anomalous tropical SST Anomalous convection Anomalous latent heat source Anomalous

More information

Ruddiman CHAPTER 13. Earth during the LGM ca. 20 ka BP

Ruddiman CHAPTER 13. Earth during the LGM ca. 20 ka BP Ruddiman CHAPTER 13 Earth during the LGM ca. 20 ka BP The Last Glacial Maximum When? How much more ice than today? How much colder was it than today (global average)? How much lower were snowlines? Did

More information

Chp Spectral analysis a. Requires that the climate record must be at least 4 times longer than the cycled analyzed

Chp Spectral analysis a. Requires that the climate record must be at least 4 times longer than the cycled analyzed Chp 7 1. Earth s seasons are caused by a. The movement of the Sun from North to South of the equator and back again over a year s time b. The distance between Earth and the Sun c. The rate of Earth s movement

More information

Questions we would like to learn (scattered through the whole lecture)

Questions we would like to learn (scattered through the whole lecture) Climate Impacts on the Baltic Sea: From Science to Policy Bornholm, July 2009 (Paleo) Climate Modelling Eduardo Zorita GK SS Research Centre, Geesthacht, Germany Questions we would like to learn (scattered

More information

The Tswaing Impact Crater, South Africa: derivation of a long terrestrial rainfall record for the southern mid-latitudes

The Tswaing Impact Crater, South Africa: derivation of a long terrestrial rainfall record for the southern mid-latitudes The Tswaing Impact Crater, South Africa: derivation of a long terrestrial rainfall record for the southern mid-latitudes T.C. PARTRIDGE Climatology Research Group, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg,

More information

Effects of climate change on water resources

Effects of climate change on water resources Effects of climate change on water resources Key Points Global climate has varied widely in the past. On time scales of tens to hundreds of millions of years, these changes were at least partly a result

More information

Brita Horlings

Brita Horlings Knut Christianson Brita Horlings brita2@uw.edu https://courses.washington.edu/ess431/ Natural Occurrences of Ice: Distribution and environmental factors of seasonal snow, sea ice, glaciers and permafrost

More information

May Global Warming: Recent Developments and the Outlook for the Pacific Northwest

May Global Warming: Recent Developments and the Outlook for the Pacific Northwest Global Warming: Recent Developments and the Outlook for the Pacific Northwest Pat Bartlein Department of Geography University of Oregon (bartlein@uoregon.edu) http://geography.uoregon.edu/envchange/gwhr/

More information