ISOTOPE AND GAS GEOCHEMISTRY OF GEOTHERMAL FIELDS: CASE STUDIES FROM TURKEY & IMPLICATIONS FOR GEOLOGICAL STORAGE OF CO2
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1 ISOTOPE AND GAS GEOCHEMISTRY OF GEOTHERMAL FIELDS: CASE STUDIES FROM TURKEY & IMPLICATIONS FOR GEOLOGICAL STORAGE OF CO2 Nilgün Güleç METU-PAL CGS Project Group Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey October 17-19, 2011 Maria Laach, Germany
2 INTRODUCTION: Overview of in Turkey October 17-19, 2011 Maria Laach, Germany
3 TURKEY: Tectonic Setting
4 TURKEY: Tectonic Setting ISTANBUL BLACK SEA ANKARA Nemrut Kula WAGS MEDITERRANEAN SEA NAFZ : North Anatolian Fault Zone EAFZ : East Anatolian Fault Zone EFZ : Ecemiş Fault Zone TFZ : Tuzgölü Fault Zone DSF : Dead Sea Fault BSZ : Bitlis Suture Zone WAGS : Western Anatolian Graben System Recent Volcanoes N 0 80 Km Neogene-Quaternary Volcanics Epicenter of Recent Earthquakes (M>5) 1-Gölcük, 2-Arifiye, 3-Düzce, 4-Orta
5 TURKEY: ISTANBUL BLACK SEA Tuzla ANKARA Germencik WAGS Kızıldere MEDITERRANEAN SEA NAFZ : North Anatolian Fault Zone EAFZ : East Anatolian Fault Zone EFZ : Ecemiş Fault Zone TFZ : Tuzgölü Fault Zone DSF : Dead Sea Fault BSZ : Bitlis Suture Zone WAGS : Western Anatolian Graben System Recent Volcanoes N 0 80 Km Neogene-Quaternary Volcanics Epicenter of Recent Earthquakes (M>5) 1-Gölcük, 2-Arifiye, 3-Düzce, 4-Orta Geothermal Fields
6 TURKEY: BLACK SEA ISTANBUL Tuzla ANKARA Cappadocia WAGS Kızıldere Kemerhisar Germencik MEDITERRANEAN SEA N 0 80 Km NAFZ : North Anatolian Fault Zone EAFZ : East Anatolian Fault Zone EFZ : Ecemiş Fault Zone TFZ : Tuzgölü Fault Zone DSF : Dead Sea Fault BSZ : Bitlis Suture Zone WAGS : Western Anatolian Graben System Geothermal Fields CO2 pockets in Sedimentary formations Recent Volcanoes Neogene-Quaternary Volcanics Epicenter of Recent Earthquakes (M>5) 1-Gölcük, 2-Arifiye, 3-Düzce, 4-Orta
7 TURKEY: ISTANBUL BLACK SEA Tuzla ANKARA Cappadocia WAGS Kızıldere Kemerhisar Germencik MEDITERRANEAN SEA Western Raman CO2 EOR Dodan CO2 Reservoir N 0 80 Km NAFZ : North Anatolian Fault Zone EAFZ : East Anatolian Fault Zone EFZ : Ecemiş Fault Zone TFZ : Tuzgölü Fault Zone DSF : Dead Sea Fault BSZ : Bitlis Suture Zone WAGS : Western Anatolian Graben System Geothermal Fields CO2 pockets in Sedimentary formations Recent Volcanoes Neogene-Quaternary Volcanics Epicenter of Recent Earthquakes (M>5) 1-Gölcük, 2-Arifiye, 3-Düzce, 4-Orta Oil & Gas Fields
8 Focus: Geothermal Fields of Turkey Isotope and Gas Geochemistry Special reference to CO2 & He abundance C- and He-isotope composition CO 2 and He have wide isotopic and relative abundance contrast between potential end-members and, hence, are particularly useful in tracing the source provenance of gases. 3 He/ 4 He (R/R A ) CO 2 / 3 He δ 13 C ( ) crust variable mantle 8 2 x October 17-19, 2011 Maria Laach, Germany
9 PROJECTS Focus: Geothermal Fields of Turkey Isotope and Gas Geochemistry COLLOBORATORS He-isotope composition of the Turkish geothermal fluids in a geodynamic context Monitoring gas geochemistry along the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) in relation to seismicity Combined He-CO 2 characteristics of western Anatolian fluids Helium and stable isotope systematics of Eastern Anatolian geothermal fluids. Geochemical monitoring of the seismic activities and noble gas characterization of the geothermal fields along the eastern segment of the Büyük Menderes Graben (W. Anatolia) Güleç, N. (Middle East Tech. Univ, Turkey) Mutlu, H. (Osmangazi Univ., Turkey) Hilton, D. R. (Scrips Inst. Of Oceanography, USA) Güleç, N., Süer, S. (Middle East Tech. Univ, Turkey) Mutlu, H. (Osmangazi Univ., Turkey) Hilton, D. R. (Scrips Inst. Of Oceanography, USA) De Leeuw, G.A.M. (Scrips Inst. Of Oceanography, USA) Güleç, N. (Middle East Tech. Univ, Turkey) Mutlu, H. (Osmangazi Univ., Turkey) Hilton, D. R. (Scrips Inst. Of Oceanography, USA) Güleç, N. (METU, Turkey) Mutlu, H. (Osmangazi Univ., Turkey) Hilton, D. R., Saemundur, A.H. (Scrips Inst. Of Oceanography, USA) Aydın, H. (Yüzüncu Yıl Univ., Turkey) Güleç, N., Süer, S., Parlaktuna, M. (Middle East Tech. Univ, Turkey) Erzinger, J., Wiersberg, T. (GFZ, Potsdam, Germany) October 17-19, 2011 Maria Laach, Germany
10 He-isotope composition of the Turkish geothermal fluids in a geodynamic context
11 TURKEY: Mantle-He Distribution ISTANBUL BLACK SEA Güleç et al., 2002, Chem. Geol., 187, Güleç et al., 2010, WGC 2010 Proceedings, paper no.1418 ANKARA WAGS MEDITERRANEAN SEA Crustal-He <1% Mantl e-he 1-10% Mantle-He 10-50% Mantle-He 50-75% Mantle-He >75% Mantle-He Recent Volcanoes Epicenter of Recent Earthquakes(M>5) Neogene-Quaternary Volcanics N 0 80 Km
12 TURKEY: Helium-Heat Distribution ISTANBUL BLACK SEA 110 o C WAGS 250 o C MEDITERRANEAN SEA 125 o C 135 o C 0 80 Km >75% Mantle-He 50-75%Mantle-He <50% Mantle-He 250 o C Reservoir Temperature High moderate Low Negative correlation between 3He & heat distribution (opposite to worldwide trend) different mechanisms for the transfer of heat and helium in different provinces Central & Eastern Anatolia (recent & widespread volcanism) He & heat release from cooling magmatic systems Western Anatolia Lithospheric stretching & asthenospheric upwelling regional-significant heat Localized magmatic activity comparatively low He additions Northern Anatolia Degassing from relatively old Galatian volcanics (latest eruption: 9 Ma ago)? Recent subsurface magmatic activity? N
13 Geochemical monitoring along the NAFZ in relation to seismicity 3-year monitoring programme ( ) covering 3 sampling periods per year
14 OBJECTIVES Geochemical Monitoring Along the NAFZ Establishment of a baseline for the chemical and isotopic composition of geothermal fluids Determination of the possible temporal anomalies in compositions Investigation of the temporal variations in terms of a possible relation to the seismicity associated with the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ)
15 Sampling Sites Primary reservoir Lithologies: Mesozoic limestones (except in Yalova & Kurşunlu : Neogene volcanics)
16 Kursunlu-Çav undur Efteni Sampling Yalova Geothermal fluids were sampled from Natural pools & springs Production wells Samples were collected as free gas phase bubbling through the water, Dissolved gas phase in water
17 He-Isotope Compositions He/ 4 He (R/RA) Sampling date Yalova Mudurnu Efteni Bolu Seben Kurs Hamamozu Gozlek Resadiye Most locations show fairly constant He isotope compositions in time, but individual locations have distinct compositions.
18 Sampling Sites Primary reservoir Lithologies: Mesozoic limestones (except in Yalova & Kurşunlu : Neogene volcanics)
19 C-Isotope Compositions Anomalies in temporal record: > 2 std.dev. of aver. value δ 13 C ( ) Yalova : June 28, 2004 (M = 4.2 earthquake occurred 43 days earlier at a distance of 15 km to the sample location) Yalova Mudurnu Efteni Bolu Seben Kursunlu Hamamozu Gozlek Resadiye Sampling date Opposite to the He isotope compositions, C isotope compositions appear to be variable over time
20 CO 2 / 3 He Ratios 1e+15 1e+14 1e+13 CO 2 / 3 He 1e+12 1e+11 1e+10 1e Yalova Mudurnu Efteni Bolu Seben Kursunlu Hamamozu Gozlek Resadiye Sampling date Although not as much as C isotopes, CO 2 / 3 He ratios are also variable
21 de Leeuw et al., 2010, Applied Geochemistry, 25, CO 2 / 3 He most degassed Yalova Mudurnu Efteni Bolu Seben Kursunlu Hamamozu Gozlek Resadiye degassing least degassed [ 4 He] c (10-9 cm 3 /g H 2 O) Variations in CO2/3He ratios and He concentrations are compatible with degassing of geothermal waters
22 δ 13 C ( ) de Leeuw et al., 2010, Applied Geochemistry, 25, CO 2 dissolution C alcite pre cipita tion CO 2 degassing metamorphic decarbonation marine carbonate m antle CO 2 (cm 3 STP/g H 2 O) Variations in δ 13 C and CO2 concentrations are compatible with CO2 dissolution followed by calcite precipitation The origin of CO2 seems to be a mixture of mantle- and carbonate-derived sources (anomalies at Yalova: thermometamorphic decay of carbonates)
23 CONCLUSIONS Implications for Geological Storage of CO2 Combined He-CO2 isotope systematics of geothermal fields, as natural analogues for storage sites, tell us that: Major mechanisms of CO2 storage in geologic reservoirs are Dissolution into groundwater Precipitation as carbonates. Loss of CO2 from the hydrothermal system is possible via degassing (which might be aided by a decrease in lithostatic pressure, eg. by fluid circulation along a fracture/fault zone, and might be induced by seismic activities). C-isotope signatures can be used to monitor possible leakage from storage sites provided that the isotope composition of injected CO2 is significantly different than that of background CO2
24 October 17-19, 2011 Maria Laach,
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