Analysis of deep geological structures by variety of Curie point Depth in Birjand area, east of IRAN
|
|
- Ralph Porter
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Analysis of deep geological structures by variety of Curie point Depth in Birjand area, east of IRAN MOHAMMAD MAHDI KHATIB, HESAM YAZDANPENAH AND MOHAMAD HOSSEIN ZARRINKOUB Department of geology University of Birjand Po. Box :79 IRAN Abstract: - We examined the geology structures of the crust across complex deformation zones in Birjand (E Iran, N to N and E to E, ca. 600 km2) using the Curie Point Depth (CPD) estimates of the tectonic state of the crust with the seismic activity to provide insights for spatial limits of brittle failure in this region. The CPD estimates of Birjand area from 10.3 to 16 km below the surface. Birjand has one regions of shallow CPD. The shallow CPD region in the Bagheran Mountain in southern part of the study area is caused by upper crustal thinning and swallowing of high conductivity lower crust. In this area where hydrothermal reservoirs are located, CPD significantly shallows. Key-Words: - Birjand, Curie Point Depth (CPD), thermal structure, aeromagnetic data 1 Introduction From an analysis of the crustal magnetic field it is possible to make an estimate of the depth below which no magnetic sources exist. This depth extent of magnetic sources has become synonymous with the depth to the Curie temperature though sometimes it may represent a petrologic boundary [1]. Where the Curie depth correlates with an inferred velocity or density boundary, it is likely to reflect the change in composition; however, where it does not coincide with a velocity or density boundary, it may be interpreted as the Curie temperature isotherm [2]. As magnetite with a Curie temperature of 580 C is believed to be the dominant magnetic mineral in the deep crust within the continental region [3], one can assume that this Curie temperature represents the temperature of 580 C. Estimating depth to Curie temperature on a regional scale from long wavelength magnetic anomalies requires that large areas of survey data be used for the calculations. There is still no consensus on the minimum survey area required to arrive at a reliable estimate of the Curie isotherm depth [4]. Estimates of depth to the Curie temperature can provide valuable insights in the assessment of geothermal energy, calculation of thermal conductivity and tectonic/geodynamic evolution. The depth to the top of magnetic layer is often named as magnetic basement which does not necessarily correspond to geological basement where we have crystalline rocks. Sometimes magnetic basement simply is related to volcanic rocks. All sedimentary rocks are considered nunmagnetic. Therefore, the depth to magnetic basement can give us an estimate of the volume of the sedimentary basins in Birjand area. In this paper we utilize the aeromagnetic data over Birjand (E Iran) to calculate the Curie isotherm depths. The aeromagnetic data of Iran was surveyed by Aero-service Company (Houston, Texas) under the auspices of the Geological Survey of Iran during The data was collected along flight lines with average line spacing of 7.5 km. the survey was done mostly for constant barometric flight heights. This data by 1 and 1 km grid of aeromagnetic map of Birjand was produced using a bidirectional interpolation scheme and filtering all wavelengths smaller than 15 km (fig. 1). ISBN:
2 Fig.1, The Curie point depth map of Birjand area. The depths are considered relative to the ground surface. The aeromagnetic map of Iran correlates well the majority of the geological structures (fig. 2). In this paper, we present the first Curie Point Depth (CPD) map of Birjand area and then correlation by geological structure s tectonic regime and mountain building processes. 2 Geological setting This area is composite of ophiolitic and related oceanic volcanic and sedimentary rocks, and metamorphic rocks derived from them. They occur as block-against-block geological terranes or as blocks in tectonic mélange. Several late cretaceous adakitic granitoid bodies (ca Ma) have intruded into ophiolite mélange complex in north part of Sistan suture zone, in east of Iran. It has concluded that the Neotethys Ocean between the Lut and Afghan continental blocks should have closed before ca. 86 Ma, when the adakitic granodiorites started emplaced in the suture zone as a result of the Lut-Afghan continental suturing/collision. These bodies are mainly tonalite, quartz diorite and granodiorite with thermal effects on their host rocks. The compressional tectonic regime, later, switched to extensional so that eventually led to the voluminous volcanism in eastern Iran, which ascribe to an orogenic collapse associated with delimitation of thickened lithospheric root. This suite of rocks is dominated by (trachy) andesites and (trachy)dacites with minor basaltic andesites, rhyolites, diorites and granites [5]. This extensional regime succeeded to cause furthermore lithospheric thinning and asthenospheric upwelling that gave rise to the ISBN:
3 Recent Researches in Environmental and Geological Sciences fractures and faults are planes of tensile or shear failure at microscopic to regional scales in brittle rock. These faults and fractures are developed mostly in competent rocks within the earth crust. In case of fractures, they are usually developed when the stress applied exceeds the elastic limit of the rock [8]. These two deformations are of great importance in crustal fluid distributions and control. generation of intraplate basalts from the middle Miocene to Quaternary in eastern Iran. Fig.3 The Curie point depth map of Birjand area. The depth 500m. Fig. 5 The Curie point depth map of Birjand area. The depth 2500m. Fig. 4 The Curie point depth map of Birjand area. The depth 1500m. 3 Discussion The roles of faults and fractures on crustal fluids have been of major interest in earth sciences, including geology, seismology, hydrogeology and petroleum geology [6]. The static and dynamic effects of different stress on rock often produce change in rock mass such as fractures, faults and in general permeability which in turn control the flow of fluids in the earth crust(fig.3). According to [7], ISBN: Fig. 6 The Curie point depth map of Birjand area. The depth 3500m. The movement of crustal fluids (in this case, hydrothermal) to the surface from the reservoir rock depends of the pressure, temperature and most 477
4 importantly the presence of active faults and fractures in the subsurface which are extended to the surface (Fig. 4). Magnetic is a geophysical technique that measures the magnetic field intensity of the Earth. It is capable of mapping subsurface structures such as faults and lithology. The aim of magnetic survey is to determine or measure the local magnetic contributions to the total magnetic field. This method is performed both on the ground and in the air. Association of geological formation with magnetic minerals makes it possible for mapping with magnetic field data. According to [9], lithology controls magnetic properties through mineralogy, and sharp variation in rock properties generally coincides with litho-logical contacts(fig. 5). Generally, igneous and metamorphic rocks show significant magnetic properties while sedimentary rock is non-magnetic [10]. Existence of faults and fractures in the geologic unites creates magnetic variation and can cause anomaly in magnetic measurements. In general, the presence of fluid within the faults and fractures would reduce or have no magnetic response. The subsurface structures geometry can be constructed from magnetic profiles data using various inversion processes. The anomaly due to the near surface and deep source can be enhanced using vertical derivative and upward continuation respectively. Depth to magnetic sources and geometry of the structures can be automatically estimated from Euler s de convolution method as applied in this research. Magnetic method was used in this study to map the subsurface structures in the Birjand area, East Iran(fig.6). A portion of the aeromagnetic anomaly map of Birjand, from 32º 28' to 33º 33' N and 58º 30' to 59º 34' E has been analyzed to understand the tectonics of the region. The magnetization of rocks is dependent on the composition (amount of magnetic minerals, primarily magnetite) and temperature. At depth, the composition of the crust can sometimes change such that deeper rocks are magnetite poor or the temperature can increase to the point at which rocks lose their magnetization, called the Curie temperature. Magnetic data, from which the effect of the main field and external current systems are removed, contains information down to the depth where rocks lose their magnetization either due to compositional or temperature changes. Analyzing the long wavelength part of the magnetic data can provide information about this depth. Several methods have been used to estimate the depth at which rocks lose their magnetization from the azimuthally averaged Fourier spectra of the magnetic data as discussed by [6]; for example the centroid method ([11]; [12]; [3]), the spectral peak method ([13]; [7]; [14]; [9]), the power law corrections ([14]; [15]) etc. For noisy data the spectral method may be the only way to determine the depth as the other direct methods will have problems dealing with white noise [16]. The Curie depth of different magnetic minerals can be defined only from the geothermal gradient or from geomagnetic depth estimation. In the latter case it is possible to determine the depth of the deepest magnetic sources in the given area, without any knowledge about the nature of these sources. We use spectral analysis of aeromagnetic data to estimate the depths to the top and bottom of magnetic sources. In this paper, we assume that crustal magnetization is fractal with a fractal dimension of 2:1. It is calculated using the magnetic field of volcanic outcrops. To calculate Curie Point Depth map of Birjand area, we divide the aeromagnetic map into 25*30 squares, each 4*4 km in size. There is 75% overlap between two adjacent squares. In each window, part, depths to the top and the bottom of the magnetic sources are calculated from radials averaged log of power spectrum. The 4 by 4 km window is a reasonable choice because CPD in Birjand area is always below 16 km. 4 Conclusion The CPD estimates of Birjand area from 10.3 to 16 km below the surface. Birjand has one regions of shallow CPD. The shallow CPD region in the Bagheran Mountain in southern part of the study area is caused by upper crustal thinning and shallowing of high conductivity lower crust. In this area where hydrothermal reservoirs are located, CPD significantly shallows. References: [1] Langel, R.A., Hinze, W.J, The Magnetic Field of the Lithosphere: The Satellite perspective, Cambridge Univ. Press,UK, 1998 [2] Beardsmore, G.R., Cull, J.P, Crustal heat flow. A guide to measurements and modelling, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, USA, [3] Frost, B.R., Shive, P.N, Magnetic mineralogy of the lower continental crust, J. Geophys. Res, Vol.91, 1986, pp ISBN:
5 [4] Rajaram, Mita, Depth to Curie temperature, encyclopedia of geomagnetism and paleomagnetism. In: Gubbins, David, Herrero- Bervera, Emilio (Eds.), Springer Publishers, [5] Zarrinkoub, M.H., Chung, Sun-Lin., Chiu, H.Y., Mohammadi, S.S., Khatib, MM. and Lin, I-Jhen, Zircon U-Pb age and geochemical constraints from the northern Sistan Suture Zone on the Neotethyan magmatic and tectonic evolution in eastern Iran, Tectonic cross road proceeding, Ankara, Turkey, 2010, pp.25, 54. [6] Ravat, D., Pignatelli, A., Nicolosi, I., Chiappini, M, A study of spectral methods of estimating depth to the bottom of magnetic sources from near-surface magnetic anomaly data, Geophys. J. Int, Vol.169, 2007, pp [7] Bhattacharyya, B.K., Leu, L.K, Analysis of magnetic anomalies over Yellowstone National Park: mapping of Curie point isothermal surface for geothermal reconnaissance, J. Geophys. Res, Vol.80, 1975, pp and gravity data: application to Northwest Africa and Brazil. SEG Int'l Exposition and 74th Annual meeting, October 2004, Denver, Colorado. [8] Okubo, Y., Graf, R.J., Hansen, R.O., Ogawa, K., Tsu, H, Curie point depths of the island of Kyushu and surrounding areas, Japan. Geophysics, Vol.50, 1985, pp [9] Ibrahim, A., Halil, I.K., Ali, K, Curie-point depthmap of Turkey, Geophys. J. Int, Vol.162, 2005, pp [10] Spector, A., Grant, F.S, Statistical models for interpreting aeromagnetic data. Geophys. J. Int, Vol.35, 1970, pp [11] Blakely, R.J, Curie temperature isotherm analysis and tectonic implications of aeromagnetic data from Nevada, Geophys. J.Int, Vol. 93, 1988, pp [12] Connard, G., Couch, R., Gemperle, M, Analysis of aeromagnetic measurements from Cascade range in central Oregon. Geophys. J. Int, Vol.48, 1983, pp [13] Ross, H.E., Blakely, R.J., Zoback, D.M, Testing the use of aeromagnetic data for the determination of Curie depth in California. Geophys. J. Int, Vol.71, 2006, pp L51 L59. [14] Pilkington, M., Todoeschuck, J.P, Fractal magnetization of continental crust. J. Geophys. Res, Vol.20, 1993, pp [15] Maus, S., Dimri, V.P, Potential field power spectrum inversion for scaling Geology. J. Geophys. Res, Vol.100, 1995, pp [16] Odegard, M.E., Dickson, W.G, Depth to basement using spectral inversion of magnetic ISBN:
SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF GROUND MAGNETIC DATA IN MAGADI AREA, SOUTHERN KENYA RIFT
SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF GROUND MAGNETIC DATA IN MAGADI AREA, SOUTHERN KENYA RIFT 1 JG Githiri, 2 JP Patel, 3 JO Barongo and 4 PK Karanja 1 Jomo-Kenyatta University of Agriculture, Science and Technology,
More informationEma Michael Abraham 1*, Kolawole Muideen Lawal 2, Amobi Chigozie Ekwe 1, Owens Alile 3, Kehinde Ayofe Murana 4 and Aminu Ahmed Lawal 2
Abraham et al. Geothermal Energy 2014, 2:18 DEBATE Open Access Reply to discussion on Spectral analysis of aeromagnetic data for geothermal energy investigation of Ikogosi Warm Spring - Ekiti State, southwestern
More informationAnalysis of potential field anomalies in Pasinler-Horasan basin, Eastern Turkey
JOURNAL OF THE BALKAN GEOPHYSICAL SOCIETY, Vol. 9, No. 1, December 2006, p. 1-7, 6 figs. Analysis of potential field anomalies in Pasinler-Horasan basin, Eastern Turkey Kenan Gelisli and Nafiz Maden Karadeniz
More informationGlobal Tectonics. Kearey, Philip. Table of Contents ISBN-13: Historical perspective. 2. The interior of the Earth.
Global Tectonics Kearey, Philip ISBN-13: 9781405107778 Table of Contents Preface. Acknowledgments. 1. Historical perspective. 1.1 Continental drift. 1.2 Sea floor spreading and the birth of plate tectonics.
More informationComposition of the earth, Geologic Time, and Plate Tectonics
Composition of the earth, Geologic Time, and Plate Tectonics Layers of the earth Chemical vs. Mechanical Chemical : Mechanical: 1) Core: Ni and Fe 2) Mantle: Mostly Peridotite 3) Crust: Many different
More informationAeromagnetic map of the Death Valley ground-water model area, Nevada and California
Aeromagnetic map of the Death Valley ground-water model area, Nevada and California By D.A. Ponce and R.J. Blakely Prepared in cooperation with the Nevada Operations Office National Nuclear Security Administration
More informationCHAPTER 4 POTENTIAL FIELD MODELLING
CHAPTER 4 POTENTIAL FIELD MODELLING POTENTIAL FIELD MODELLING The reference dataset used for the potential field modelling is the Gravity anomaly map and Magnetic anomaly map of the Atlantic region of
More informationA Systematic Approach To Geothermal Power Classification
Geothermal Energy Utilization Associated With Oil & Gas Development June 17-18, 2008 SMU Dallas, Texas A Systematic Approach To Geothermal Power Classification Richard J. Erdlac, Jr. Peter Gross Edward
More informationCOMPOSITION and PHYSICAL PROPERTIES GENERAL SUBJECTS. GEODESY and GRAVITY
COMPOSITION and PHYSICAL PROPERTIES Composition and structure of the continental crust Composition and structure of the core Composition and structure of the mantle Composition and structure of the oceanic
More informationStructure of the Earth and the Origin of Magmas
Page 1 of 12 EENS 2120 Petrology Tulane University Prof. Stephen A. Nelson Structure of the Earth and the Origin of Magmas This document last updated on 23-Jan-2015 Magmas do not form everywhere beneath
More informationGENERAL GEOLOGY Fall Chapter 18: The Sea Floor. Partial Examination IV Study Guide Dr. Glen S. Mattioli
GENERAL GEOLOGY 1113-005 Fall 2008 Partial Examination IV Study Guide Dr. Glen S. Mattioli Note that these are NOT questions, but rather are a list of topics that we have covered either in class or are
More informationCopyright McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education
Copyright McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education Tibetan Plateau and Himalaya -southern Asia 11.00.a VE 10X
More informationDETERMINATION OF THE CURIE POINT DEPTH OF ANAMBRA BASIN AND ITS ENVIRONS USING HIGH RESOLUTION AIRBORNE MAGNETIC DATA
www.arpapress.com/volumes/vol34issue2/ijrras_34_2_02.pdf DETERMINATION OF THE CURIE POINT DEPTH OF ANAMBRA BASIN AND ITS ENVIRONS USING HIGH RESOLUTION AIRBORNE MAGNETIC DATA Christopher Aigbogun & Kuforijimi
More information10. Paleomagnetism and Polar Wandering Curves.
Map of ocean floor Evidence in Support of the Theory of Plate Tectonics 10. Paleomagnetism and Polar Wandering Curves. The Earth's magnetic field behaves as if there were a bar magnet in the center of
More informationBefore Plate Tectonics: Theory of Continental Drift
Before Plate Tectonics: Theory of Continental Drift Predecessor to modern plate tectonics Shape and fit of the continents was the initial evidence Snider-Pelligrini (1858) Taylor (1908) Wegner (1915) Fig.
More informationP012 Exploration of the Deep Structure of the Central Greece Geothermal Field by Passive Seismic and Curie Depth Analysis
P012 Exploration of the Deep Structure of the Central Greece Geothermal Field by Passive Seismic and Curie Depth Analysis V.K. Karastathis* (National Observatory of Athens), J. Papoulia (Hellenic Centre
More informationGlobal geophysics and wave propagation
Global geophysics and wave propagation Reading: Fowler p76 83 Remote sensing Geophysical methods Seismology Gravity and bathymetry Magnetics Heat flow Seismology: Directly samples the physical properties
More informationWelcome to GEO 101 Introduction to Geology
Welcome to GEO 101 Introduction to Geology so what is Geology? not just rocks! Geology is... study of Earth and planetary bodies processes responsible for formation processes that modify all areas of geology
More informationPlate Tectonics. A. Continental Drift Theory 1. Early development 2. Alfred Wegener s mechanism
Plate Tectonics A. Continental Drift Theory 1. Early development 2. Alfred Wegener s mechanism B. Seafloor Spreading 1. Earthquakes and volcanoes 2. Seafloor maps and dates 3. Continental drift revisited
More informationPlate Tectonics Lab II: Background Information
Plate Tectonics Lab II: Background Information This lab is based on a UW ESS101 Lab. Note: Hand in only the Answer Sheet at the back of this guide to your Instructor Introduction One of the more fundamental
More informationDynamic Crust Practice
1. Base your answer to the following question on the cross section below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The cross section represents the distance and age of ocean-floor bedrock found on both sides
More informationStructure and history of the Kern Canyon fault system: introduction and thesis overview
1 Chapter 1 Structure and history of the Kern Canyon fault system: introduction and thesis overview Exposures of fault zones from the surface to deep levels afford an opportunity to study the transition
More informationFull file at
Chapter 2 PLATE TECTONICS AND PHYSICAL HAZARDS MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. What direction is the Pacific Plate currently moving, based on the chain of Hawaiian Islands with only the easternmost island
More informationOCN 201: Seafloor Spreading and Plate Tectonics I
OCN 201: Seafloor Spreading and Plate Tectonics I Revival of Continental Drift Theory Kiyoo Wadati (1935) speculated that earthquakes and volcanoes may be associated with continental drift. Hugo Benioff
More informationFault Determination Using One Dimensional Wavelet Analysis
Fault Determination Using One Dimensional Wavelet Analysis S. Morris Cooper, Liu Tianyou, Innocent Ndoh Mbue Institute of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 37, China; smorriscpr@gmail.com
More informationQuestions and Topics
Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift Questions and Topics 1. What are the theories of Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift? 2. What is the evidence that Continents move? 3. What are the forces that
More information3. GEOLOGY. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Results and Discussion Regional Geology Surficial Geology Mine Study Area
3. GEOLOGY 3.1 Introduction This chapter discusses the baseline study of the geology and mineralization characteristics of the mine study area. The study consolidates existing geological data and exploration
More informationEarth s Interior and Geophysical Properties. Chapter 13
Earth s Interior and Geophysical Properties Chapter 13 Introduction Can we just go there? Deep interior of the Earth must be studied indirectly Direct access only to crustal rocks and upper mantle fragments
More informationWind Mountain Project Summary Memo Feeder Program
A Manex Resource Group Company Wind Mountain Project Summary Memo Feeder Program J.A. Kizis, Jr., February 07, 2018 Assays have been received for both holes drilled at Wind Mountain during late 2017 and
More informationCurie Depth Estimation from Aeromagnetic for Fractal Distribution of Sources
Curie Depth Estimation from Aeromagnetic for Fractal Distribution of Sources A.R. Bansal, V.P. Dimri, Raj Kumar and S.P. Anand Abstract The earth s magnetic field is used to find the depth of anomalous
More information6. In the diagram below, letters A and B represent locations near the edge of a continent.
1. Base your answer to the following question on the cross section below and on your knowledge of Earth science. The cross section represents the distance and age of ocean-floor bedrock found on both sides
More informationpredictive mineral discovery*cooperative Research Centre A legacy for mineral exploration science Mineral Systems Q4 Fluid flow drivers & pathways
Mineral Systems Q4 Fluid flow drivers & pathways 1 Key Parameter Mineral System Exploration is reflected in scale-dependent translation A. Gradient in hydraulic potential B. Permeability C. Solubility
More informationMaterial is perfectly elastic until it undergoes brittle fracture when applied stress reaches σ f
Material is perfectly elastic until it undergoes brittle fracture when applied stress reaches σ f Material undergoes plastic deformation when stress exceeds yield stress σ 0 Permanent strain results from
More informationIntroduction To Plate Tectonics Evolution. (Continents, Ocean Basins, Mountains and Continental Margins)
Introduction To Plate Tectonics Evolution (Continents, Ocean Basins, Mountains and Continental Margins) Geo 386 (Arabian Shield Course) Dr. Bassam A. A. Abuamarah Mohanna G E O 3 8 6 A R A B I A N G E
More informationGeology 15 West Valley College. Exam IV: Sierra Nevada
Geology 15 West Valley College Name Exam IV: Sierra Nevada 1) On the diagram above, where is the Arc- Trench Gap? a. 1 and 3 c. 7 and 8 d. 6 e. 5 and 10 2) On the diagram above, where is the subduction
More informationL.O: THE CRUST USE REFERENCE TABLE PAGE 10
USE REFERENCE TABLE PAGE 10 1. The oceanic crust is thought to be composed mainly of A) granite B) sandstone C) basalt D) rhyolite 2. To get sample material from the mantle, drilling will be done through
More informationJapan Engineering Consultants, Inc., Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization,Tokyo, Japan
DEEP GEOTHERMAL STRUCTURE AND THE HYDROTHERMAL SYSTEM THE GEOTHERMAL FIELD, JAPAN M. H. K. MATSUDA', T. K. Japan Engineering Consultants, Inc., Japan Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization,Tokyo,
More informationAnn Moulding and Tom Brikowski University of Texas at Dallas, Department of Geosciences
GRC Transactions, Vol. 39, 2015 Influence of Continuously Variable Permeability and Basin Rock Properties on Three Dimensional Heat and Mass Balance Models of Basin & Range Geothermal Systems Ann Moulding
More informationComputers & Geosciences
Computers & Geosciences 51 (2013) 247 254 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Computers & Geosciences journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cageo Preferential filtering for gravity anomaly
More informationOCN 201 Seafloor Spreading and Plate Tectonics. Question
OCN 201 Seafloor Spreading and Plate Tectonics Question What was wrong from Wegener s theory of continental drift? A. The continents were once all connected in a single supercontinent B. The continents
More informationEarthquakes. Earthquakes are caused by a sudden release of energy
Earthquakes Earthquakes are caused by a sudden release of energy The amount of energy released determines the magnitude of the earthquake Seismic waves carry the energy away from its origin Fig. 18.1 Origin
More informationIntegrated Geophysical Model for Suswa Geothermal Prospect using Resistivity, Seismics and Gravity Survey Data in Kenya
Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2015 Melbourne, Australia, 19-25 April 2015 Integrated Geophysical Model for Suswa Geothermal Prospect using Resistivity, Seismics and Gravity Survey Data in Kenya
More informationWhat Causes Rock to Deform?
Crustal Deformation Earth, Chapter 10 Chapter 10 Crustal Deformation What Causes Rock to Deform? Deformation is a general term that refers to all changes in the shape or position of a rock body in response
More informationStrike-Slip Faults. ! Fault motion is parallel to the strike of the fault.
Strike-Slip Faults! Fault motion is parallel to the strike of the fault.! Usually vertical, no hanging-wall/footwall blocks.! Classified by the relative sense of motion. " Right lateral opposite block
More informationLecture 24: Convergent boundaries November 22, 2006
Lecture 24: Convergent boundaries November 22, 2006 Convergent boundaries are characterized by consumption of oceaninc crust in subduction zones, with attendant arc volcanism, metamorphism and uplift.
More informationGeology 101. Reading Guide for Plate Tectonics
Geology 101 Chapter 1: Plate Tectonics (p. 21) Reading Guide for Plate Tectonics Name You should have read this section during the first week of the quarter. You should re-read this section and review
More informationTS Tectonics & Structural Geology Orals and PICOs Monday, 08 April
TS Tectonics & Structural Geology Orals and PICOs Monday, 08 April MO1, 08:30 10:00 MO2, 10:30 12:00 MOL, 12:15 13:15 MO3, 13:30 15:00 MO4, 15:30 17:00 GD3.3/GM3.3/GMPV16/TS4.7, The evolution of plate
More informationTaller de Geotermica en Mexico Geothermal Energy Current Technologies
Taller de Geotermica en Mexico Geothermal Energy Current Technologies presented by Paul Brophy, President/CEO EGS Inc. Mexico City October 10 th 2011 Presentation Topics General Geothermal Discussion Exploration
More informationCivilization exists by geologic consent, subject to change without notice William Durant
89.325 Geology for Engineers Plate Tectonics Civilization exists by geologic consent, subject to change without notice William Durant Properties of the Planets Size Density Distance from sun Chemistry
More informationPHYSICAL GEOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT (2 ND CANADIAN EDITION)
Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics Chapter Summary: Plate tectonics is a theory that suggests Earth's surface is divided into several large plates that change position and size. Intense geologic activity occurs
More informationOn the Use of High-Resolution Airborne Magnetics (HRAM) to Map and. Characterize Major Faults. Hernan A. Ugalde
On the Use of High-Resolution Airborne Magnetics (HRAM) to Map and Characterize Major Faults Hernan A. Ugalde Department of Physics, University of Toronto, ugalde@physics.utoronto.ca INTRODUCTION Due to
More informationMountain Building. Mountain Building
Mountain Building Mountain building has occurred during the recent geologic past American Cordillera the western margin of the Americas from Cape Horn to Alaska Includes the Andes and Rocky Mountains Alpine
More informationCULTURAL EDITING OF HRAM DATA COMPARISON OF TECHNIQUES. Canadian Journal of Exploration Geophysics, no. 1&2, vol. 34, 1998, pp.
CULTURAL EDITING OF HRAM DATA COMPARISON OF TECHNIQUES H. H. Hassan 1, J. W. Peirce 1, W. C. Pearson 2 and M. J. Pearson 3 Canadian Journal of Exploration Geophysics, no. 1&2, vol. 34, 1998, pp. 16-22
More informationTopics. Magma Ascent and Emplacement. Magma Generation. Magma Rise. Energy Sources. Instabilities. How does magma ascend? How do dikes form?
Magma Ascent and Emplacement Reading: Encyclopedia of Volcanoes: Physical Properties of Magmas (pp. 171-190) Magma Chambers (pp. 191-206) Plumbing Systems (pp. 219-236) Magma ascent at shallow levels (pp.237-249)
More informationContinental Margin Geology of Korea : Review and constraints on the opening of the East Sea (Japan Sea)
Continental Margin Geology of Korea : Review and constraints on the opening of the East Sea (Japan Sea) Han-Joon Kim Marine Satellite & Observation Tech. Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute
More informationTopics Laramide Orogeny: Late Cretaceous to Early Eocene Reading: GSA DNAG volume 3, Ch. 6
Topics Laramide Orogeny: Late Cretaceous to Early Eocene Reading: GSA DNAG volume 3, Ch. 6 Late Cretaceous to early Eocene New patterns developed 5 main regions Tectonic interpretations Post-Laramide events
More informationBeneath our Feet: The 4 Layers of the Earty by Kelly Hashway
Beneath our Feet: The 4 Layers of the Earty by Kelly Hashway The Earth is more than a giant ball made up of dirt, rocks, and minerals. The Earth may look like a giant ball from when looking at it from
More informationWhy does the Earth have volcanoes? Why is there Earthquakes?
Why does the Earth have volcanoes? Why is there Earthquakes? Turn to your neighbor and review: How and when did the Earth form? How old are the first traces of life on Earth? Logical? * 1.5Ga (1 st multicellular
More informationA) B) C) D) 4. Which diagram below best represents the pattern of magnetic orientation in the seafloor on the west (left) side of the ocean ridge?
1. Crustal formation, which may cause the widening of an ocean, is most likely occurring at the boundary between the A) African Plate and the Eurasian Plate B) Pacific Plate and the Philippine Plate C)
More informationSEDIMENTARY BASINS Red Sea Coast of Egypt. by Prof. Dr. Abbas Mansour
SEDIMENTARY BASINS Red Sea Coast of Egypt by Prof. Dr. Abbas Mansour Sedimentary basins Sedimentary basins are, in a very broad sense, all those areas in which sediments can accumulate to considerable
More informationChapter 8: The Dynamic Planet
Chapter 8: The Dynamic Planet I. The Pace of Change A. The Geologic Time Scale II. Earth s Structure and Internal Energy A. The Earth s Core B. The Earth s Mantle C. The Earth s Crust III. The Geologic
More informationTECTONIC AND STRUCTURAL CONTROLS ON INTRUSION- RELATED DEPOSITS IN THE NORTHERN PART OF SREDNA GORA ZONE, BULGARIA NIKOLAY PETROV & KAMELIA NEDKOVA
TECTONIC AND STRUCTURAL CONTROLS ON INTRUSION- RELATED DEPOSITS IN THE NORTHERN PART OF SREDNA GORA ZONE, BULGARIA NIKOLAY PETROV & KAMELIA NEDKOVA INVESTIGATED AREA Praveshka Lakavica deposit Elatsite
More informationChapter 10: Deformation and Mountain Building. Fig. 10.1
Chapter 10: Deformation and Mountain Building Fig. 10.1 OBJECTIVES Describe the processes of rock deformation and compare and contrast ductile and brittle behavior in rocks. Explain how strike and dip
More informationEarth overall average density = 5.5 g/cm 3 Temp increases with depth, the thermal gradient 30 0 C/km Pressure and the density also increase with
Plate Tectonics Earth Earth overall average density = 5.5 g/cm 3 Temp increases with depth, the thermal gradient 30 0 C/km Pressure and the density also increase with depth Spheroid: with a longer major
More informationPetrology. Petrology: the study of rocks, especially aspects such as physical, chemical, spatial and chronoligic. Associated fields include:
Petrology Petrology: the study of rocks, especially aspects such as physical, chemical, spatial and chronoligic. Associated fields include: Petrography: study of description and classification of rocks
More informationEarth Movement and Resultant Landforms
Earth Movement and Resultant Landforms Structure of the Earth Lithosphere : earth s crust Asthenosphere : upper mantle zone where material is near its melting point & acts almost like liquid (appprox.
More informationPotential Field investigation of Williston Basin Basement
Potential Field investigation of Williston Basin Basement Jiakang Li* and Igor Morozov, University of Saskatchewan, Canada Summary Major faults and domains are identified in the Precambrian basement of
More informationChapter 2 Plate Tectonics and the Ocean Floor
Chapter 2 Plate Tectonics and the Ocean Floor Matching. Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. You may use each answer once, more than once or not at all. 1. hydrothermal vents A. convergent
More informationLate 20 th Century Tests of the Continental Drift Hypothesis
Late 20 th Century Tests of the Continental Drift Hypothesis 5 Characteristics of the Ocean Trenches Unless otherwise noted the artwork and photographs in this slide show are original and by Burt Carter.
More informationFull file at
Essentials of Oceanography, 10e (Trujillo/Keller) Chapter 2 Plate Tectonics and the Ocean Floor Match the term with the appropriate phrase. You may use each answer once, more than once or not at all. A)
More informationImportant information from Chapter 1
Important information from Chapter 1 Distinguish between: Natural hazard // Disaster // Catastrophe What role does human population play in these categories? Know how to read a Hazard Map, such as Figure
More informationSeismotectonics of intraplate oceanic regions. Thermal model Strength envelopes Plate forces Seismicity distributions
Seismotectonics of intraplate oceanic regions Thermal model Strength envelopes Plate forces Seismicity distributions Cooling of oceanic lithosphere also increases rock strength and seismic velocity. Thus
More information1. In the diagram below, letters A and B represent locations near the edge of a continent.
1. In the diagram below, letters A and B represent locations near the edge of a continent. A geologist who compares nonsedimentary rock samples from locations A and B would probably find that the samples
More informationChapter 2: Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory
Chapter 2: Plate Tectonics: A Unifying Theory Chapter Outline 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Early Ideas About Continental Drift 2.3 What Is the Evidence for Continental Drift? 2.4 Features of the Seafloor 2.5 Earth
More informationAnswers: Internal Processes and Structures (Isostasy)
Answers: Internal Processes and Structures (Isostasy) 1. Analyse the adjustment of the crust to changes in loads associated with volcanism, mountain building, erosion, and glaciation by using the concept
More informationGeophysical Surveys of The Geothermal System of The Lakes District Rift, Ethiopia
Geophysical Surveys of The Geothermal System of The Lakes District Rift, Ethiopia By: Befekadu Oluma By: Geophysics Department Geological Survey of Ethiopia The formation of the rift was preceded by a
More informationGEOLOGY MEDIA SUITE Chapter 12
UNDERSTANDING EARTH, SIXTH EDITION GROTZINGER JORDAN GEOLOGY MEDIA SUITE Chapter 12 Volcanoes 2010 W.H. Freeman and Company Plate tectonics explains the global pattern of volcanism. Key Figure 12.20 (page
More informationMineral Systems modelling in the Mount Isa Inlier, and its use in identification of permissive tracts for copper and lead/zinc mineralisation.
Department of Natural Resources and Mines Mineral Systems modelling in the Mount Isa Inlier, and its use in identification of permissive tracts for copper and lead/zinc mineralisation. L.J.Hutton Geological
More informationPlate Tectonics. Earth has distinctive layers - Like an onion
Plate Tectonics Earth has distinctive layers - Like an onion Earth s Interior Core: Metallic (Iron, Nickel) Inner (hot, solid, dense, Iron, Nickel) Outer (cooler, liquid, less dense) Crust (outermost layer):
More informationLecture 2: Deformation in the crust and the mantle. Read KK&V chapter 2.10
Lecture 2: Deformation in the crust and the mantle Read KK&V chapter 2.10 Tectonic plates What are the structure and composi1on of tectonic plates? Crust, mantle, and lithosphere Crust relatively light
More informationDeep Borehole Disposal Performance Assessment and Criteria for Site Selection
Deep Borehole Disposal Performance Assessment and Criteria for Site Selection Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department
More informationMetamorphism. Sources of Heat for Metamorphism. Sources of Heat for Metamorphism. Environments of Metamorphism. and Associated Textures
Environments of Metamorphism and Associated Textures GEOL 13.53 Metamorphic Lecture 1 Sources of Heat for Metamorphism Heat from Earth s interior Geothermal gradient is the increase in temperature with
More informationPetrography and Magnetic Investigation of Western Part of Zafarghand Granitoidic Pluton, Ardestan, Isfahan.
Petrography and Magnetic Investigation of Western Part of Zafarghand Granitoidic Pluton, Ardestan, Isfahan. Corresponding authors: Negar Gavanji*, Dr.Mahmood sadeghian. Postal address: Iran, Shahrood,
More informationDynamic Subsidence and Uplift of the Colorado Plateau. Supplementary Material
GSA DATA REPOSITORY 2010177 Liu and Gurnis Dynamic Subsidence and Uplift of the Colorado Plateau Supplementary Material Lijun Liu and Michael Gurnis Seismological Laboratory California Institute of Technology
More informationC5 Magnetic exploration methods data analysis techniques
C5 Magnetic exploration methods data analysis techniques C5.1 Data processing and corrections After magnetic field data have been collected a number of corrections are applied to simplify the interpretation.
More informationThe influence of short wavelength variations in viscosity on subduction dynamics
1 Introduction Deformation within the earth, driven by mantle convection due primarily to cooling and subduction of oceanic lithosphere, is expressed at every length scale in various geophysical observations.
More informationCurie Point Depth Mapping Pilot Study in Northwest British Columbia. Geoscience BC Report
Curie Point Depth Mapping Pilot Study in Northwest British Columbia Geoscience BC Report 2016-14 By: Jeff Witter, Mira Geoscience Ltd. and Craig Miller, Simon Fraser University/Mira Geoscience MITACS scholar
More informationEDIMENTARY BASINS. What is a Sedimentary Basin? by Prof. Dr. Abbas Mansour
EDIMENTARY BASINS What is a Sedimentary Basin? by Prof. Dr. Abbas Mansour WHAT IS A SEDIMENTARY BASIN? A low area on the Earth s surface relative to surroundings e.g. deep ocean basin (5-10 km deep) e.g.
More informationGY 111 Lecture Notes Intro to Metamorphism
GY 111 Lecture Notes D. Haywick (2008-09) 1 Lecture Goals: A) Agents of Metamorphism B) Types of metamorphism C) Hydrothermal fluids GY 111 Lecture Notes Intro to Metamorphism Reference: Press et al.,
More informationIMSG Post-conference Field Guide
IMSG 2017 - Post-conference Field Guide Jérémie Lehmann, Marlina Elburg and Trishya Owen-Smith The purpose of this short field excursion on Wednesday 18 January is to show a variety of rocks that make
More informationThe High Lava Plains Project: Understanding the Causes of Continental Intraplate Tectonomagmatism
The High Lava Plains Project: Understanding the Causes of Continental Intraplate Tectonomagmatism The High Lava Plains (HLP) of the northwestern USA is one of the most accessible yet least understood examples
More informationMapping Basement Structures in the Peace River Arch of Alberta Using Monogenic Signal Decomposition of Magnetic Data
Mapping Basement Structures in the Peace River Arch of Alberta Using Monogenic Signal Decomposition of Magnetic Data Hassan H. Hassan*, CGG Gravity & Magnetic Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada Hassan.Hassan@CGG.com
More informationWilson cycle. 1. Intracontinental rift 2. From rifting to drifting
Wilson cycle 1. Intracontinental rift 2. From rifting to drifting Stages of the Wilson Cycle Intracontinental Rifts 1. Contemporary examples (EAR, RGR, Baikal, Rhine graben) 2. Mechanical aspects. Characteristics
More information09/06/2017. The orogenic cycle in the Andes: Arc magmatism and delamination as control of the fold and thrust belts
The orogenic cycle in the Andes: Arc magmatism and delamination as control of the fold and thrust belts Victor A. Ramos Laboratorio de Tectónica Andina Instituto de Estudios Andinos Don Pablo Groeber Universidad
More informationPlate Tectonics Tutoiral. Questions. Teacher: Mrs. Zimmerman. Plate Tectonics and Mountains Practice Test
Teacher: Mrs. Zimmerman Print Close Plate Tectonics and Mountains Practice Test Plate Tectonics Tutoiral URL: http://www.hartrao.ac.za/geodesy/tectonics.html Questions 1. Fossils of organisms that lived
More informationTopic 12: Dynamic Earth Pracatice
Name: Topic 12: Dynamic Earth Pracatice 1. Earth s outer core is best inferred to be A) liquid, with an average density of approximately 4 g/cm 3 B) liquid, with an average density of approximately 11
More informationSeismic Reflection Imaging across the Johnson Ranch, Valley County, Idaho
Seismic Reflection Imaging across the Johnson Ranch, Valley County, Idaho Report Prepared for the Skyline Corporation Lee M. Liberty Center for Geophysical Investigation of the Shallow Subsurface (CGISS)
More informationConstitution of Magmas. Magmas. Gas Law. Composition. Atomic Structure of Magma. Structural Model. PV = nrt H 2 O + O -2 = 2(OH) -
Constitution of Magmas Magmas Best, Ch. 8 Hot molten rock T = 700-1200 degrees C Composed of ions or complexes Phase Homogeneous Separable part of the system With an interface Composition Most components
More informationHorizontal gradient and band-pass filter of aeromagnetic data image the subsurface structure; Example from Esh El Mellaha Area, Gulf of Suez, Egypt.
Horizontal gradient and band-pass filter of aeromagnetic data image the subsurface structure; Example from Esh El Mellaha Area, Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Essam Aboud 1, Serguei Goussev 2, Hassan Hassan 2, Suparno
More informationChapter 15 Structures
Chapter 15 Structures Plummer/McGeary/Carlson (c) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. TECTONIC FORCES AT WORK Stress & Strain Stress Strain Compressive stress Shortening strain Tensional stress stretching
More information