Anthropocene. Vertebrates past, present and future. G404 Geobiology. Department of Geological Sciences Indiana University
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1 Anthropocene Vertebrates past, present and future Melanerpes carolinus, Red-bellied woodpecker, Bloomington, Indiana (Photo by P. David Polly)
2 Fun times ahead Lab Exam Tomorrow, 11 December Project presentations Thursday, 12 December Projects due Next Thursday, 19 December Final Exam Next Thursday, 19 December
3 Quaternary Last 2.58 million years Global climate cold and variable Characterized by ice caps at both poles Dominated by glacialinterglacial cycles driven by Milankovitch cycles of the earth and sun Today we are near end of latest interglacial cycle (Zachos et al., Science, 292: )
4 Biomes of modern North America
5 Modern Vertebrate Species Diversity Indiana and the World Indiana Vertebrates Mammalia Global Vertebrates Mammalia Actinopterygia Aves Amphibia Testudines Squamata Aves Actinopterygia Amphibia Squamata Testudines Mammalia Aves Crocodilia Sphenodontia Squamata Testudines Amphibia Actinopterygia Sarcopterygia Chondricthyes Petromyzontida Simon, Whitaker, Castrale, and Minton Revised checklist of the vertebrates of Indiana. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science, 111:
6 Mammals of Indiana in 2011 (excluding bats, shrews, moles and small rodents) 1. Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana) 2. Raccoon (Procyon lotor) 3. Long-tailed weasel (Mustela frenata) 4. Least weasel (Mustela nivalis) 5. Mink (Mustela vison) 6. Otter (Lontra canadenesis) 7. Striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) 8. Badger (Taxidea taxus) 9. Coyote (Canis latrans) 10.Gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) 11.Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) 12.Bobcat (Lynx rufus) 13.Southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans) 14.Gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) 15.Fox squirrel (Sciurus niger) 16.Franklin ground squirrel (Spermophilus franklinii) 17.Thirteen-lined ground squirrel (Spermophilus tridecemilineatus) 18.Red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) 19.Eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus) 20.Woodchuck (Marmota monax) 21.Beaver (Castor canadensis) 22.Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) 23.Swamp rabbit (Sylvilagus aquaticus) 24.Eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridianus) 25.White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginiaus) (total 58)
7 Human evolution debate: 1860 Thomas Huxley and Bishop Samuel Wilberforce Oxford University Museum of Natural History debate on Darwin s Origin of Species Debate focused on human origins with the main evidence provided by comparative anatomy of humans and gorillas First scientific wild observations and anatomical specimens of gorillas were from 1856 to 1859 Samuel Wilberforce Thomas Huxley
8 Human evolution today Tens of thousands of hominin fossils document temporal and geographic diversity More than fifteen hominin species Comparative anatomy of living and fossil species shows relationships and changing adaptations Genetic data from living species show relationships and timing of divergence that correspond to fossil record Complete genome from Neanderthals is available Stable isotope data indicate diets of extinct hominins Fossils from Sima de los Huesos, Atapuerca (Photo by Janvier Truern)
9 Origin of Homo sapiens Origin of genus Homo Origin of bipedalism Miocene apes Climatic context of Primate Evolution Diversity of extinct primate groups First euarchontans and primates (Zachos et al., Science, 292: )
10 Splitters guide to hominin species H - Homo P - Paranthropus Au - Australopithecus Ar - Ardipithecus S - Sahelanthropus K - Kenyanthropus O - Orrorin Wood and Lonergan, Journal of Anatomy, 212:
11 Quaternary mammals of Indiana Giant short-faced bear Arctodus simus Extinct peccaries Three species in Indiana Mylohyus nasutus Platygonus compressus Platygonus vetus Jefferson s ground sloth Megalonyx jeffersonii Musk ox Two species Bootherium bombifrons (extinct) Ovibos moschatus Giant beaver Castoroides ohioensis Stag moose Cervalces scottii Jaguar Panthera onca Saber-tooth tiger Smilodon fatalis Dire wolf Canis dirus Horse Equus Tapir Tapirus Reindeer (caribou) Rangifer tarandus Extinct bison Bison antiquus
12 Marine Oxygen Isotope Stages (MIS or OIS) The clock of the Quaternary Odd numbers are warm peaks Even numbers are cold peaks Bacon and Lanphere, 2013, GSA Bulletin, 118:
13 Glacial-interglacial cycles (ca. 100 Ka) One cycle One cycle Hypsithermal -3.5 Transformed O18 ratio -4.0 Long period of cooling (c. 90,000 years) Rapid warming and deglaciation (c. 10,000 years) -4.5 Glacial maximum Years before present
14 Biome changes since last glacial maximum Jackson and Overpeck, Paleobiology, 26(S4): 194
15 Late Quaternary mammals of Indiana -3.5 Transformed O18 ratio Years before present Mammal data from Richards and Whitaker (1997)
16 Late Pleistocene extinctions Homo sapiens to Americas Human evolution in climatic context Transformed O18 ratio Homo sapiens to Europe Last neanderthals Homo sapiens to southern Asia Origin of Homo sapiens Upper Paleolithic Middle Paleolithic (Mousterian or Levallois) Years before present Lower Paleolithic
17 Human expansions during Late Pleistocene Stewart and Stringer, 2012, Science, 335:
18 A general model for species responses to glacial cycles Stewart and Stringer, 2012, Science, 335:
19 Late Quaternary Extinction Starting 50,000 years ago 90 genera of mammals larger than 43 kg (megafauna) have become extinct Koch and Barnosky, Annual Reviews of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 37:
20 Koch and Barnosky, Annual Reviews of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 37:
21 Causes of extinction (most recent data) Koch and Barnosky, Annual Reviews of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 37:
22 Population growth, decline, extinction Reproduction Steady population size: Adults each produce 2 offspring on average over the course of their lives Exponential population growth: Adults each produce more than 2 offspring on average over the course of their lives Exponential growth Population decline: Adults each produce less than 2 offspring on average over the course of their lives - Extinction results if unchecked Logistic curve for stable populations Reproduction exponential, population limited by carrying capacity
23 Timing of mammoth extinction Holocene Date (years ago) Pleistocene (Stuart et al., Nature, 431: )
24 Biomes in Indiana before 1800 Forest 20,000, % Wetlands 1,500, % Prairie 2,000, % Total 23,500, % Sycamore in Wabash River bottoms (photo by Robert Ridgway, from Natural Heritage of Indiana) Tuliptrees near Vincennes (photo by Robert Ridgway, 1888, from Natural Heritage of Indiana) Lindsey et al., Soil relations and distribution map of vegetation of presettlement Indiana. Botanical Gazette, 126:
25 Clearing of Indiana ( ) Forested acres in Indiana ,000, % ,600, % ,660, % ,500, % Modern Indiana agricultural landscape. (photo by Lee Casebere from Natural Heritage of Indiana). Cleared land and girdled trees near Wheatland, Knox County. Photo 1885 by Robert Ridgway (from Natural Heritage of Indiana).
26 Extirpated species in Indiana since actinopterygians 1 squamate 8 birds (two globally extinct) 11 mammals 26 total Passenger Pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius) Globally extinct: 1900 (last in Ohio) Carolina Parakeet (Conuropsis carolinensis) Globally extinct: 1918 (last in Cincinnati Zoo) Mountain lion (Puma concolor) Elk (Cervus elaphus) Black bear (Ursus americanus) Bison (Bison bison) Porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum) Wolf (Canis lupus)
27 Extirpations of mammals in Indiana % Forest Population 87.1% 28.7% 7.2% 19.5% 5, ,416 2,700,000 6,080,485
28 Expansions of mammals in Indiana Nine-banded armadillo(dasypus novemcinctus) Coyote (Canis latrans) Eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) 1995 Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) White tail deer (Odocoileus virginianus) 1972 Taulman and Robbins, Journal of Biogeography, 23:
29 The Anthropocene Humans as geological agents
30 Anthropogeneic erosion Wilkinson, 2005, Geology, 33;:
31 Zalasiewicz et al., 2008, GSA Today, 18;: 1-7
32 Late Pleistocene extinctions Homo sapiens to Americas Human evolution in climatic context Transformed O18 ratio Homo sapiens to Europe Last neanderthals Homo sapiens to southern Asia Origin of Homo sapiens Upper Paleolithic Middle Paleolithic (Mousterian or Levallois) Years before present Lower Paleolithic
33 Human population size Year Population (millions) , , , , , , ,000 Now Polly born Dilcher born
34 CO2 concentration is one driver of global temperature Miocene: CO2 highs were about 380 ppmv, temps 21.0 C,69.8 F Eocene: CO2 highs were about 1200 ppmv, temps 23.0 C, 73.0 F Paganini et al., 2005, Science 309:
35 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Projection of CO2 concentration compared to Miocene values Today: ppm (Oct 2013) 2006: ppm Miocene climate optimum: ppm Miocene levels IPCC, 2007
36 Proportion of vertebrate species threatened CR - critical EN - endangered VU - vulnerable LC - least concern DD - no data Late Pleistocene extinctions not over Hoffmann et al, 2010, science 330:
37 Scientific papers for further reading Jackson, M. T The Natural Heritage of Indiana. Indiana University Press. Koch, P. L. and A. D. Barnosky Late Quaternary extinctions: state of the debate. Annual Reviews of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 37: Simon, T. P., J. O. Whitaker, Jr., J. S. Castrale, and S. A. Minton Revised checklist of the vertebrates of Indiana. Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science, 111:
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