FOREWORD 6 Assemblyman Steve Englebright. 1: INTRODUCTION 7 Bruce W. Selleck and Jeffrey R. Chiarenzelli

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1 TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD 6 Assemblyman Steve Englebright 1: INTRODUCTION 7 Bruce W. Selleck and Jeffrey R. Chiarenzelli 2: REGIONAL GEOLOGICAL SETTING OF THE ADIRONDACK MOUNTAINS, NEW YORK 9 James M. McLelland 3: BEDROCK GEOLOGY OF THE ADIRONDACK REGION 19 Jeffrey R. Chiarenzelli and Bruce W. Selleck 4: EPISODES IN GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF THE ADIRONDACKS 43 William H. Peck 5: METAMORPHIC CONDITIONS OF ADIRONDACK ROCKS 61 Robert S. Darling and William H. Peck 6: RARE EARTH ELEMENT AND YTTRIUM MINERAL OCCURRENCES IN THE 81 ADIRONDACK MOUNTAINS Marian V. Lupulescu, Jeffrey R. Chiarenzelli, and Jared Singer 7: MINING, GEOLOGY, AND GEOLOGIC HISTORY OF THE GARNETS AT THE BARTON 87 GARNET MINE, GORE MOUNTAIN, NEW YORK William Kelly 8: FAULTS AND FRACTURE SYSTEMS IN THE BASEMENT ROCKS OF THE 101 ADIRONDACK MOUNTAINS, NEW YORK David W. Valentino, Joshua D. Valentino, Jeffrey R. Chiarenzelli, and Richie Inclima 9: POST-VALLEY HEADS DEGLACIATION OF THE ADIRONDACK MOUNTAINS AND 119 ADJACENT LOWLANDS David A. Franzi, John C. Ridge, Donald L. Pair, David DeSimone, John A. Rayburn, and David J. Barclay 10: SOILS AND SOIL ACIDIFICATION IN THE ADIRONDACK MOUNTAINS 147 Richard April, Dianne Keller, and Michele Hluchy 11: ADIRONDACK LANDSLIDES: HISTORY, EXPOSURES, AND CLIMBING 167 Kevin B. MacKenzie VOLUME 20 1

2 M I S S I O N S TAT E M E N T The Adirondack Journal of Environmental Studies (AJES) exists to foster a dialogue about the broad range of issues that concern the Adirondacks and Northern Forest. AJES serves to bridge the gaps among academic disciplines and among researchers and practitioners devoted to understanding and promoting the development of sustainable communities, both human and wild. The journal purposefully avoids serving as a vehicle for any single or special point of view. To the contrary, in searching for common ground AJES welcomes variety and a broad spectrum of perspectives from its contributors. DIKE ON WHITEFACE MOUNTAIN 2 THE A DI RON DACK JOURNA L OF E NV IRONME NTA L S TUDIE S

3 ADIRONDACK RESEARCH CONSORTIUM Finding Ways to Share Research and Information 2016 BOARD OF DIRECTORS Daniel Spada PRESIDENT Tupper Lake, NY Eileen Allen VICE PRESIDENT SUNY Plattsburgh Center for Earth & Environmental Science David Miller TREASURER Ballston Lake, NY Daniel Fitts SECRETARY Adirondack Research Consortium Brian Chabot VICE PRESIDENT Cornell University BOARD MEMBERS Hallie Bond Union College, Kelly Adirondack Center Jeffrey Chiarenzelli St. Lawrence University Jeff Denkenberger Molpus Timberlands Management, LLC Curt Gervich SUNY Plattsburgh Center for Earth & Environmental Science Willie Janeway Adirondack Council Amanda Lavigne Caleb Northrop Union College, Kelly Adirondack Center William Porter Michigan State University Bruce Selleck Colgate University Gregory Slack Elizabeth Thorndike Cornell University Daniel Fitts EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Adirondack Research Consortium VOLUME 21 3

4 THE ARC RECOGNIZES AND THANKS OUR PARTNERS AND SPONSORS LEADING PARTNER: AVANGRID SUSTAINING PARTNERS: Brookfield Renewable Power New York State Energy Research and Development Authority Paul Smith s College Rockefeller Institute of Government SUNY-College of Environmental Science and Forestry Union College SPONSORING PARTNERS: Ecology and Environment, Inc. Empire State Forest Products Association SUPPORTING PARTNERS: Boquet Foundation Colgate University National Grid St. Lawrence University SUNY Plattsburgh University of Vermont FOUNDATION SPONSORSHIP PROVIDED BY: The Walbridge Fund LTD Cloudsplitter Foundation Colgate University Upstate Institute Glenn and Carol Pearsall Adirondack Foundation International Paper Foundation Northern New York Audubon Cullman Foundation CONTRIBUTING PARTNERS: The Adirondack Council Adirondack Museum Adirondack Nature Conservancy Cornell University Dept. of Natural Resources Open Space Institute The Wild Center LOCAL GOVERNMENT PARTNERS: Adirondack Park Local Government Review Board Town of Newcomb PARTNERS: Adirondack Community College Adirondack Lakes Survey Corporation Adirondack Park Institute, Inc. Adirondack Wild Audubon New York International Paper s Ticonderoga Mill ASSOCIATE PARTNERS: Mountain Lake PBS NYS Olympic Regional Development Authority WITH SPECIAL THANKS TO PAUL SMITH S COLLEGE FOR HOUSING THE OFFICES OF THE ADIRONDACK RESEARCH CONSORTIUM. 4 THE ADIRONDACK JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

5 ADIRONDACK JOURNAL of ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES EXECUTIVE EDITOR Caleb Northrop Union College, Kelly Adirondack Center 807 Union Street, Feigenbaum Hall, Schenectady, NY ASSOCIATE EDITOR Jeffrey Chiarenzelli St. Lawrence University, Department of Geology 23 Romoda Drive, Canton, NY ASSOCIATE EDITOR Bruce Selleck Colgate University, Department of Geology 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, NY Stephen C. Ainlay, Ph.D. PRESIDENT Union College CONTRIBUTING TO AJES We encourage the submission of manuscripts, reviews, photographs, artwork, and letters to the editor. For additional information please visit the AJES website at THE VIEWS EXPRESSED IN AJES ARE THE AUTHORS AND NOT NECESSARILY THOSE OF THE EDITOR, PUBLISHER, UNION COLLEGE, OR THE ADIRONDACK RESEARCH CONSORTIUM. ISSN: Color photos are courtesy of Kevin B. MacKenzie. Cover photo: Basin s East Face with the McIntyre Range in the background. This special color volume of AJES was made possible by additional support from the following: A Union College Planning and Priorities Grant The Malcolm and Sylvia Boyce Fund, Department of Geology, Colgate University. The Colgate University Upstate Institute Barton International VOLUME 21 5