Post-Injection Monitoring to Ensure Safety of CO 2 Storage

Transcription

1 Post-Injection Monitoring to Ensure Safety of CO 2 Storage - A case study at Nagaoka pilot site - (1/25) Saeko Mito 1, * & Ziqiu Xue 1,2 1 Research institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE) 2 Kyoto University 5th IEA GHG Monitoring Network Meeting, 2 June 29

2 The CO 2 Storage Project Workflow (2/25) Pre-Operation Phase 3-5 years Design Operation Phase 1~5 years Construction Preparation Monitoring CO 2 Injection Post-CO 2 injection Phase 1+ years Post-injection Monitoring Site Selection Characterization Performance & Risk Management Decommissioning Surveillance (After David White, IEA GHG International Summer School 27 on CCS)

3 What happens after stopping CO 2 injection? (CO 2 behaviors at the post injection) (3/25) Mobile CO 2 (Physical process) Immobile CO 2 (Physical process) Dissolved CO 2 (Geochemical process) Mineralized CO 2 (Geochemical process) Image of trapping processes over time (IPCC 25)

4 Outline (4/25) 1. Overview of the Nagaoka pilot CO 2 injection project 2. Results from Geochemical monitoring for CO 2 -fluidrock interaction (CHDT sampling) 3. Results from Geophysical monitoring for mobile & immobile CO 2 (Well loggings, seismic tomography) 4. Suggestions for CO 2 monitoring at post-injection

5 Location of the Nagaoka Pilot CO 2 Injection Site (5/25) Active gas field at Minami Nagaoka (INPEX Co.) 11m Reservoir Nagaoka 5m Gas production RITE (Kyoto) Tokyo

6 Overview of the Nagaoka Pilot Project (6/25) Duration; FY2-27 funded by METI, Japan Total amount of the injected CO 2 ; 1,4 ton (23.7~25.1) Reservoir; Pleistocene sandstone (Haizume Formation), 6m thick Target injection layer; Zone 2, 12m thick Conditions; 48 o C, 11MPa Permeability; ave. 7mD (pumping test) Porosity; 23% Well Configrations OB-4 Injection Well Formation dip: 15 6m Observation well 4m OB-2 12m IW-1 OB-3

7 Field measurements during and post CO 2 injection (Geophysical monitoring) (7/25) -5 Elapsed time from 7 July 23 (day) Seismic tomography Well Loggings -Neutron -Sonic - Induction OB-2 OB-3 OB-4 7 th 37 th Injection rate (t-co 2 /day) 4 Rate; 2~4 ton/day 2 Total; 1,4 ton 22/1/1 23/1/1 24/1/1 25/1/1 26/1/1 27/1/1 28/1/1 Date 2 1 Cumulative amount (t-co 2 )

8 Neutron Logging (Neutron porosity; φ n OB-2 (8/25). 118 End of CO 2 injection.2 φn Changes of the φ n 15 th 17 th 19 th 21 st 23 rd 25 th 27 th 29 th 31 st 33 rd 35 th 37 th 14 th 16 th 18 th 2 th 22 nd 24 th 26 th 28 th 3 th 32 nd 34 th 36 th Post-injection Depth (mmd) Latest BL 112

9 Sonic Logging (P-wave velocity; Vp) OB-2 (9/25) End of CO 2 injection Vp (km/sec) Changes of the Vp 15 th 17 th 19 th 21 st 23 rd 25 th 27 th 29 th 31 st 33 rd 35 th 37 th 14 th 16 th 18 th 2 th 22 nd 24 th 26 th 28 th 3 th 32 nd 34 th 36 th Post-injection Depth (mmd) Latest BL 112

10 Induction Logging (Resistivity; ρ) OB-2 (1/25) ρ (ohm-m) Changes of the ρ 15 th 17 th 19 th 21 st 23 rd 25 th 27 th 29 th 31 st 33 rd 35 th 37 th 14 th 16 th 18 th 2 th 22 nd 24 th 26 th 28 th 3 th 32 nd 34 th 36 th Post-injection Depth (mmd) BL Latest 112 End of CO 2 injection

11 Field measurements during and post CO 2 injection (Geochemical monitoring) (11/25) -5 Elapsed time from 7 July 23 (day) Seismic tomography Well Loggings -Neutron -Sonic - Induction OB-2 OB-3 OB-4 Fluid IW-1 7 th 37 th Fluid sampling by OB-2 Injection rate (t-co 2 /day) 4 Rate; 2~4 ton/day 2 Total; 1,4 ton 22/1/1 23/1/1 24/1/1 25/1/1 26/1/1 27/1/1 28/1/1 Date 2 1 Cumulative amount (t-co 2 )

12 Resistivity Changes with OB-2 (12/25) Fluid sampling by Cased Hole Dynamics Tester m Delta from the base line data.8 Depth (mmd) m.4 ohm-m m 112 CO 2 injection Elapsed time from 7 July 23 (day) Post-injection 16

13 Sampling result-1 OB m: Mostly free CO 2 (13/25) m Depth (mmd) m Gas composition Comp. mol% m CO 2 injection Elapsed time from 7 July 23 (day) Post-injection 16 Gas: 3.5 L H 2. O 2.2 N 2.7 CH 4.3 Water C 2 H 6. CO for details see Mito et al., Int. J. Greenhouse Gas Control, Vol.2, , 28 Sample Chamber (volume 3.8 L)

14 Sampling result-2 OB m & 1118m: Mostly Formation Water (14/25) m Depth (mmd) m Water Composition m CO 2 injection Elapsed time from 7 July 23 (day) Post-injection The change in salinity by increasing of HCO 3 - (7.2%) is roughly consistent with the change in resistivity 1118m. 16 Gas: None Water: 3.4~ 3.5 L Sample Chamber (volume 3.8 L) Before injection 118.6m 1118.m HCO 3 (ppm)

15 Sampling result-3 OB m&1118m: Cations in the formation water (15/25) Before injection 118.6m 1118m Ca (ppm) Mg (ppm) Fe (ppm) At the depth of 1118m (HCO 3- conc. increased), concentrations of Ca, Mg and Fe also increased.

16 Geochemical Reactions at Nagaoka (16/25) Verified from the field data using CHDT CO 2 + H 2 O H 2 CO * Solubility trapping H 2 CO * 3 H + + HCO Ionic trapping Inferred from the field data and batch experiments Calcite + H + Ca 2+ + HCO 3 - Plagioclase + H + Ca 2+ +Na + + aluminosilicate Smectite + H + Mg 2+ + Fe 2+ + Fe 3+ + K + + Na + + Ca 2+ Simulated by ChemTOUGH + aluminosilicate Ca 2+ + HCO 3- Calcite + H Mineral trapping

17 Summary of Geochemical Monitoring (17/25) The CHDT (Cased Hole Dynamics Tester, Schlumberger) sampling confirmed stored CO 2 as gas and dissolved phase. Because of low salinity (.8wt%), dissolved CO 2 was detected by the induction logging. We are working on modification of our long-term geochemical model to integrate the well logging results now.

18 Return to the Initial Formation Pressure (18/25) 13 Elapsed time from 7 July 23 (day) Pressure (MPa) Injection rate (t-co 2 /day) Bottom Hole Pressure 23/1/1 24/1/1 25/1/1 26/1/1 27/1/1 28/1/1 Date OB-4 IW Cumulative amount (t-co 2 ) 2

19 Driving Force of CO 2 ; Pressure and/or Buoyancy (19/25) (Juanes et al., 26)

20 (2/25) Resistivity Change during Imbibition OB-2 ρ (ohm-m) Delta from the base line data.8 Depth (mmd) BL Latest.4 ohm-m End of CO 2 injection Elapsed time from 7 July 23 (day) Post-injection 16

21 φ Vp (km/sec) ρ (ohm-m) n CO 2 injection period Drainage and Imbibition Phase OB-2) breakthrough 23/1/1 24/1/1 25/1/1 26/1/1 27/1/1 28/1/1 Date Imbibition (21/25) Sgr?

22 P-wave velocity and resistivity vs CO 2 saturation OB-2) (22/25) Vp (km/sec) Vp ρ (ohm-m) ρ CO 2 Saturation

23 Summary of Geophysical Monitoring (23/25) CO 2 saturation has been decreasing at the lower part of the injection layer. The residual gas saturation will be determined in the actual reservoir at the Nagaoka site. Delay of P-wave velocity slowed down when CO 2 saturation exceeded 2%. But changes in resistivity with CO 2 saturation have kept increasing. Monitoring post-injection period is needed to clarify the relationship between the P-wave P velocity & the resistivity and CO 2 saturation. We are trying to adapt a methodology for accounting of CO 2 in the reservoir.

24 Suggestions for CO 2 monitoring at post-injection (24/25) Dissolved CO 2 vs Resistivity; Dissolution and mineral trapping are expected to reduce degree of rapid migration of mobile CO 2. Understanding of geochemical reactions helps to explain the long-term behavior of CO 2 and the changes in geophysical logs such as resistivity. CO 2 saturation vs P-wave verosity and Resistivity; Joint inversion of monitoring results of sonic wave and resistivity is key to account CO 2 saturation. Geochemical & Geophysical Geochemical & Geophysical; Feedback of geochemical and geophysical monitoring results is necessary to improve long-term prediction of CO 2 behavior.

25 Acknowledgements (25/25) This project is funded by Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) of Japan. We thank staffs of ENAA, INPEX Co., Geophysical Surveying Co. Ltd., OYO Co., GERD and RITE involved in Nagaoka pilot CO 2 injection project. Thank you for your attention!