Geophysical Research Letters. Supporting Information for

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1 Geophysical Research Letters Supporting Information for Temperature covariance in tree-ring reconstructions and model simulations over the past millennium C. T. M. Hartl-Meier 1, U. Büntgen,3,, J. E. Smerdon 5, E. Zorita, P. J. Krusic,7,8, F. C. Ljungqvist 9,1, L. Schneider 11, and J. Esper 1 1 Department of Geography, Johannes Gutenberg University, 5599 Mainz, Germany Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, CB 3EN Cambridge, UK 3 Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 893 Birmensdorf, Switzerland CzechGlobe Research Institute CAS and Masaryk University, 1137 Brno, Czech Republic 5 Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York, USA. Institute of Coastal Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, 15 Geesthacht, Germany. 7 Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, 1 91 Stockholm, Sweden 8 Navarino Environmental Observatory, 1 Messinia, Greece 9 Department of History, Stockholm University, 1 91 Stockholm, Sweden. 1 Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, 1 91 Stockholm, Sweden. 11 Department of Geography, Justus Liebig University, 3539 Gießen, Germany Contents of this file Figures S1 to S5 Tables S1 to S5 1

2 (wrt ) (wrt ) (wrt ) (wrt ) (wrt ) (wrt ) Europe Asia TR Reconstructions N America Arctic BCC_CSM1.1 CCSM GISS E R IPSL CM5A LR MPI ESM P Figure S1. Summer temperature anomalies (wrt ) of the individual tree-ring reconstructions and the corresponding grid cells of the five model simulations. Colored curves are continental arithmetic means.

3 HadCRUT Europe Asia N America Arctic (wrt ) Figure S. HadCRUT summer temperatures of the grid cells corresponding with the reconstruction sites. Colored curves are continental arithmetic means used for further analyses. 3

4 TR Reconstructions EU/AS EU/NA AS/NA EU/AR AS/AR NA/AR Mean PAGESk BCC_CSM CCSM GISS E R IPSL CM5A LR MPI ESM P Figure S3. Inter-continental running correlations (31-yr window, left aligned) of reconstructed and modeled temperatures.

5 (a).8 Multi model mean. (b) Standard deviation BCC_CSM1.1 CCSM GISS-E-R IPSL-CM5A-LR MPI-ESM-P HadCRUT Figure S. (a) Mean inter-continental running correlations (31-yr window, left aligned) of five model simulations (multi-model mean in black) and instrumental data (red) for full continental means (see Table S). (b) Mean running standard deviation (31-yr window, left aligned) of modelled and instrumental temperature data based on full continental means (see Table S) BCC CCSM GISS IPSL MPI Upper multi-model 95% confidence limit Figure S5. Mean inter-continental running correlations (31-yr window, left aligned) of control runs of five model simulations for the respective last 5 years. Black line denotes the overall upper 95% confidence limit used as covariance baseline. 5

6 Continent Record Reference Lat./Lon. Europe Asia N-America Arctic Lat./Lon. Grid cell Jämtland Linderholm and Gunnarson [5] 3.N 1 13E.5N 1.5E S-Finland Helama et al. [1] 1-N 8-9E.5N 7.5E Tatra Büntgen et al. [13] 8-9N 19-1E 7.5N.5E Swiss/Austrian Alps Büntgen et al. [5] -7N 7-11E 7.5N 1.5E Central Alps Büntgen et al. [11] -7N 1-1E 7.5N 17.5E Lauenen Schweingruber et al. [1988].N 7.3E 7.5N.5E Lötschental Büntgen et al. [].3N 7.8E 7.5N 7.5E Alps (Larch) Büntgen et al. [9] 5-7N -1E.5N 1.5E French Alps Büntgen et al. [1] N 7.3E.5N 7.5E Central Asia Davi et al. [15] 51.1N 99.7E 5.5N 97.5E Mongun Myglan, Oidupaa, et al. [1] 5.3N 9E 7.5N 9.5E Dzhelo Myglan, Zharnikova, et al. [1] 5N 87.9E 7.5N 87.5E Mongolia D'Arrigo et al. [1] 8.3N 98.9E 7.5N 97.5E Tien Shan Esper et al. [3] N 71-7E.5N 7.5E Qilian Zhang et al. [1] 38.7N 99.7E 37.5N 1.5E Wulan Zhu et al. [8] 37N 98.7E 37.5N 9.5E Dulan Liu et al. [9] 3N 98-99E 37.5N 97.5E Karakorum Esper et al. [] 35-3N 7-75E 37.5N 7.5E W-Himalaya Yadav et al. [11] 3-33N 7-77E 3.5N 77.5E Qamdo Wang et al. [1] 31.1N 97.E 3.5N 97.5E E-Canada Gennaretti et al. [1] 5-55N 7-7W 5.5N 7.5W Icefield Luckman and Wilson [5] 51-53N W 5.5N 117.5W Great Basin Salzer et al. [1] 37-N W.5N 11.5W Crabtree Graumlich [1993] 3.5N 118.3W 37.5N 117.5W Boreal Plateau Lloyd and Graumlich [1997] 3.3N 118.5W.5N 117.5W Upper Wright Lloyd and Graumlich [1997] 3.3N 118.3W 37.5N 17.5W Southern Colorado Salzer and Kipfmueller [5] 35.3N 111.7W 37.5N 11.5W Tornetraesk (MXD) Melvin et al. [13] 8.N 19.5E 7.5N 17.5E Tornetraesk (TRW) Melvin et al. [13] 8.N 19.5E 7.5N.5E N-Scan Esper et al. [1] 7-9N -8E 7.5N 7.5E Finland Helama et al. [1] 7-9N -8E 7.5N 3.5E Taimyr Briffa et al. [8] 7-7N 95-15E 7.5N 1.5E Indigirka Sidorova et al. [] 7N 18E 7.5N 17.5E Yamal Briffa et al. [13] 7-8N 9-71E 7.5N 7.5E Polar Ural Briffa et al. [13].8N 5.E 7.5N 7.5E Gulf of Alaska Wiles et al. [1] 58-1N 13-19W.5N 1.5W Table S1. Millennium-length tree-ring based temperature reconstructions from the Northern Hemisphere. Lat./Lon. Grid cell refers to the simulated and instrumental temperature data used for calculating continental means.

7 Model BCC_CSM1.1 Expanded Model Name BCC, Climate system Model, version 1.1 CCSM Community Climate System Model, version GISS-E-R GISS Model E, coupled with the Russell ocean model IPSL-CM5A-LR MPI-ESM-P IPSL Coupled Model, version 5A, low resolution MPI Earth System Model, paleoclimate versions Modeling center Beijing Climate Center (BCC), China Meteorological Administration National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) L Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace (IPSL) Max Planck Institute (MPI) for Meteorology Volcanic forcing Gao et al. [8] Gao et al. [8] Crowley and Unterman [13] Ammann et al. [7] Crowley and Unterman [13] Run number r1i1p1 r1i1p1 r1i1p1 r1i1p1 r1i1p1 Reference Wu et al. [1] Landrum et al. [13] Schmidt et al. [1] Dufresne et al. [1] Jungclaus et al. [1] Table S. Employed PMIP3/CMIP5 climate models and their associated volcanic forcing used in the last-millennium simulations. Continent Latitude Longitude Europe N E Asia N E N-America N W Arctic N E Table S3. Delimitation of regions for processing full continental mean temperatures of simulated and instrumental data. 7

8 1- TR- Recons BCC CCSM GISS IPSL MPI Pagesk EU/AS,9****,3****,9****,****,7****,5****,31**** EU/NA,****,****,5****,3****,7****,3**** AS/NA,7****,7****,7****,8****,****,53**** EU/AR,38**** -,3,8****,7****,9****,****,35**** AS/AR,3****,9****,1****,****,51****,19****,7**** NA/AR,3****,9,7****,****,3****,18**** 185- TR- Recons BCC CCSM GISS IPSL MPI Had CRUT Pagesk EU/AS,58****,39****,****,8***,****,****,*,19* EU/NA,7****,3****,8****,19*,7****,8***,19* AS/NA,55****,3****,****,13,55****,9****,17* EU/AR,3****,1,5****,5**,39****,17*,3****,1**** AS/AR,51****,3****,3****,1,5****,13,19*,3**** NA/AR,5**,3****,9****,3**,****,11,3**** Table S. Inter-continental correlation of summer temperature anomalies derived from treering and PAGESk reconstructions and five different model simulations for the 1- and 185- periods. **** = p<.1, *** = p<.1, ** = p<.1, * = p<.5. BCC CCSM GISS IPSL MPI PAGESk TR-Recons -,1,1,31,19,,57 BCC,3,,,3,9 CCSM,,3,5,31 GISS,5,3,8 IPSL,3,31 MPI,9 Table S5. Relationship of running correlation timeseries among the different data sets. 8

Timing and duration of post-volcanic Northern Hemisphere cooling revealed from tree-ring records of maximum latewood density

Timing and duration of post-volcanic Northern Hemisphere cooling revealed from tree-ring records of maximum latewood density Introduction L. Schneider 1, J. Smerdon 2, U. Büntgen 3, V. S. Myglan 4 & J.