Technology Requirements for Subglacial Research
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1 Technology Requirements for Subglacial Research Stefan Vogel, Ross Powell and others Department of Geology and Environmental Geosciences & Analytical Center for Climate and Environmental Change Northern Illinois University, USA Mackay Glacier SW Ross Sea
2 Subglacial Environment(s) A System Science Approach Science Requirements Subglacial Access Sample Recovery Subglacial Observatories
3 American Scientist Subglacial lake exploration
4 Subglacial Environments from the Earth, the ice to the ocean Ice Sheet Evolution Subglacial Volcanism Analogy to extraterrestrial life Structural evolution of the Ant arctic Plate Subglacial Hydrology Life in Extreme Environment Ice Stream Dynamics Ice Grounding Zones Ice Shelf Processes Subglacial Sediment & Geology Sub Ice Shelf Circulation Basal Ice
5 Subglacial Geology Sedimentary Basins Ice bed interaction - bed properties (soft-hard) - properties of subglacial till - bed rock erosion and rock comminution Subglacial geomorphology Tectonic setting and structural evolution of the Antarctic Continent Subglacial volcanism and distribution of geothermal flux Ice sheet evolution inferred from exposure dating
6 Ice-Ocean Interphase
7 Ice good insulator melt Geothermal flux freezing
8 Vertical shear margin 0 m ~ 30 m c) m Water level before and after break through to the basal water system m m m m individual sediment strikes thin layers m 1.5 m cavity m m thick frozen on debris clear ice
9 Clear Basal Ice and entrained debris Icecore
10 Laminated Layers
11 Thick Debris Layers
12 Base of the Ice ice edge crystal boundaries fine debris above clear ice layer
13 subglacial hydrological system Byrd Subglacial Basin WRT Shear margin channelized system Ice Stream distributed system UpC 2.5ka resupply ground water
14 subglacial hydrological system Byrd Subglacial Basin WRT channelized system distributed system subglacial lakes UpC 2.5ka resupply Drainage to ocean
15 How To Study? Traversable drilling system Ice thickness 200 to 700m Tether with englacial temperature and tilt sensors Sampling hotel with integrated oceanographic mooring and back drill system Water column 0 to 500 m estimated total water depth 400 to 700 m ROV ~ 2 km
16 Data from Remote Sensing positive and negative mass balances for different regions of WAIS -- Joughin & Tulaczyk (2001) -- Rignot & Thomas (2002)
17 Data from Remote Sensing Show An active West Antarctica subglacial water system near Siple Coast grounding lines Fricker et al., 2007
18 Drilling - Point Measurement Traversable drilling system Ice thickness 200 to 700m Tether with englacial temperature and tilt sensors Sampling hotel with integrated oceanographic mooring and back drill system Water column 0 to 500 m estimated total water depth 400 to 700 m ROV ~ 2 km
19 Geochemical tracers of physical processes
20 Insitu Measurements Geophysical Geochemical Sample Recovery Long Term Observatories Remote Long Term Observatories and Sample Acquisition
21 Subglacial Requirements Similar to Deep Ocean Off shelf equipment bulky but suitable Often simple rearrangement is possible to fit down a borehole unisense.com Teledyne DVS
22 Mac Lane Research Custom rearrangement of individual components
23
24 Sample Recovery instrument maintenance Long term deployment and recovery Borehole redrilling or ROV supported recovery, maintenance
25 Ice borehole ROV
26
27 Power & Data - strengthened, fiber optic + power cables in neutrally buoyant umbilical tether Navigation - Doppler velocity log (2 Doppler current meters) - gyro (FOG) compass Imaging -high-definition camera + HMI lights (broadcast quality images) - 3 lower-resolution cameras + 4 quartz lights (piloting, down-hole viewing) - digital still camera (high-resolution still images) - vertical scanning sonar (long-range imaging) - triple laser-beams (sizing and volume of objects)
28 Geophysics - multibeam swath mapper (lake floor morphology) - high-resolution sub-bottom profiler (geological history) Oceanography - CTD (salinity, temperature) - Doppler current meter (water velocity) - water sampler (calibrations) Biology - DO meter (dissolved oxygen) - fluorometer (live organic material) - water sampler (microbes) - sediment corer (macro- and micro-biota) - ice corer (microbes)
29 Sedimentology - transmissometer (suspended particle concentration) - laser particle size analyzer (suspended particle sizes) - shear vane probe (sediment strength) - sediment corer (particle size, composition, structure, fabric) - ice corer (glacial debris) Glaciology - DO meter (dissolved oxygen from streams) - thermistor probe (in situ ice temperature) - shear vane probe (sediment strength) - ice corer (ice chemistry, structure) Recoverable Samples -water sampler - ice corer - sediment corer -sample mailbox
30 Deployment Tech. Challenges ROV Design Multi disciplinary platform for subglacial research Safe deployment and recovery
31 ROV Design & Construction Solidworks design Computer based design and prefabrication testing Challenge through ice deployment - 4 segment heat treated aluminum frame
32 Safety features hydraulically powered latching mechanism releases after power failure, allowing retrieval after irresolvable power loss
33 digital computer controlled
34 ROV control Data transfer via fiber optic Power supply digitally controlled 3600-VAC 3-phase and 1500-VAC single phase 25 HP 3 phase hydraulic motor 24, 12 and 5 V DC Instrument 240 V AC Lights
35 ROV control LabView program 2 screens with tab function for fast scrolling Operation Modes: remote operated autonomous survey rudimentary on ice data processing => targeted investigation incl. sampling in ROV mode
36 Deployment Tech. Challenges Smart soft coiled tubing hot water drill system - Deployment Recovery Hole Maintenance During Operation
37 through ice deployment with smart soft coiled tubing HW drill Traversable drilling system Ice thickness 200 to 700m Tether with englacial temperature and tilt sensors Sampling hotel with integrated oceanographic mooring and back drill system Water column 0 to 500 m estimated total water depth 400 to 700 m ROV ~ 2 km
38 Smart soft coiled tubing HW drill Injector System I
39 C Smart soft coiled tubing HW drill Injector System II A B E
40 Smart soft coiled tubing HW drill Umbilical Hose I Fiber Strengthened Hose Thermo-plastic tubing (FiberSpar Smart Hose) Rubber hose (pot. producer Swan hose) Conductor wiring (electrical power) electrical power supply for for ROV and sensor operation electro mechanical rock or ice drilling Fiber-optics (life stream data transfer) Life stream data return higher drill control precise depth determination ROV and sensor operation
41 Drilling and Traversing Technology Integration of ROV, Science Equipment and Drill System into Coherent Traverse System
42 Traverse Design and Drill ROV and coring winch system MECC ROV workshop MECC Integration Lift Injector with gooseneck HPU Hose spool Mandatory Safety Features: fall arrests around borehole and hard helm area Additional features not shown Lift or crane for additional instrument and ROV deployment Anchor and tie down points for additional winch systems (sed corer, sensor string deployment, etc.) or science and drilling equipment.
43 ROV + Coring winch system Traverse Design and Drill Integration Skidoos etc. Wellpump Water reservoir Skidoos etc. ROV and drill workshop IS HPU Hose Spool Heater unit Fuel Drill platform B-up Fuel Propane Control lines Fuel Hot Drill Water Cold Drill Water Electric Heat Back-up generator Science labs (clean + sed) B-up Mechanical workshop Drill & ROV Command B-up B-up Temp controlled Science Storage Kitchen B-up Electrical power + heat exchanger Storage
44 Extra Curricular Activities sediment coring, rock coring single point CTD measurement placement of englacial temperature and strain sensors strings, tethered automated multi year CTD sensor system.
45 Oceanographic Mooring System Ice-ocean interphase observatory Autonomous tethered CTD profiler Autonomous ocean flux crawler max diameter 50 cm i) CTD a.conductivity (salinity) b.temperature, c.pressure ii) doppler current meter iii) transmissiometer iv) laser particle size analyzer v) rosette water sampler in addition we are currently considering to include vi) a micro mass spectrometer for low molecular weight gases (e.g. N2, O2, and CO2 ) (Tim Short, Univ.Southern Florida) vii) prototypes of geochemical sensors.
46 Summary Manageable technological challenges Complementary ROV-AUV operation Multi-disciplinary investigation providing synergies maximizing science output enabling earth system science in an integrative approach combining Glaciology, Geology, Oceanography and Biology ROV and coring winch system MECC ROV workshop MECC Ice thickness 200 to 700m Traversable drilling system Water column 0 to 500 m estimated total water depth 400 to 700 m Lift Injector with gooseneck Hose spool Tether with englacial temperature and tilt sensors HPU Sampling hotel with integrated oceanographic mooring and back drill system ~ 2 km ROV
47 A n t a r c t I c a Source NASA from NOAA AVHRR data,
48 Antarctic Peninsula
49 increased grounding-line melting -- Rignot & Jacobs (2002)
50 Antarctic Peninsular ice shelves show climatic sensitivity Wordie Ice Shelf breaks up gradually
51 Larsen Ice Shelf breaks up catastrophically in 2003 What is future of RIS?
52 Subglacial Lake Vostok Exploring unknown areas with ROV/AUV National Geographic
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