How will mangrove encroachment and eroding impoundments impact coastal protection?
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1 How will mangrove encroachment and eroding impoundments impact coastal protection? A Case Study in the Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge Cheryl Doughty 1, Kyle Cavanaugh 1, & Samantha Chapman 2 1 UCLA 2 Villanova University
2 MANGROVE SALT MARSH Mangrove distribution adapted from Spalding et al. 2010; Salt marsh distribution compiled by UNEP and WCMC
3 Site T 9 Merritt Island National Wildlife Refuge + 69% in mangrove extent from Site C 20C Doughty et al. 2015
4 Tall Mangrove Mangrove expansion impacts wetland carbon storage + 22% total wetland carbon storage Scrub Mangrove Mangrove Sapling Salt Marsh Driven primarily by aboveground biomass Doughty et al. 2015
5 Wave Height (m) Height Distance to Shore (m) Guannel et al Stem density Stem diameter Plant structure influences coastal protection Dampens waves Increases drag force Slows water velocity Secures soils Decreases bed shear stress Sediment deposition
6 Additional factors will play a role in coastal protection Climate Wind & wave conditions Coastal Wetland Management Mosquito impoundment maintenance Impoundment berms are being graded/eroded Local topography Impoundment infrastructure Wetland areas altamontefamily
7 How will habitat conversion and impoundment state impact coastal protection?
8 Points where coastal protection was investigated Model scenarios Habitat conversion: Mangrove, Saltmarsh Berm state: Intact berm, Graded berm
9 Model scenarios Habitat conversion: Mangrove, Saltmarsh Berm state: Intact berm, Graded berm Wave Attenuation Wave evolution model Dissipation due to breaking (Baldock et al. 2007) Topography, Wave data Dissipation due to vegetation (Mendez & Losada 2004) Vegetation characteristics from field observations Vegetation Intact Berm Eroded Berm Cross Shore Profile Points where coastal protection was investigated Elevation Profile
10 Model scenarios Habitat conversion: Mangrove, Saltmarsh Berm state: Intact berm, Graded berm Wave Attenuation Wave evolution model Dissipation due to breaking (Baldock et al. 2007) Topography, Wave data Dissipation due to vegetation (Mendez & Losada 2004) Vegetation characteristics from field observations Nearshore Bed Erosion Wave run up (USACE 2002) Bed Scouring (Whitehouse et al. 2004) Points where coastal protection was investigated
11 Model scenarios Habitat conversion: Mangrove, Saltmarsh Berm state: Intact berm, Graded berm Wave Attenuation Wave evolution model Dissipation due to breaking (Baldock et al. 2007) Topography, Wave data Dissipation due to vegetation (Mendez & Losada 2004) Vegetation characteristics from field observations Nearshore Bed Erosion Wave run up (USACE 2002) Bed Scouring (Whitehouse et al. 2004) Points where coastal protection was investigated Ecosystem Service Valuation Avoided erosion Area of substrate saved compared to a no vegetation baseline Property value ($25 USD m 2 )
12 Mangrove Salt Marsh Intact Berm Graded Berm Scenario Avoided Erosion (baseline = no veg) Erosion Protection Value (USD m 2 ) Current 6.2 % $1265
13 Mangrove Salt Marsh Intact Berm Graded Berm Scenario Avoided Erosion (baseline = no veg) Erosion Protection Value (USD m 2 ) Current 6.2 % $1265 Mangrove + Intact Berm 7.7 % $1644
14 Mangrove Salt Marsh Intact Berm Graded Berm Scenario Avoided Erosion (baseline = no veg) Erosion Protection Value (USD m 2 ) Current 6.2 % $1265 Mangrove + Intact Berm 7.7 % $1644 Mangrove + Graded Berm 7.8 % $1750
15 Mangrove Salt Marsh Intact Berm Graded Berm Scenario Avoided Erosion (baseline = no veg) Erosion Protection Value (USD m 2 ) Current 6.2 % $1265 Mangrove + Intact Berm 7.7 % $1644 Mangrove + Graded Berm 7.8 % $1750 Salt Marsh + Intact Berm 4.7 % $1048
16 Mangrove Salt Marsh Intact Berm Graded Berm Scenario Avoided Erosion (baseline = no veg) Erosion Protection Value (USD m 2 ) Current 6.2 % $1265 Mangrove + Intact Berm 7.7 % $1644 Mangrove + Graded Berm 7.8 % $1750 Salt Marsh + Intact Berm 4.7 % $1048 Salt Marsh + Graded Berm 4.8 % $1114
17 How will habitat conversion and impoundment state impact coastal protection? Wave Attenuation Wave breaking due to the presence of vegetation was 3x higher in mangroves Avoided Erosion Mangroves prevented 3% more erosion than salt marshes compared to a baseline of no vegetation Valuation Mangroves are estimated to be worth $600 more per m 2 than salt marsh in terms of erosion prevention Graded berms help to reduce erosion and make vegetated wetlands areas $100 more valuable than intact berms
18 Special thanks to: the Chapman Langley Labs at Villanova University The Cavanaugh Lab at UCLA the Feller Labs at the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center and the Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce This work was also made possible by: The UCLA Graduate Summer Research Mentorship Program the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Climate and Biological Response Program (NNX11AO94G, NNX12AF55G) and the Climate Adaptation Science Investigators (CASI) Workgroup the National Science Foundation Macrosystems Biology Program (EF ) The Smithsonian Institution s Link Foundation Fellowship (contribution No. 986)
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