Land use and land cover change processes in China's eastern Loess Plateau

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1 Scieces i Cold ad Arid Regios Volume 7, Issue 6, December, 2015 Citatio: Li JC, Liu HX, Liu Y, et al., Lad use ad lad cover chage processes i Chia's easter Loess Plateau. Scieces i Cold ad Arid Regios, 7(6): DOI: /SP.J Lad use ad lad cover chage processes i Chia's easter Loess Plateau JiChag Li 1*, HaiXia Liu 1, Yog Liu 1, ZhiZhu Su 2, ZiQiag Du 1 1. Istitute of Loess Plateau, Shaxi Uiversity, Taiyua, Shaxi , Chia 2. Historical Culture School, Shaxi Uiversity, Taiyua, Shaxi , Chia *Correspodece to: Ph.D., JiChag Li, Associate Professor of Istitute of Loess Plateau, Shaxi Uiversity. Xiaodia District, Taiyua, Shaxi , Chia. Tel: ; lijch@lzb.ac.c Received: December 15, 2014 Accepted: February 12, 2015 ABSTRACT Usig Ladsat remote sesig images, we aalyzed chages i each lad use type ad trasitios amog differet lad use types durig lad use ad lad cover chage (LUCC) i Nigwu Couty, located i the easter Loess Plateau of Chia, from 1990 to We foud that grasslad, woodlad, ad farmlad were the mai lad use types i the study area, ad the area of each type chaged slightly from 1990 to 2010, whereas the area of water, costructio lad, ad uused lad icreased greatly. For the whole area, the et chage ad total chage were isigificat due to weak huma activity itesity i most of the study area, ad the LUCC was domiated by quasi-balaced two-way trasitios from 1990 to The isigificat overall amout of LUCC appears to have resulted from offsettig of rapid icreases i populatio, ecoomic growth, ad the implemetatio of a program to retur farmlad to woodlad ad grasslad i This program coverted more farmlad ito woodlad ad grasslad from 2000 to 2010 tha from 1990 to 2000, but reclamatio of woodlad ad grasslad for use as farmlad cotiued from 2000 to 2010, ad is a cause for cocer to the local govermet. Keywords: lad use ad lad cover chage; remote sesig; forest restoratio; Nigwu Couty; Loess Plateau 1 Itroductio I the last few decades, dramatic coversios amog various lad use patters have occurred due to populatio growth, food scarcity, urbaizatio, ad shifts i regioal lad use policy (Luo et al., 2008; Wag et al., 2008; Badeira et al., 2011; Huag et al., 2014). These chages have had major impacts o regioal water cycles, biogeochemical cycles, biological diversity, terrestrial ecosystem productivity, ad climate chage (Foley et al., 2005; Su et al., 2009). As a result, lad use ad lad cover chage (LUCC) has become a major focus of global chage research sice the 1990s (Lambi et al., 2001; Reyolds et al., 2007), particularly i the developig coutry of Chia (Zhou et al., 2011; Liu et al., 2014). Numerous studies have bee performed to uderstad the curret status, treds, drivig forces, ad evirometal impacts of LUCC (Geist ad Lambi, 2002; Muroe ad Müller, 2007; Overmars et al., 2007; Hasselma et al., 2010; Skaloš et al., 2011). The goal is to ultimately achieve sustaiable lad utilizatio based o the isights provided by these studies (Turer et al., 1995; Lambi, 2002). Sice the Chiese govermet iitiated a program to retur farmlad to woodlad ad grasslad i the Loess Plateau i 2000, tremedous LUCC has occurred i the regios such as orther Shaaxi Provice ad easter Gasu Provice (Che et al., 2003; Zhag et al., 2007; Fu et al., 2010). The icrease i grasslad ad woodlad cover has bee cosidered a importat beeficial result of the project (Ma et al., 2002; Liu ad Deg, 2010; Che et al., 2011). However,

2 JiChag Li et al., 2015 / Scieces i Cold ad Arid Regios, 7(6): accelerated idustrializatio ad urbaizatio as a result of ecoomic growth ad populatio icreases have also greatly affected LUCC through the coversio of lad to costructio lad (Fu et al., 1999; Che et al., 2001; Qiu ad Cao, 2011). Shaxi Provice lies i the easter part of the Loess Plateau, i the middle reaches of the Yellow River ad the upper reaches of the Haihe River. The woodlad ad grasslad restoratio project i this regio has bee supported fiacially by the Chiese govermet, but little research about the resultig LUCC processes has bee coducted. I the preset research, we used Nigwu Couty of Chia's Shaxi Provice as a case study to explore the LUCC process durig the last two decades by itegratig remote sesig ad GIS techiques. Our overall objectives were to uderstad the treds, coversio processes, ad drivig forces resposible for LUCC ad to evaluate the effects of woodlad ad grasslad restoratio sice 2000 i the area. 2 Materials ad methods 2.1 Study area Nigwu Couty is located i orther Shaxi Provice, from E to E ad from N to N. The couty covers about 1,941 km 2, with average elevatio of 2,000 m (Figure 1). The elevatio icreases from the middle of the study area to the southeast ad orthwest, ad the lowest elevatios exted from southwest to ortheast through the middle of the study area. The couty is bouded by the Yuzhog Moutais o the east, by the Guache ad Luya moutais o the west, ad by the Lvliag ad Hogtao moutais o the southwest ad orth, respectively. The study area is located i a semiarid regio of orther Chia, ad is domiated by a cotietal mosoo climate. Average aual temperature is about 6.2 C, with a miimum mea mothly temperature of 9.9 C i Jauary ad a maximum of 20.1 C i July. Average aual precipitatio is about 600 mm, about 80% of which occurs durig the growig seaso from Jue to September. Average aual pa evaporatio rate is about 1,700 mm. There are two growig seasos aually, ad the mai crops are wheat, millet, broom cor millet, ad potatoes. 2.2 Data sources ad processig We used three sets of remote sesig images i this study, icludig Ladsat ETM+ images acquired o July 24, 2000 ad Ladsat TM images acquired o August 22, 1990 ad July 12, 2010, all with a 30-m spatial resolutio. I additio to these data, we used topographic maps at a scale of 1:50,000 surveyed by the Chiese Mappig Agecy i the early 1980s, as well as vegetatio ad soil maps provided by several Chiese govermet agecies for acillary materials to assist our classificatio of the lad use types durig the visual iterpretatio process. We performed geometric correctios usig versio 9.1 of the ERDAS Imagie software (ERDAS, Norcross, GA). The ETM+ images acquired i 2000 were georefereced usig groud cotrol poits derived from the topographic maps. The mea positioal errors for georectificatio of the TM ad ETM+ images were cotrolled to less tha 1.5 pixels i moutaious regios ad less tha 1 pixel i flat regios, which are acceptable levels of precisio for large-scale surveys. The TM images from 1990 ad 2010 were matched with the geometrically corrected ETM+ images from 2000 by meas of a image-to-image matchig method provided by the ERDAS Imagie software. To accurately classify the lad cover, we ivestigated the study area at the begiig of our research by takig a series of photographs of each type of lad cover ad recordig each photograph's geographic coordiates usig a global positioig system (GPS) receiver. We the foud the correspodig lad cover i the remote sesig images at those geographic coordiates to build a iterpretatio symbol database for use i subsequet image iterpretatio. I additio, we digitized the topographic maps at a scale of 1:50,000 to provide vector data, the trasformed the vegetatio ad soil maps to the same projectio mode ad coordiate system so that they could be overlaid o the other images to provide assistace with image iterpretatio. The polygos with differet lad use types i the images acquired i 2000 were labeled accordig to their cover class. Oce the digital map of the lad coverage i 2000 was complete, the polygos were copied ad the segmets that eeded modificatio were chaged based o the 2010 ad 1990 images; they were updated by addig, deletig, or modifyig lies i order to reflect LUCC from 1990 to 2000 ad from 2000 to The visual iterpretatio process was completed usig versio 9.1 of the ArcMap software (ESRI, Redlads, CA). Usig the resource ad eviromet database established by the Chiese Academy of Scieces, we classified the lad use types i Nigwu Couty ito six classes: farmlad, woodlad, grasslad, water body, costructio lad, ad uused lad. Descriptios of these lad use types are preseted i Table 1, ad their distributio i each of the three years is show Figure 2. The iterpretatio results for the study area were validated i the field i August Subsequet correctios were made after field validatio to esure the classificatio accuracy was better tha 95%. To defie the LUCC that occurred i Nigwu Couty from 1990 to 2000, from 2000 to 2010, ad

3 724 JiChag Li et al., 2015 / Scieces i Cold ad Arid Regios, 7(6): from 1990 to 2010, we used the Overlay Tool i the ArcIfo 8.3 GIS software (ESRI) to compute the geometric itersectio of areas of each lad use type i the three periods based o the lad use maps from each year. The output coverage file was coverted ito shapefile format. The cross-tabulatio table was calculated usig the PivotTable Wizard i Microsoft Excel, ad was output as a trasitio matrix. The magitudes ad directios of LUCC were determied based o the trasitio matrix. Figure 1 Locatio of the study area ad topographic map Table 1 Lad use classificatio scheme used i this study No. Classificatio Descriptio 1 Farmlad Areas cultivated with dese aual crops ad vegetables, icludig dry lad ad irrigated lad 2 Woodlad Areas of dese forest, ope forest, orchards, ad urseries 3 Grasslad Lad with atural grasslad cover, icludig steppes ad grazig lads 4 Water body All areas of ope water, icludig rivers, streams, lakes, ad reservoirs or pods 5 Costructio lad All lad used to costruct huma structures, icludig residetial, commercial, ad idustrial buildigs as well as trasportatio facilities, highways, railways, ad sigle- ad multiple-family houses 6 Uused lad Ucultivated areas with sparse plat cover, icludig salie or alkali lad alog river lake beaches, barre rocky or sady lad i slopig fields, bare lad, ad cultivated lad without crops at the time the image was acquired (e.g., fallow or abadoed lad) Figure 2 Lad use ad lad cover maps for Nigwu Couty i 1990, 2000, ad 2010

4 JiChag Li et al., 2015 / Scieces i Cold ad Arid Regios, 7(6): Methodology for idetifyig the overall status of LUCC I the preset study, we applied the model developed by Luo et al. (2008) to characterize the et chages ad total chages i lad use types, ad the resultig overall LUCC status i Nigwu Couty. Net chage was defied as the maximum gai or loss of area mius the miimum gai or loss of area for each lad use type. Total chage equals the sum of the gais ad losses of area for each lad use type. The et chage (S et ) ad total chage (S tot ) are defied as follows: S U U 1 bi ai et = 2 U ΔU i 1 i i ΔU = out i 2 U S 100% = 100% ( Δ U +ΔU ) 1 i i out i tot = 2 U ΔU 1 out i = 100% U ΔU 1 i i = 100% U 100% (1) (2) where U ai ad U bi deote the area of lad use type i i the iitial ad fial stages of a period, respectively; ΔU out i is the sum of the areas of lad use type i coverted ito other lad use types; ΔU i i is the sum of the areas of other lad use types coverted ito lad use type i; ad is the umber of lad use types (i.e., = 6 i the preset study). Usig Equatios (1) ad (2), the idex P tot ca be defied to characterize the total LUCC status for the study area: P tot S ΔU et i 1 i i ΔU = out i = = Stot ( Δ U ) i 1 i i +ΔU = out i (S tot 0, 0 P tot 1) (3) For the coveiece of discussio ad applicatio of this idex system, Luo et al. (2008) divided P tot arbitrarily ito four categories: 1) 0 P tot 0.25: LUCC exhibits balaced two-way trasitios, ad for most lad use types i the study area, the area gaied is equal to or differs oly slightly from the area lost. 2) 0.25< P tot 0.50: LUCC is quasi-balaced, ad for most lad use types, the area gaied is clearly larger tha or less tha the area lost. 3) 0.50< P tot 0.75: LUCC is domiated by oe-way trasitios, with a ubalaced status, ad for most lad use types, the area gaied is much greater or much less tha the area lost. 4) 0.75< P tot 1: LUCC is characterized by extremely ubalaced oe-way trasitios, i which some lad use types icrease i area with little or o loss, whereas others decrease i area, with little or o gai. 3 Results 3.1 The characteristics of LUCC Table 2 shows that grasslad, woodlad, ad farmlad were the mai lad use types i Nigwu Couty i all three years; moreover, they accouted for about 97% of the total lad, ad their total areas chage oly slightly (by less tha 8%) durig both periods ( ad ). However, the total areas of bodies of water, costructio lad, ad uused lad all icreased greatly (by 3% to 120%) durig the two periods. From 1990 to 2000, the areas of grasslad ad uused lad decreased by 2.6% ad 5.4%, respectively. I cotrast, the area of farmlad icreased by 2.1%, versus icreases of 1.6% for woodlad, 10.1% for bodies of water, ad 3.2% for costructio lad durig the same period. From 2000 to 2010, the areas of farmlad decreased greatly (by 7.8%), whereas woodlad ad grasslad chaged little (by less tha 1%), ad the areas of bodies of water, costructio lad, ad uused lad icreased greatly (each by more tha 69.0%). From 1990 to 2010, the area of farmlad ad grasslad had decreased by 5.9% ad 2.8%, respectively, whereas the area of woodlad icreased by 1.3%. The largest icreases were for bodies of water (119.8%), costructio lad (74.4%), ad uused lad (71.4%). Figure 2 shows that the LUCC of the study area occurred maily i the ortheast ad southwest. Table 3 shows the trasitio matrix for LUCC i Nigwu Couty durig the study period. To a large extet, LUCC from 1990 to 2010 was domiated by mutual coversios betwee grasslad, woodlad ad farmlad, which accouted for 68.1% of the total coversios. 3.2 The overall status of LUCC Based o the chage i Table 3 ad Equatio (3), we aalyzed the et ad total chages for each lad use type, ad calculated the overall status of LUCC (Table 4). The et ad total chages were isigificat (less tha 2.5% ad 8.9%, respectively) durig the etire study period ad durig both sub-periods. The secod period had a greater et chage ad total chage tha the first period. The values of S et ad S tot for the whole

5 726 JiChag Li et al., 2015 / Scieces i Cold ad Arid Regios, 7(6): study period (from 1990 to 2010) were higher tha the correspodig values i either of the two sub-periods (1990 to 2000 ad 2000 to 2010) because loger duratio of period resulted i higher sum of the chages. O the other had, the values of S et ad S tot for the etire period were lower tha the correspodig sums for the two sub-periods, probably because the LUCC processes retured some of the altered lad use types to their origial lad use types (Luo et al., 2008). The P tot idex was 0.27 from 1990 to 2000 ad from 1990 to 2010, suggestig that for most lad use types, the area gaied was clearly larger or less tha the area of lost, ad that the overall status of LUCC was domiated by quasi-balaced two-way trasitios. From 2000 to 2010, the P tot idex decreased slightly (to 0.23), suggestig that durig the most recet period, most lad use types showed little or o differece i the areas gaied ad lost; the overall status of LUCC was therefore domiated by balaced two-way trasitios. Table 2 The areas of each lad use type ad their proportioal chage durig three periods i Nigwu Couty Lad use type Area (ha) Chage (%) Farmlad 39, , , Woodlad 70, , , Grasslad 80, , , Water body 1, , , Costructio lad 1, , , Uused lad , Total 194, , , Table 3 Trasitio matrix for LUCC i Nigwu Couty from 1990 to 2000, 2000 to 2010, ad 1990 to 2010 (uit: ha) (a) Farmlad Woodlad Grasslad Water body Costructio lad Uused lad Farmlad 38, Woodlad , , Grasslad 1, , , Water Body , Costructio lad , Uused lad Net chage from 1990 to , , (b) Farmlad Woodlad Grasslad Water body Costructio lad Uused lad Farmlad 35, , Woodlad , , Grasslad , , , Water Body , Costructio lad , Uused lad Net chage from 2000 to , , , (c) Farmlad Woodlad Grasslad Water body Costructio lad Uused lad Farmlad 34, , Woodlad , , Grasslad 1, , , , Water Body Costructio lad , Uused lad Net chage from 1990 to , , , , Trasitios represet trasfers of area from the lad use type i the first colum to the lad use types across the top of the table. Net positive ad egative values represet a icrease or decrease (respectively) i the area of the lad use type durig the specified period.

6 JiChag Li et al., 2015 / Scieces i Cold ad Arid Regios, 7(6): Table 4 Net ad total chages i lad use, ad overall status of LUCC (based o the P tot idex) i Nigwu Couty from 1990 to 2010 Item Net chage (S et, %) Total chage (S tot, %) P tot Discussio Populatio ad ecoomic growth, combied with shifts i lad use policy, have log bee cosidered the major factors resposible for LUCC (e.g., Li ad Ho, 2003; Tarivermis, 2003; Log et al., 2007; Luo et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2009). The populatio of Nigwu Couty was thousad i 1990, thousad i 2000, ad thousad i 2010, represetig a icrease of 19% over the course of the study period, with a slower icrease durig the secod period (5%) tha durig the first period (13%). Simultaeously, the GDP icreased from RMB 0.13 billio i 1990 to RMB 0.32 billio i 2000 (a icrease of 146%), ad the icreased dramatically to RMB 2.26 billio i 2010 (a icrease of 606%). The icrease i the area of farmlad from 1990 to 2000 may have maily resulted from the rapid populatio icrease, which led to a requiremet for more farmlad to feed the larger populatio. However, the decrease i farmlad from 2000 to 2010 may have resulted maily from implemetig of the woodlad ad grasslad restoratio project (bega i 2000), which coverted more farmlad ito woodlad ad grasslad tha occurred from 1990 to 2000 (Table 3). A substatial area of woodlad ad grasslad were oetheless coverted ito farmlad from 2000 to 2010 (Table 3), which idicated that woodlad ad grasslad were still beig reclaimed for agriculture i parts of the study area durig this period. Woodlad ad grasslad decreased slightly from 2000 to 2010 despite the woodlad ad grasslad restoratio project implemeted i This was maily caused by the expasio of costructio lad, bodies of water, ad uused lad. With the populatio ad ecoomy icreases, the costructio of residetial, commercial, ad idustrial buildigs as well as trasportatio facilities, highways, ad railways durig the study period resulted i cotiuous expasio of costructio lad at the expese of farmlad ad grasslad. Large amouts of farmlad, grasslad, ad woodlad were tured ito ma-made lowlads as a result of soil excavatio combied with rapid expasio of costructio lad. Because precipitatio is highest durig the summer (from Jue to August), whe the Ladsat images were acquired, some of these lowlads might have bee filled temporarily with water ad therefore classified as bodies of water i the lad use map. This is likely to be the major factor that cotributed to the icreased area of bodies of water (Su et al., 2009). The loss of bodies of water to farmlad, costructio lad, ad uused lad was higher tha the gai i bodies of water from these competig lad use durig the study period, ad this ca be attributed to the ecroachmet of farmlad ad costructio lad o bodies of water, accompaied by icreased cosumptio of idustrial ad domestic water as a result of socioecoomic developmet. Grasslads that degeerated ito bare lad as a result of overgrazig ad farmlad that was abadoed may be the mai reasos for the icreased area of uused lad durig the study period. The populatio desity (82 per km 2 ) ad per capita GDP ( 14,023 CNY) i the study area were lower tha the correspodig values for Shaxi Provice as a whole (228 per km 2 ad 26,000 CNY, respectively) ad for Chia as a whole (140 per km 2 ad 29,000 CNY, respectively) i 2010, which suggests that the itesity of huma activity was weaker i the study area tha i the provice ad Chia as a whole. The most itese huma activity was cocetrated withi the ortheast ad southwest which have lower elevatios ad flatter terrai tha other areas. Despite the rapid icrease i GDP (more tha 600%) betwee 2000 ad 2010, most of this ecoomic activity was provided by activities with high value-added (e.g., idustrial productio) withi a existig area or ew icreased small area of costructio lad, thereby leadig to relatively mior impacts o most of the study area despite the large icrease i GDP. The isigificat et ad total chages for the total lad use types i the study area (Table 4) may have bee caused maily by the weak itesity of huma activity i most of the study area. Although woodlad ad grasslad restoratio was oly implemeted i part of the area, these chages combied with rapid expasio of costructio lad, bodies of water, ad uused lad sice 2000 to produce more sigificat et ad total chages from 2000 to 2010 tha from 1990 to 2000 (Table 4). 5 Coclusios I this study, we described the LUCC processes i Nigwu Couty, i the easter part of Chia's Loess Plateau, usig multi-temporal remote sesig images.

7 728 JiChag Li et al., 2015 / Scieces i Cold ad Arid Regios, 7(6): We foud that the et ad total chages were isigificat i the study area due to the weak itesity of huma activity ad the cocetratio of the most itese huma socioecoomic activity withi a relatively small portio of the overall study area. The LUCC patters maily icluded mutual coversios betwee farmlad, woodlad, ad grasslad, ad gais i the areas of bodies of water, costructio lad, ad uused lad as a result of trasitios from farmlad, woodlad, ad grasslad. The rapid populatio icrease from 1990 to 2000 resulted i a large reclamatio of grasslad ad uused lad to produce the farmlad that was eeded to feed this populatio. The combiatio of rapid populatio ad ecoomic icreases resulted i large proportioal icreases i the area of costructio lad (icludig residetial, commercial, ad idustrial buildigs as well as trasportatio facilities, highways, ad railways) at the expese of farmlad ad grasslad throughout the study period; However, the actual icrease i area was relatively small, so the area of costructio lad still represeted a small proportio of the couty's total area. The isigificat overall amout of LUCC appears to have resulted from offsettig of rapid icreases i populatio, ecoomic growth, ad the implemetatio of a program to retur farmlad to woodlad ad grasslad i This program coverted more farmlad ito woodlad ad grasslad from 2000 to 2010 tha from 1990 to 2000, but reclamatio of woodlad ad grasslad for use as farmlad cotiued from 2000 to 2010, ad is a cause for cocer to the local govermet. Ackowledgmets: This study was supported by the Ope Fud Project of the Key Laboratory of Desert ad Desertificatio, Chiese Academy of Scieces (No. KLDD ), the Importat Specialized Sciece ad Techology Item of Shaxi Provice, Chia (No ), ad the Natural Sciece Foudatio of Chia (Nos , ). Refereces: Badeira JM, Coelho MC, Sá ME, et al., Impact of lad use o urba mobility patters, emissios ad air quality i a Portuguese medium-sized city. Sciece of the Total Eviromet, 409(6): DOI: /j.scitotev Che FJ, Zhag XP, Fu YL, et al., Lad use chage of Majiagou Catchmet i Asai Couty, Norther Shaaxi Provice i recet 20 years. Bulleti of Soil ad Water Coservatio, 31(1): Che LD, Messig I, Zhag SR, et al., Lad use evaluatio ad sceario aalysis towards sustaiable plaig o the Loess Plateau i Chia case study i a small catchmet. Catea, 54(1 2): DOI: /S (03) Che LD, Wag J, Fu BJ, et al., Lad-use chage i a small catchmet of orther Loess Plateau, Chia. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Eviromet, 86(2): DOI: /S (00) Foley JA, DeFries R, Aser GP, et al., Global cosequeces of lad use. Sciece, 309(5734): DOI: /sciece Fu BJ, Che LD, Ma KM, The effect of lad use chage o the regioal eviromet i the Yagjuagou Catchmet i the Loess Plateau of Chia. Acta Geographica Siica, 54(3): Fu YL, Zhag XP, Che FJ, et al., Lad use/cover patter survey uder the backgroud of grai for gree policy implemetatio i the loess hilly-gully regio A case study of Majiagou Catchmet, Asai Couty. Research of Soil ad Water Coservatio, 17(6): Geist HJ, Lambi EF, Proximate causes ad uderlyig drivig forces of tropical deforestatio. Biosciece, 52: DOI: / (2002)052[0143:PCAUDF]2.0. Hasselma F, Csaplovics E, Falcoer I, et al., Techological drivig forces of LUCC: Coceptualizatio, quatificatio, ad the example of urba power distributio etworks. Lad Use Policy, 27(2): DOI: /j.ladusepol Huag XJ, Li Y, Yu R, et al., Recosiderig the cotroversial lad use policy of "likig the decrease i rural costructio lad with the icrease i urba costructio lad": a local govermet perspective. Chia Review A Iterdiscipliary Joural o Greater Chia, 14: Lambi EF, Likig causes, drivers ad pathways with rates ad patters of lad chage. I: LUCC Iteratioal Project Office. LUCC Newsletter No. 8. Istitut Cartográfic de Cataluya, Spai. Lambi EF, Turerb BL, Geista HJ, et al., The causes of lad-use ad lad-cover chage: movig beyod the myths. Global Eviromet Chage, 11: DOI: /S (01) Li GCS, Ho SPS, Chia s lad resources ad lad-use chage: isights from the 1996 lad survey. Lad Use Policy, 20(2): DOI: /S (03) Liu H, Zhao WZ, Chag XL, et al., Characterizig ladscape dyamics of a small catchmet uder ecological rehabilitatio itervetios i Northwester Chia. Ladscape ad Urba Plaig, 93(3 4): DOI: /j.ladurbpla Liu JY, Deg XZ, Progress of the research methodologies o the temporal ad spatial process of LUCC. Chiese Sciece Bulleti, 55(14): DOI: /s y. Liu Y, Huag XJ, Yag H, et al., Evirometal effects of lad-use/cover chage caused by urbaizatio ad policies i Southwest Chia Karst area A case study of Guiyag. Habitat Iteratioal, 44: DOI: /j.habitatit Log HL, Tag GP, Li XB, et al., Socio-ecoomic drivig forces of lad-use chage i Kusha, the Yagtze River Delta ecoomic area of Chia. Joural of Evirometal Maagemet, 83(3): DOI: /j.jevma Luo GP, Zhou CH, Che X, et al., A methodology of characterizig status ad tred of lad chages i oases: A

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