Stability Evaluation of Surfactant-Grafted Polyacrylamide Used in Oilfields by Evolution of Ammonia

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1 Joural of Materials Sciece ad hemical Egieerig, 1,, Published lie May 1 i SciRes. Stability Evaluatio of Surfactat-Grafted Polyacrylamide Used i ilfields by Evolutio of Ammoia Tigtig Jiag 1, Baohui Wag 1, Haiyu Wag 1 Istitute of New Eergy hemistry ad Evirometal Sciece, ollege of hemistry & hemical Egieerig, Northeast Petroleum Uiversity, Daqig, hia First il Plat, Daqig ilfield ompay Limited, Daqig, hia jiagtigtig@13.com Received April 1; revised 1 May 1; accepted 1 May 1 opyright 1 by authors ad Scietific Research Publishig Ic. This work is licesed uder the reative ommos Attributio Iteratioal Licese ( B). Abstract Surfactat-grafted Polyacrylamide (S-PAM) serves as a ovel oil displacemet aget i oilfield. The aalysis o compositio of S-PAM shows that due to its istability the harmful ammoia gas may be geerated durig the operatio of S-PAM or high temperature. I this paper, stability of S-PAM was studied by measurig the ammoia release from solid ad aqueous S-PAM at differet temperatures. The results showed that ammoia release of the solid S-PAM was icreased with raisig temperature. The ammoia release from S-PAM produced by Haibo ompay is more tha oe from Liahua i the solid state. The ammoia emissios from Liahua S-PAM are slightly higher tha Haibo oe i the solutios prepared by both clea water ad oilfield water. Keywords Surfactat-Grafted Polyacrylamide, Stability, Ammoia, ilfield 1. Itroductio The World s oil output is decreasig with the productio of oilfields. The ratioal utilizatio of petroleum resources has aroused a great attetio of the world. Therefore, the improvemet of the oil recovery has become the major subject of oil developmet. At preset, most of hiese oil fields have ecoutered the high stage of water cut. The existig floodig techique has bee difficult to meet the eeds of field [1] []. The Ehaced il Recovery (ER) techiques have widely bee used i ilfields, which maily iclude the polymer floodig (PAM), SP floodig (Polymer-Surfactat) ad ASP floodig (Alkali-Polymer-Surfactat) [3]. How to cite this paper: Jiag, T.T., et al. (1) Stability Evaluatio of Surfactat-Grafted Polyacrylamide Used i ilfields by Evolutio of Ammoia. Joural of Materials Sciece ad hemical Egieerig,,

2 T. T. Jiag et al. There are varied degrees of problems i the applicatio of the above floodig, such as polymer floodig. It remais the high iterfacial tesio betwee the fluid ad crude oil, basically o solubilizatio ad emulsificatio capacity for crude oil, o polymer with the ati-salt, ati-bacterial ad ati-oxidatio fuctio, ad o preparatio with sewage. The compoets of chemicals i Biary or terary chemical floodig are quite differet i the diffusio ad migratio i the reservoir, exhibited i the chromatographic effect while o syergies effect, resultig i the low ehaced oil recovery. I additio, the strog base additives also lead to the severe scalig i may facilities durig the recovery operatio. Therefore, there are some icoveieces to the productio [] [5]. A ew type of compoud has bee required for the above reaso. Geerally, basic polyacrylamide (PAM), which is simple, log ad repeated chai ( - -N ) polymer with the appropriate stability, is employed for the popular polymer floodig. Recetly, Surfactat-grafted Polyacrylamide (Referred to as S-PAM), which combies the advatages of polymer ad surfactat, has bee developed for the field test. It collects the advatages of ehacig the ati-shearig, reducig the flow ratio, expadig the sweep efficiecy, reducig the iterfacial tesio, improvig the solubilizatio ad emulsifyig capacity, by multifuctio i oe. Based o the structure ad chemical properties, the basic PAM is stable at room temperature. The chemical compoets ad stereo structure should be modified i some extesios after the basic PAM is grafted. Due to the modificatio, the stability will be chaged. By the experimets of the basic PAM, the ammoia is elimiated after rearragemet of istability. Therefore, i this paper, stability of the S-PAM was studied by measurig the ammoia release from solid ad aqueous S-PAM at differet temperatures. It is coducive to the sustaiable promotio i the oilfield research ad developmet.. Experimetal Two origis of S-PAM were used i this experimet: Daqig Refiig &hemical ompay S-PAM (Liahua type III), which is called Liahua S-PAM ;Shaghai Haibo compay S-PAM (Haibo type III), which is called. The mai istrumet: AMMNIA METER Z-. First of all, ammoia release of two solid S-PAMs was measured at differet temperatures respectively. The highest cotet of ammoia was measured, which was coverted to mass of ammoia evolutio per gram of solid S-PAM. The ammoia release of S-PAM solutios prepared by clea water ad oilfield water were measured durig the dissolvig time ad storage time at room temperature. The highest cotet of ammoia was coverted to mass of ammoia evolutio per Liter of S-PAM solutio. 3. Results ad Discussio 3.1. Stability of Solid S-PAM Ammoia emissios of two solid S-PAMs were measured at differet temperatures respectively. The highest cotet of ammoia was measured, which was coverted to mass of ammoia evolutio per gram of solid S-PAM. Figure 1 experimetally shows the data measured at differet temperatures. The experimet results show the followig coclusios: 1) With icreasig temperature, ammoia emissios of two solid S-PAMs are o the rise. ) Ammoia emissios of Liahua S-PAM per gram icreases slowly with risig temperature; the amout of Haibo has a slow growth at first, which has a rapid growth whe the temperature is higher tha 5. 3) Ammoia emissios of per g are higher tha Liahua. 3.. Stability of S-PAM Solutio lea Water Prepared S-PAM Solutio The two S-PAM solutios were prepared at a cocetratio of 1, 1 ppm respectively with clea water. Ammoia release was measured durig the dissolvig time ad storage time at room temperature. The highest cotet of ammoia was coverted to mass of ammoia evolutio per Liter of S-PAM solutio. Figure ad Figure 3 experimetally show the followig coclusios: 1) The chage i magitude of ammoia release is larger durig the dissolvig time, which is smaller at storage time. ) The ammoia release of Liahua is higher tha Haibo. 3) The ammoia release is larger with higher cocetratio. 1

3 T. T. Jiag et al. Liahua S-PAM 15 (mg/g) T/ Figure 1. Ammoia emissios of two solid S-PAM at differet temperatures Durig the storage 1 1 Ammoia Release (mg/g) 1 1 Durig the dissolvig Daqig S-PAM 1ppm Solutio Figure. The ammoia release of two S-PAM solutios. The same law was ot showig i solid S-PAM ad solutio. After aalyzig the mai reaso is that the viscosity of solutio Liahua is greater tha Haibo. Ad ammoia is highly soluble i water, which is more soluble i a solutio of low viscosity. Therefore ammoia emissio Liahua is higher tha Haibo i moitorig process ilfield Water Prepared S-PAM Solutio ilfield water ad S-PAM mother liquor used i this experimet were retrieved from oilfield. Specific preparatio process is to simulate the process of site preparatio. Mother liquor (3 mg/l) was obtaied by dilutig S-PAM solutio (1 mg/l ad 15 mg/l) usig oilfield water. The highest cotet of ammoia was coverted to mass of ammoia evolutio per Liter of S-PAM solutio. Figure experimetally shows the followig coclusios: 1) The chage i magitude of ammoia release is larger durig the dissolvig time, which is smaller at storage time. 17

4 T. T. Jiag et al. Ammoia Release (mg/g) Durig the storage Durig the dissolvig Liahua S-PAM1ppm Liahua S-PAM1ppm Figure 3. The ammoia release of Liahua S-PAM solutio at differet cocetratios. Ammoia Release (mg/g) 1 Durig the storage Durig the dissolvig Liahua S-PAM 1ppm Figure. The curve of ammoia emissios of oilfield water prepared S-PAM solutio. ) The ammoia release of Liahua is higher tha Haibo. I the time rage of moitorig, ammoia emissios of Liahua S-PAM are slightly higher tha Haibo S-PAM both i clea water ad oilfield water solutio Istability Mechaism of S-PAM Pyrolysis reactio of PAM has bee adequately studied uder the thermal effect. The solid PAM is thermally stable below, which has oly slight loss of quality i a relatively short period of time. The mass loss is maily due to loss of adsorbed water or other volatile impurities. Pedat groups of PAM exploded over -. The molecular chai of PAM breaks at higher temperatures. PAM is easily hydrolyzed at lower temperature ( - ) i alkalie coditios. Acidic hydrolysis of PAM is required high temperatures, which is slower tha the alkalie hydrolysis []. S-PAM is Surfactat-grafted PAM, the structure ad ature of which 1

5 T. T. Jiag et al. show some chages after grafted. The ammoia release of solid S-PAM was measured at room temperature to. Ad ammoia release of S-PAM solutio was measured at room temperature. H - o H + 3 N H H H + orh - or H + 3 N H N Na H Na H H H H H H H H RT o H + 3 N Na H Na H H H H clea water or oilfield water RT H H H H H + 3 The chemical compoets ad stereo structure should be modified i the some extesio after the basic PAM is grafted. The harmful ammoia gas was geerated durig the operatio of S-PAM or high temperature.. oclusios 1) Through the aalysis o stability of solid S-PAM, ammoia emissios of solid S-PAM are o the rise with icreasig temperature. The ammoia evolutios per gram of are higher tha Liahua. ) Through the stability aalysis of S-PAM solutio, the chage i magitude of ammoia release is larger durig the dissolvig time, which is smaller at storage time. The ammoia evolutios of Liahua S-PAM are slightly higher tha Haibo both i clea water ad oilfield water prepared solutio i the time rage of moitorig. Refereces [1] Hu, B.Z. (1997) Productio Egieerig of Polymer Floodig. Petroleum Idustry Press, Beijig, 7-7 (i hiese). [] he, G. (1997) The Strategic Positio of Three il Productio i the il Idustry i Developmet. Eergy of hia, 9, (i hiese). [3] Gag, Q.L. (199) A Dissertatio o hiese Tertiary Recovery Techology. GRT, 5, 1-7 (i hiese). [] Ge, G.Z., Wag, J.. ad Wag,.L. (1) Polymer Floodig ad Related hemical Floodig Progress. ilfield hemistry, 1, - (i hiese). [5] Moritis, G. (199) New Techology Improved Ecoomics Boost ER Hopes. il Gas Joural, 15, [] Fag, D.B. () Acrylamide Polymers. hemical Idustry Press, Beijig, 5- (i hiese). 19

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