Applications of Nuclear Physics Technology

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1 Jefferson Lab and SBIR/STTR Program Applications of Nuclear Physics Technology Particles & Detection Drew Weisenberger Tech Transfer Workshop, CUA, Jan , 2018

2 Beside the comfort of knowledge, every science is auxiliary to every other." Thomas Jefferson August 26, 1786

3 Outline Applying the Results of Experimental Nuclear Physics Applying the Tools of Experimental Nuclear Physics Representative Examples 3

4 Applying the Results of Experimental Nuclear Physics Applications of the knowledge reaped from experimental nuclear physics.new understanding leads to new tools (hammer looking for a nail) -Radioactivity/radioisotopes radioisotope production tracer based science: tagged molecules -Interaction of particles in matter ionization spallation characteristic x-rays bremsstrahlung nuclear activation -Nuclear reactions fission fusion SBIR/STTR Meeting

5 Applying the Tools of Experimental Nuclear Physics Over 24,000 particle accelerators have been built in the last 60 years for industrial applications Industrial Accelerators and Their Applications Edited by: Robert W Hamm (R & M Technical Enterprises, California, USA), Marianne E Hamm (R & M Technical Enterprises, California, USA)

6 Applying the Tools of Experimental Nuclear Physics Particle Accelerator Technology with Nuclear Physics Detector Technology Accelerating particles towards some target, then analyzing the interaction via: Detecting Imaging Nuclear Physics Detector Technology without Accelerators Detecting trace amounts of radioisotopes via emitted radiation to: Quantify amount Determine spatial distribution Accelerator Technology Accelerating Particles to Modify a Target Material Affect a change in the material s: Physical property Chemistry Biology SBIR/STTR Meeting

7 Applying the Tools for Experimental Nuclear Physics Particle Accelerator Technology with Nuclear Physics Detector Technology SBIR/STTR Meeting

$Detectors based on: Scintillators/phosphors Solid state devices Photomultipliers particle target detector --- analysis Neutron tomography (N-CT) Neutron diffraction: material stress/stain studies Ion$

8 Particle Accelerator Technology with Nuclear Physics Detector Technology Accelerating particles towards some target then detecting/imaging an interaction: Electrons photons Protons neutrons Ions Detectors based on: Scintillators/phosphors Solid state devices Photomultipliers particle target detector --- analysis Neutron tomography (N-CT) Neutron diffraction: material stress/stain studies Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) Medical x-ray radiography/ct Synchrotron light sources (x-ray) Los Alamos Neutron Science Center Spectrometer for Materials Research at Temperature and Stress (SMARTS)- studying polycrystalline materials under stress. SBIR/STTR Meeting

Particle Accelerator Technology with Nuclear Physics Detector Technology Synchrotron Photon Sources Synchrotron Light Production Globally there are ~ 25 particle accelerators built to accelerate

9 Particle Accelerator Technology with Nuclear Physics Detector Technology Synchrotron Photon Sources Synchrotron Light Production Globally there are ~ 25 particle accelerators built to accelerate charged particles at relativistic velocities in curved paths to produce high energy electromagnetic radiation aka synchrotron radiation- x-rays x-ray crystallography protein crystallography (~100,000 protein structures) drug development cell biology high-resolution x-ray imaging biological samples high-resolution imaging of cracks & defects in structures materials analysis elemental analysis toxicology forensics historical artifacts SBIR/STTR Meeting

European Synchrotron Radiation Facility Grenoble

org) Advanced Light Source (ALS) Lawrence Berkeley

reconstruction of the brain of a transgenic mouse,

10 Particle Accelerator Technology with Nuclear Physics Detector Technology Synchrotron Photon Sources European Synchrotron Radiation Facility Grenoble France ( Advanced Light Source (ALS) Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory SBIR/STTR Meeting D reconstruction of the brain of a transgenic mouse, study of Alzheimer's disease, Krucker et al. (SCRIPPS, UZh, ETHZ, PSI). (Courtesy: Swiss Light Source/PSI)

Detectors Typical Detectors: CCD Charge Coupled Device

$avalanche detector X-ray diffraction pattern for a$ single alum crystal. Archana M.

11 Particle Accelerator Technology with Nuclear Physics Detector Technology Synchrotron Photon Sources- Detectors Typical Detectors: CCD Charge Coupled Device ICCD Intensified CCD EMCCD Electron Multiplying CCD Gas based detectors Bruker: Xe-based 140 mm gaseous avalanche detector X-ray diffraction pattern for a single alum crystal. Archana M.Pharmacy /Pharmaceutics Princeton Instruments 2048 x 2048, 15 µm pixel, backilluminated X-ray sensitive CCD 11

12 Applying the Tools for Experimental Nuclear Physics Nuclear Physics Detector Technology without Accelerators SBIR/STTR Meeting

Nuclear Physics Detector Technology without Accelerators Radioisotope based Decay particles emitted: betas, x-rays, positrons, gammas, alphas Particle detection via direct or

13 Nuclear Physics Detector Technology without Accelerators Radioisotope based Decay particles emitted: betas, x-rays, positrons, gammas, alphas Particle detection via direct or secondary effect Radioisotopes can be attached to molecules to be followed in a biological system Detectors based on: Ion chambers Scintillators/phosphors Photomultipliers Solid state devices Smoke detectors Muon radiography Gamma-ray spectrometry (radioisotope detection) Molecular Imaging (radiotracers) Autoradiography Gamma cameras Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) SBIR/STTR Meeting

14 Nuclear Physics Detector Technology without Accelerators Molecular Imaging with Radiotracers Bio-Medical Imaging Modalities Structural Functional Somatostatin receptors (neuroendocrine tumors)

Nuclear Physics Detector Technology without Accelerators Molecular Imaging with Radiotracers Nuclear Imaging/Molecular Imaging -the Basics:

The tagged/labelled molecules are then injected or introduced in vivo into biological systems: people animals plants microbes Molecular Imaging:

Typically the high energy photons are highly penetrating thus can be detected and imaged externally.

15 Nuclear Physics Detector Technology without Accelerators Molecular Imaging with Radiotracers Nuclear Imaging/Molecular Imaging -the Basics: Radioisotopes that emit high energy photons and beta particles are incorporated into molecules that have a biological function of interest. The tagged/labelled molecules are then injected or introduced in vivo into biological systems: people animals plants microbes Molecular Imaging: The bio-distribution of tagged molecules is imaged externally by devices capable of detecting the emitted particles. Typically the high energy photons are highly penetrating thus can be detected and imaged externally. Two molecular imaging techniques: Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) Technetium-99m: emits 140keV gamma-ray, 6hr (Mo d) Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Fluorine-18: emits e+, 20m: e+ e- annihilation 511keV photon pair

16 Nuclear Physics Detector Technology without Accelerators Radiotracers/Radiolabeling and Biology: Sensitive ~10s of molecules detected, ~10,000s imaged Emitted Particles are Penetrating Image interior of biological object, in vivo Trace Amounts Used Doesn t perturb biological system under study Short Half-Life Isotopes Object imaged is not radioactive for long Non-Destructive Object not harmed Repeat studies performed (including as own control) Many Chemical Compounds Can Be Labeled Many different biochemical systems probed

of radioactive drug (i.e. Tc99m-sestamibi).

drug (tumor). Radioactivity decays, emitting gamma rays.

17 Nuclear Physics Detector Technology without Accelerators Radiotracer Imaging in Medicine Gamma Camera Patient injected with small amount of radioactive drug (i.e. Tc99m-sestamibi). Drug localizes in patient according to metabolic properties of that drug (tumor). Radioactivity decays, emitting gamma rays. Gamma rays that exit the patient are imaged. Well Established Clinical Technique 10 Million Studies Annually

18 Nuclear Physics Detector Technology without Accelerators Nuclear Medicine Imaging Clinical SPECT System Clinical PET System a patient with tuberculous osteomyelitis of the vertebrae a patient with bone sarcoma

19 Applying the Tools for Experimental Nuclear Physics Accelerator Technology Accelerating Particles to Modify a Target Material SBIR/STTR Meeting

Accelerator Technology Accelerating Particles to Modify a Target Material Accelerating particles into some target material which affects a physical or chemical

Beam Heat Treating (Surface Hardening) Electron beam treating waste and medical materials Electron beam treating for food preservation X-ray or electron beam

20 Accelerator Technology Accelerating Particles to Modify a Target Material Accelerating particles into some target material which affects a physical or chemical change in that material Electron Beam Processing Electron Beam Welding (EBW) Electron Beam Freeform Fabrication (EBF3): Electron Beam Machining (EBM) Electron Beam Heat Treating (Surface Hardening) Electron beam treating waste and medical materials Electron beam treating for food preservation X-ray or electron beam cross-linking polymers shrink wrap, curing, composites Ion Implantation for semiconductors and hardening External Beam Therapy (photons and protons) SBIR/STTR Meeting

Accelerator Technology Accelerating Particles to Modify a Target Material Ion implantation Ion implantation improves: coefficient of friction adhesive wear surface hardness of metals surface hardness

21 Accelerator Technology Accelerating Particles to Modify a Target Material Ion implantation Ion implantation improves: coefficient of friction adhesive wear surface hardness of metals surface hardness of polymers ICs for: logic memory electronics analog operations optical sensors imaging devices (CCDs) Advanced Si-based photovoltaic (verses chemical vapor deposition) Development of accelerator technologies stable & collimated ion beam currents ~ μa to 100 ma incident ion energies 100 ev to 10 MeV 1970s: Enabled fabrication of complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) transistors that are the dominant form of integrated circuits (IC) devices. Global communications Advanced computation capabilities 21

semiconductor covalent bonding of valence electrons 1

form is electrically stable not a good conductor or a

electrons high purity & defect free crystalline P-type

when combined in Si lattice, bonds result in an

Materials Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony 5 valance shell

electrons Dopant sites Modified from http://www.

22 Accelerator Technology Accelerating Particles to Modify a Target Material Ion Implantation for ICs Silicon: a semiconductor covalent bonding of valence electrons 1 atom with 4 other atoms completes outer shell purest form is electrically stable not a good conductor or a good insulator Silicon Crystalline Lattice 4 valence electrons high purity & defect free crystalline P-type Dopant Materials Boron, Indium 3 valance shell electrons when combined in Si lattice, bonds result in an abundance of holes accepts free electrons N-type Dopant Materials Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony 5 valance shell electrons when combined in Si lattice, bonds result in an abundance of free electrons donates free electrons Dopant sites Modified from 22

23 Accelerator Technology Accelerating Particles to Modify a Target Material Ion Implantation: main subsystems of an ion accelerator EM scanner/lenses Wafer Ion source End station Ion mass separator magnet Energy selector and filter magnet 23

Material 10 17 10 16 10 15 10 14 10 13 10 12 10

24 dose (ions/cm 2 ) Accelerator Technology Accelerating Particles to Modify a Target Material eV 1KeV 10KeV 100KeV 1MeV 10MeV depth (ion energy) 24

25 Ion Implantation Accelerator Technology Accelerating Particles to Modify a Target Material Applied Materials 25

recognized as the most effective external beam method in the selective destruction of cancer cells.

26 Accelerator Technology Accelerating Particles to Modify a Target Material External beam radiation therapy: x-rays generated by medical e-accelerators Hadron (proton) therapy is also a type of external beam radiation therapy Widely recognized as the most effective external beam method in the selective destruction of cancer cells. The goal in radiation therapy is to (1) deliver lethal doses to the tumor while (2) minimizing or eliminating healthy tissue injury. (slides from T. Keppel) 26

Accelerator Technology Accelerating Particles to Modify a Target Material Conventional X-ray beam therapy

interact with matter (tissue) via photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, pair production Hadron Therapy

front of the tumor, over 4 times higher dose to the tumor region, and no dose behind it Proton ionization

27 Accelerator Technology Accelerating Particles to Modify a Target Material Conventional X-ray beam therapy delivers X-ray radiation along entire path through patient, and maximal dose in front of the tumor Photons interact with matter (tissue) via photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, pair production Hadron Therapy : Fundamental Nuclear Physics Bragg Peak discovered 1904 Proton beam treatments deliver minimal dose in front of the tumor, over 4 times higher dose to the tumor region, and no dose behind it Proton ionization energy deposition de/dx ~ 1/( c) 2 is inversely proportional to the square of the energy of the particle -SOBP 27

Accelerator Technology Accelerating Particles to Modify a Target Material Hadron Therapy has Higher Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) Radiation therapy works by damaging the DNA of cells Causes

28 Accelerator Technology Accelerating Particles to Modify a Target Material Hadron Therapy has Higher Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) Radiation therapy works by damaging the DNA of cells Causes double and single strand DNA breaks in sugar-phosphate backbone Ionizing radiation (photons or protons) ejects an electron from a target molecule either directly or indirectly Indirect ionization happens as a result of the ionization of water, forming free (hydroxyl) radicals which then damage the DNA this is the dominant mechanism in x-ray treatments. Direct ionization is the dominant ionization mechanism for protons thus proton therapy has a higher RBE 28

29 Accelerator Technology Accelerating Particles to Modify a Target Material Typical Hadron Therapy Center LLUMC the first US based hospital center 29

30 Accelerator Technology Accelerating Particles to Modify a Target Material Proton and Particle Therapy in the World 50+ particle therapy facilities worldwide Figure from 2014 Symmetry magazine, SLAC/Fermilab 30

31 Summary Applying the Results of Experimental Nuclear Physics Applying the Tools of Experimental Nuclear Physics Particle Accelerator Technology with Nuclear Physics Detector Technology Synchrotron Light Sources Nuclear Physics Detector Technology without Accelerators SPECT and PET: humans, animals and plants Accelerator Technology Accelerating Particles to Modify a Target Material Ion Implantation Hadron Therapy Niels Bohr "Prediction is very difficult, especially if it's about the future." SBIR/STTR Meeting

32 Thank You 8/6/2015 SBIR/STTR Meeting

Applications of Nuclear and Particle Physics Technology: Particles & Detection A Brief Overview

Applications of Nuclear and Particle Physics Technology: Particles & Detection A Brief Overview 21st Particles and Nuclei International Conference (PANIC 2017) International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series Vol. 46 (2018) 1860008 (8 pages) The Author(s) DOI: 10.1142/S201019451860008X