MatSci 192/202,
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1 Lecture 1 MatSci 192/202,
2 A Brief History of materials chemistry Weight: 137 g (0.3 lbs) Today iphone 4/5, Li-ion battery Battery Lifetime: 7 hr (talk time) 300 hr (standby), 2 hr recharge time Cost: $ DynaTAC mobile phone Lance Armstrong s s climb up Tunitas Creek (20 minutes) Half-marathon world record (58 minutes) Record English Channel swim (6 hours, 57 min)
3 If the DynaTAC battery had the capacity of the iphone, how much would it weigh? Weight: 137 g (0.3 lbs) Today iphone 4/5, Li-ion battery Battery Lifetime: 7 hr (talk time) 300 hr (standby), 2 hr recharge time Cost: $ DynaTAC mobile phone 55 LED flatscreen TV (50 lbs) New-born Elephant (200 lbs) Rodin sculpture (500 lbs)
4 Materials chemistry & batteries Weight: 137 g (0.3 lbs) Today Battery Lifetime: 7 hr (talk time) iphone 4/5, 300 hr (standby), 2 hr recharge time Li-ion battery Cost: $ DynaTAC mobile phone 1991 (commercial Liion batteries) Weight: 1000 g (2.2 lbs) Battery Lifetime: 30 min (talk time), 1 hr (standby), 10 hr recharge time Cost: $8800 (2012 dollars) Class This Quarter: Yi Cui, Principles, Materials, & Devices of Batteries (MatSci 303)
5 Materials chemistry & electronic storage 2012 (32 GB) Weight: 0.5g (0.001 lbs) Cost: $20 Size: 11mm x 15mm x 1mm (size of a dime) 1980 (20 GB) 1 TB hard Baby grand Ford F-150 drive (~3 lbs) piano (~600 lbs) (~4500 lbs)
6 Materials chemistry & electronic storage 2012 (32 GB) Weight: 0.5g (0.001 lbs) Cost: $20 Size: 11mm x 15mm x 1mm (size of a dime) 1980 (20 GB) Ford F-150 McLauren F1 Paul Allen s yacht (~$30,000) (~$970,000) 000) (~$100 million)
7 Materials chemistry & electronic storage 2012 (32 GB) Weight: 0.5g (0.001 lbs) Cost: $20 Size: 11mm x 15mm x 1mm (size of a dime) 1980 (20 GB) Weight: 2,000,000 g (4400lbs) Cost: $648,000 - $1,137,600 Size: 70 x 44 x 32 (for each 2.5 GB Size: 70 x 44 x 32 (for each 2.5 GB cabinet)
8 1 μm 1947: the first transistor Today: Intel quad core i7 processor (~8 billion transistors)
9 Materials chemistry & medical advances Tissue Engineering Biomedical implants Just 15 years ago, Bob Langer and his colleague Joseph Vacanti pioneered a remarkable new process- growing human tissues in the lab. Back in 1987, Langer and Vacanti couldn't get their work published; journal editors didn't see any practical applications. Today, the pair are acknowledged as the fathers of the field of tissue engineering. Now, Langer, Vacanti and his brother Charles, as well as teams of researchers around the world, pursue the day when replacement tissues and organs are readily available, custom-made for those who need them. (Source:
10 Materials chemistry & medical advances Tissue Engineering Biomedical implants Just 15 years ago, Bob Langer and his colleague Joseph Vacanti pioneered a remarkable new process- growing human tissues in the lab. Back in 1987, Langer and Vacanti couldn't get their work published; journal editors didn't see any practical applications. Today, the pair are acknowledged as the fathers of the field of tissue engineering. Now, Langer, Vacanti and his brother Charles, as well as teams of researchers around the world, pursue the day when replacement tissues and organs are readily available, custom-made for those who need them. (Source: A device that recognizes tongue movements and translates them into words, serving like an articifial larynx. It fits into the mouth using a palatometer, a device typically used in speech therapy. A small synthesizer would be worn in a shirt pocket to transmit the words. (Source:
11 Materials chemistry learning goals o Understand the theoretical framework governing atoms, molecules, and solids: quantum mechanics, molecular orbital theory, and band theory o Use principles of symmetry to identify basic properties of molecules optical activity, IR or Raman activity, optical transitions o Rationalize and predict the stability/reactivity of solids o Understand how an atom s or ion s crystallographic or ligand environment impacts allowed electronic and optical transitions o Understand basic molecular and nanomaterials synthesis and characterization tools o See how these concepts are tied to important scientific and industrial challenges
12 Egyptians: Cosmetics, Glassmaking, Metallurgy (4000 BCE)
13 Democritus (420 BCE): Atomic Hypothesis The only real things are atoms and empty space; all else is mere opinion.
14 Alchemists (350BCE ) Transmutation and the Greek god Hermes
15 Rene-Just Hauy ( ) mineralogist who discovered crystal planes
16 Lavosier (1777) discovered mass conservation, H, O; denounced phlogiston theory
17 Sir Humphrey Davy (1778) inventor of electrochemistry & discoverer of alkali metals
18 Michael Faraday: Discovers semiconductors negative temperature coefficient of resistance (1833)
19 Johann Dobereiner (1817) - noticed relations between atomic weights of similar elements Dobereiner Triads Li = 7 Na = = 23 K = = 39 Ca = =20 Sr = = 44 Ba = = 68 S = 32 Se = 32+47= 79 Te = = 126 Also lateral relations were observed: Cl -P = Br -As = I -Sb = 5
20 Mendeleev & Meyers (1871): ordering according to atomic weights and similar properties. * The elements, if arranged according to their atomic weight, exhibit an apparent periodicity of properties. *Elements which are similar in regards to their chemical properties have atomic weights which are either of nearly the same value (e.g., Pt, Ir, Os) or which increase regularly (e.g., K, Rb, Cs). * We must expect the discovery of many yet unknown elements for example, two elements, analogous to Al and Si, whose atomic weights would be between 65 and 75.
21 Luigi Galvani (1781): Precursor to the battery with Animal Electricity.
22 Cu Zn Cu Zn Alessandro Volta (1800) and John F. Daniel (1836): The first batteries. The Daniel cell produced 1.1 V and powered telegraphs and telephones for over 100 years.
23 William Adams and Richard Day the first photovoltaic cell (Se, 1876) (below: The first solar powered battery at Bell labs, 1954)
24 Russell Ohl The discovery of the PN Junction (Bell Labs, )
25 Bardeen, Brittain, Shockley Transistor (1948)
26 Linus Pauling Explained chemical bonds using quantum mechanics (1939)
27 Development and commercialization of electron microscopy ( ) 1 st practical TEM, 1933 From Zettl group, Science 323 (2009) 0.5 nm
28 1 nm Credit: Alivisatos group, UC Berkeley
29 Sidney Farber (1950) Father of modern chemotherapy who helped develop anti-folates Cisplatin Folic Acid Methotrexate
30 Recent breakthroughs in materials chemistry Organic / carbon-based based devices Flexible solar cells & polymeric devices Catalysis Anti-cancer drugs (Gleevec) New nanophotonic and molecular optical materials Battery technology
31 Upcoming materials chemistry challenges o Highly efficient, cost effective solar cells o Solar-fuel systems and improved battery technology o Environmental materials engineering (e.g., water purification) o Advanced computing (optical/spin computing) o Imaging g and visualization (display technology, big data ) o Biomedical materials o The nano/neuro interface The important thing in science is not so much to obtain new facts as to discover new ways of thinking about them. William Bragg
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