Elements and the Periodic Table
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1 CHAPTER 6 Elements and the Periodic Table 6.2 Properties of Groups of Elements
2 There are millions and millions of different kinds of matter (compounds) composed of the same 92 elements. These elements are organized in a periodic table. It is called periodic because there is a repeating pattern Properties of Groups of Elements
3 There are millions and millions of different kinds of matter (compounds) composed of the same 92 elements. These elements are organized in a periodic table. It is called periodic because there is a repeating pattern. Elements that belong to the same column have similar chemical properties. Here, we are going to go over these groups of elements Properties of Groups of Elements
4 Alkali metals Properties of Groups of Elements
5 Alkaline earth metals Properties of Groups of Elements
6 Transition metals Properties of Groups of Elements
7 Carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen Properties of Groups of Elements
8 Halogens Properties of Groups of Elements
9 Noble gases Properties of Groups of Elements
10 Alkali metals Li + Na + K + Rb + Why do elements in Group 1 have the tendency to form +1 ions? Cs + Fr Properties of Groups of Elements
11 Alkali metals Electron configuration Alkali metals have a single electron in the highest unfilled energy level Properties of Groups of Elements
12 Alkali metals 2:1 ratio with oxygen 1:1 ratio with chlorine We will see why this happens after we discuss oxygen and chlorine Properties of Groups of Elements
13 Alkaline earth metals Be 2+ Mg 2+ Ca 2+ Sr 2+ Why do elements in Group 2 have the tendency to form +2 ions? Ba 2+ Ra Properties of Groups of Elements
14 Alkaline earth metals Electron configuration Alkaline earth metals have two electrons in the highest unfilled energy level Properties of Groups of Elements
15 Alkaline earth metals 1:1 ratio with oxygen 1:2 ratio with chlorine We will see why this happens after we discuss oxygen and chlorine Properties of Groups of Elements
16 Transition metals Properties of Groups of Elements
17 Transition metals Note how the 3p orbital gets filled before 3d Properties of Groups of Elements
18 Transition metals Electron configuration Transition metals all have electrons in partly filled d orbitals Properties of Groups of Elements
19 Transition metals Bonding properties are complicated. For bonding with oxygen: 1:1, 2:3, 3:4 ratios for iron 2:1 ratio for silver Properties of Groups of Elements
20 Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen Extremely important elements to be discussed separately Properties of Groups of Elements
21 Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen The electron structures makes these elements very flexible in their chemistry. Carbon can accept or donate electrons Properties of Groups of Elements
22 Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen The electron structures makes these elements very flexible in their chemistry. Carbon can accept or donate electrons Nitrogen and oxygen tend to accept electrons Properties of Groups of Elements
23 Example compounds Carbon can bind many elements, including itself. Carbon compounds Nitrogen compounds Properties of Groups of Elements
24 Halogens F Why do elements in Group 17 have the tendency to form 1 ions? Cl Br I At Properties of Groups of Elements
25 Halogens have a single open quantum state in the highest energy p orbital. Halogens Properties of Groups of Elements
26 Halogens In their pure forms: Halogens form diatomic molecules (Cl 2, F 2 ) They are highly reactive, and toxic to many organisms. When combined with a metal: The resulting compound is generally an ionic salt Properties of Groups of Elements
27 Noble gases Elements in group 18 are called noble gases because they do not chemically bond with any of the other elements. Why not? Properties of Groups of Elements
28 The highest energy levels are completely filled. Noble gases Electrons in completely filled energy levels do not make bonds Properties of Groups of Elements
29 Remember: Electrons are responsible for bonding properties. 1 empty quantum state left in the highest unfilled energy level Bond formation 1 single electron in the highest unfilled energy level Properties of Groups of Elements
30 Bond formation By forming the ionic compound sodium chloride, both chloride and sodium ions achieve a noble gas electron structure! 18 electrons like argon 10 electrons like neon Properties of Groups of Elements
31 Bond formation 1 single electron in the highest unfilled energy level 2 empty quantum states left in the highest unfilled energy level Can you form a molecule with hydrogen and oxygen atoms? Properties of Groups of Elements
32 Bond formation Each hydrogen atom donates one electron to the oxygen atom Oxygen now has 10 electrons, like neon (a noble gas) Properties of Groups of Elements
33 Elements that belong to the same period in the periodic table have similar chemical properties. This is because they have similar electron configurations, and electrons are responsible for bonding properties. A noble gas electron structure is obtained through bond formation Properties of Groups of Elements
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