2012 Chem R & E Project Topics and Questions
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1 2012 Chem R & E Project Topics and Questions TOPIC 1: Heat of Neutralization - The Strong versus The Weak: The heats of neutralization for mixtures of strong and weak acids with strong and weak bases will be determined and compared. A calorimeter must be designed and used to measure molar heat of neutralization for selected substances. Results will be analyzed and compared using Hess' Law. Students will make: a. 1M Hydrochloric acid (HCl), b. 1M sodium hydroxide (NaOH), c. 1M acetic acid (CH 3 COOH), d. 1M sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ) a) heat k) acid b) temperature l) base c) energy m) ph d) heat of reaction n) neutralization e) heat capacity o) heat of neutralization f) specific heat p) strong acid or base g) enthalpy q) weak acid or base h) endothermic r) Hess Law i) exothermic j) calorimetry 2) What is the difference between a strong acid (or base) and a weak acid (or base)? 3) Would we expect a different outcome when we mix a strong acid with a strong base, versus a weak acid with a weak base? Why or why not? 4) How can we measure heat of neutralization? TOPIC 2: Energy in food - Which one of these foods would you guess has the most energy? This project will study the amount of energy in nuts, potato chips, and pastas. Chemical Supplies: Depending on your design. a) Calorimeters b) Bomb calorimeter c) Chemical Energy d) Systems e) Enthalpy/Entropy/Gibb s Free Energy f) Energy g) Bond energy h) Endothermic/Exothermic
2 i) Laws of thermodynamics j) Heat and work k) Hess law l) Specific heat m) Heat Capacity n) Function of states o) Etc. 2) How energy is stored in foods? 3) How energy is released from food? 4) What is energy? 5) What is the relationship between heat and energy? 6) What is the relationship between temperature and motion of molecules? 7) How can we predict the effectiveness of a type of food in providing energy to your body? TOPIC 3: The effect of Concentration on the Rate of a Reaction: Students will study the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction, for a chemical reaction. It is often thought that the higher concentrations result in a higher rate of reaction and this can be a good hypothesis for beginners. Research will be performed on a reaction of sulfuric acid and iron. Chemical Supplies: iron powder, sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) Conditions used by teams of all four blocks: Rate of reaction will be determined for four concentrations of H 2 SO 4 : 1M, 0.5M, 0.25M, 0.1M a) solution, solute, solvent b) concentration c) chemical reaction d) rate of reaction e) reaction kinetics 2) What factors will affect the rate of reaction? 3) How do you determine concentrations of a solute? 4) How can we measure a rate of reaction? TOPIC 4: Buffer Capacity: Students will compare the capacity of two buffers, i.e. determine how much acid or base it will take to break the buffer. Students will make the two buffer systems. Students will make: a. 0.1 M acetate buffer at ph 4.5 sodium acetate (NaCH 3 COO) and acetic acid (CH 3 COOH)]; b. 0.1M borate buffer at ph 9.5 [sodium borate (Na 2 B 4 O 7 ) and boric acid]; c. 0.01M hydrochloric acid (HCl) and 0.01 M sodium chloride (NaOH)
3 a) acid b) base c) ph d) neutralization e) strong acid or base f) weak acid or base g) titration h) indicator dye i) rate of reaction j) chemical equilibrium k) dissociation constant l) K a and K b m) buffer n) buffer capacity 2) What are the main components of any buffer system? 3) How can we assure a buffer has a certain ph? 4) Specifically, how will you prepare a 0.1 M acetate buffer - ph 4.5 and a 0.1 M borate buffer - ph 9.5? 5) How will you determine whether the buffer is broken, i.e. the buffer capacity? TOPIC 5: Calcium as a Nutritional Supplement: The mass and percent composition calcium in three common nutritional supplements will be determined and compared with the label information. The calcium supplements will be provided and students will analyze them for calcium ion concentration using gravimetric analysis or titration. The results will be compared to the contents listed on the label. Students will use and make: a. Calcium supplement tablets (3 brands), b. 1M hydrochloric acid (HCl), c. ethanol (CH3CH 2 OH), d. 0.1M sodium hydroxide (NaOH), e. phenolphthalein (indicator dye); f. possibly other, depending on method (EDTA, etc) a) solution, solute, solvent b) analytical chemistry c) gravimetric analysis d) volumetric analysis (titration) e) isolation f) contamination g) precipitation 2) How will you make sure you will determine the amount of calcium only and not any other components of the tablet?
4 3) How will you determine the material you obtained really is calcium? Topic 6: Paper Chromatography: chlorophylls, carotenes, and anthocyanins What mixes of alcohol and water are needed to get the best chromatography results when comparing the chemical makeup of several different types of common leaves? Topic 7: Vitamin C as a natural supplement. Find the concentration of vitamin C in three common brands of orange juice. Objective: The goal of this project is to determine which orange juice has the most vitamin C: home-made fresh-squeezed, premium not-from-concentrate, or juice made from frozen concentrate. 1. Terms you need to be able to define and explain: a. Titration b. Stoichiometry c. Vitamin C d. Iodine e. Oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions f. Redox potential g. starch solutions h. Standard Solutions i. Calibration Curve j. Concentration k. Daily Requirements 2. What is Vitamin C and what does it contribute to your body? 3. What are methods for the determination of Vitamin C concentrations? 4. What happens when iodine is added to a starch solution? 5. What happens when iodine is added to a starch solution that also contains vitamin C? 6. Which type or orange juice has the most vitamin C? 7. What is the relationship between vitamin C and time? Topic 8: Gas Laws: Do all gases at STP have a volume of 22.4 L? Compare several different gases and design an apparatus to find the volume of a given amount of these gases at STP Topic 9: Copper concentration in a solution How many ways to find blue? A comparison of the effectiveness and relative accuracy of different methods of finding the copper ion concentration will provide you with a challenging and wide-ranging
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TOPIC 1: Heat of Neutralization - The Strong versus The Weak: The heats of neutralization for mixtures of strong and weak acids with strong and weak bases will be determined and compared. A calorimeter
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