Discovering Design With Chemistry

Transcription

1 Discovering Design With Chemistry Preliminary Table of Contents Chapter 1: Measuring Up... 1 Introduction... 1 Measuring Distance... 1 Using Different Units... 2 Significant Figures... 4 Using Significant Figures in Mathematical Problems... 6 A Relationship Between Units... 8 Experiment 1.1: Determining the Relationship Between in and cm... 8 Converting Between Units... 9 Prefixes in the Metric System Scientific Notation Measuring Area and Volume: Derived Units Experiment 1.2: Determining the Relationship Between cm 3 and ml Converting Between Volume Units Measuring Mass Measuring Time Density More on Density Experiment 1.3: Density Solutions to the Comprehension Check Questions Sample Calculations for Experiment Sample Calculations for Experiment Sample Calculations for Experiment Review Chapter 2: What s The Matter? Introduction Mixtures and Pure Substances Experiment 2.1: Separating a Mixture of Salt and Chervil Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Mixtures Mass Conservation: It s Not Just a Good Idea, It s the Law! Experiment 2.2: The Conservation of Mass Elements and Compounds The Law of Definite Proportions Experiment 2.3: Oh What a Difference Some Oxygen Makes Dalton s Atomic Theory The Law of Multiple Proportions What s Wrong with Dalton s Theory: Part One What s Wrong with Dalton s Theory: Part Two Solutions to the Comprehension Check Questions Review... 64

2 Chapter 3: Making Sense of Atoms and Elements Introduction Abbreviating and Arranging Elements Defining the Atoms that Make Up an Element Isotopes, Radiation, and Nuclear Weapons Light Waves The Electromagnetic Spectrum Experiment 3.1: The Wavelength of Microwaves The Energy of Light Illuminating the Structure of Atoms: The Bohr Model Experiment 3.2: Flame Tests More on The Bohr Model Spectroscopy Solutions to the Comprehension Check Questions Sample Calculations for Experiment Review Chapter 4: The Modern View of Atoms and Their Chemistry Introduction Waves, Particles, or Both? Experiment 4.1: Interfering Light Out with Orbits, In with Orbitals Wait a Minute Do Electrons Really Behave Like Waves? So Where Do You Put These Electrons? What Good Are Electron Configurations? Lewis Structures for Elements Metals, Nonmetals, and the In-Betweens Experiment 4.2: Comparing a Metal and a Nonmetal Ionic Compounds Ionic Compounds that Don t Follow the Rules An Important Characteristic of Ionic Compounds Experiment 4.3: Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes Solutions to the Comprehension Check Questions Review ii

3 Chapter 5: Covalent Compounds and Their Molecular Geometry Introduction Share and Share Alike Lewis Structures of Covalent Compounds More Complicated Lewis Structures Naming Covalent Compounds Periodic Properties and How They Affect Covalent Compounds A Consequence of Polar Covalent Bonds Experiment 5.1: Bending Water Molecules in Three Dimensions Is It Polar? Why Is Polarity Important? Experiment 5.2: Polar and Nonpolar Solutions to the Comprehension Check Questions Review Chapter 6: Physical and Chemical Change Introduction Chemical and Physical Changes Temperature Changes Phase Changes Experiment 6.1: Cool it! The Kinetic Theory of Matter Experiment 6.2: In Between and All Around An Important Exception: Water Chemical Reactions Balancing Chemical Equations The Mathematical Nature of Chemical Equations Formation and Decomposition Reactions Single and Double Displacement Reactions Experiment 6.3: Copper-Plated Nails Combustion Reactions Experiment 6.4: Burning Iron Solutions to the Comprehension Check Questions Review iii

4 Chapter 7: Stoichiometry Introduction Counting Atoms Mole Problems Not Just in Your Backyard Using the Mole Concept Experiment 7.1: How Wet Is Hydrated Copper Sulfate? Moles Infesting Chemical Equations There is a Limit! Experiment 7.2: The Limiting Reactant Using More Complicated Chemical Equations Stoichiometry Gets Massive Experiment 7.3: The Amount of NaHCO3 in Alka-Seltzer Solutions to the Comprehension Check Questions Sample Calculations for Experiment Sample Calculations for Experiment Review Chapter 8: Still More on Stoichiometry Introduction To Err is Human Experiment 8.1: Percent Yield Percent Yield Empirical and Molecular Formulas Determining Empirical Formulas of Metal Oxides Determining Empirical Formulas With Combustion Analysis More complicated Combustion Analysis Determining Empirical Formulas from Percent Composition Polyatomic Ions Solutions to the Comprehension Check Questions Sample Calculations for Experiment Review iv

5 Chapter 9: Chemists Have Solutions Introduction Dissolving Solutes into Solvents Solubility Experiment 9.1: Temperature and Solubility Some Ionic and Polar Covalent Chemicals Aren t Very Soluble Experiment 9.2: Forming a Precipitate Concentration Experiment 9.3: The Importance of Concentration Molarity Using Molarity in Stoichiometry Molality: Another Unit for Concentration This is Depressing! Experiment 9.4: Freezing Point Depression From Depressing to Elevating Solutions to the Comprehension Check Questions Review Chapter 10: It s a Gas! Introduction How Pressure is Defined Boyle s Law Experiment 10.1: Boyle s Law Charles s Law Experiment 10.2: Charles s Law Charles s Law and Absolute Temperature The Combined Gas Law It s Got To Be Ideal! This Law Is Ideal! Gases in Stoichiometry Dalton s Law of Partial Pressures Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point Experiment 10.3: Boiling Water with Ice Vapor Pressure and Dalton s Law Experiment 10.4: The Concentration of Hydrogen Peroxide Solutions to the Comprehension Check Questions Sample Calculations for Experiment Review v

6 Chapter 11: Some Pretty Basic (and Acidic) Chemicals Introduction Characteristics of Acids and Bases Experiment 11.1: Litmus Tests The Chemical Definition of Acids and Bases Acids and Ionic Bases Sometimes, You Can Just Tell Determining The Chemical Equation for an Acid/Base Reaction The ph Scale Experiment 11.2: Anthocyanins as Acid/Base Indicators Acid/Base Neutralization Acid/Base Titrations Experiment 11.3: The Percent of Acetic Acid in Vinegar Diluting Acid and Bases Solutions to the Comprehension Check Questions Sample Calculations for Experiment Review Chapter 12: Reduction and Oxidation Introduction Oxidation States Determining Oxidation States Reduction and Oxidation Experiment 12.1: Oxidation States of Iron The Basics of Batteries Experiment 12.2: A Simple Galvanic Cell Analyzing Galvanic Cells Counting Electrons and Balancing Simple Redox Equations Batteries That You Actually Use Electroplating Experiment 12.3: Electroplating The Downside of Redox Reaction Solutions to the Comprehension Check Questions Review vi

7 Chapter 13: The Heat is On Introduction What is Heat? Calories, calories, and Joules Specific Heat Capacity Experiment 13.1: Specific Heat Capacity Measuring Heat Calorimetry Experiment 13.2: A Calorimetry Experiment More Detailed Calorimetry Experiments Latent Heat Experiment 13.3: Melting Ice The Heat Associated with Chemical Reactions Experiment 13.4: An Endothermic Reaction Solutions to the Comprehension Check Questions Sample Calculations for Experiment Review Chapter 14: Thermodynamics Introduction Enthalpy Experiment 14.1: Measuring H Enthalpy Change and Bond Energies Enthalpy Change and Hess s Law Enthalpy and Stoichiometry Activation Energy Thermodynamics Changes in Entropy Getting Numbers for S The Gibbs Free Energy Experiment 14.2: Determining S for a Physical Change The Gibbs Free Energy and Hess s Law Solutions to the Comprehension Check Questions Sample Calculations for Experiment Review vii

8 Chapter 15: Kinetics Introduction Rate Your Reactions What Things Affect the Rate of a Chemical Reaction? Experiment 15.1: Changing the Rate of a Reaction Collision Theory The Rate Equation It Lasts Only for an Instant Determining Reaction Orders Activation Energy, Temperature, and the Rate Constant Catalysts Experiment 15.2: Catalysts Don t Get Used Up How Catalysts Work Solutions to the Comprehension Check Questions Review Chapter 16: Chemical Equilibrium Introduction Establishing Chemical Equilibrium Experiment 16.1: Water in Equilibrium The Equilibrium Constant The Chemical Meaning of the Equilibrium Constant Ignoring Things Are We There Yet? Why Salt Melts Ice This is Disturbing More on Le Chatelier s Principle Experiment 16.2: Le Chatelier s Principle and Concentration Le Chatelier s Principle and Temperature Experiment 16.3: Le Chatelier s Principle and Temperature Le Chatelier s Principle and Pressure Equilibrium Concepts Applied to Acids and Bases All Good Things Must Come to an End Solutions to the Comprehension Check Questions Review viii