Organization of the Courses

Transcription

1 Science 51A: AP Chemistry, First Semester Science 52A: AP Chemistry, Second Semester Text: Zumdahl and Zumdahl, Chemistry, Houghton Mifflin Company, 2007, updated 7 th edition. Lab Software and Workbook: Woodfield, Asplund, and Haderlie, Virtual Chemlab: General Chemistry Laboratories v2.5e, Pearson Eduction, Inc., 2007, updated 2.5 version. Introduction Science 51A & 52A: AP Chemistry First and Second Semester If this is your first correspondence course, welcome! If you have experienced this type of learning before, I hope your experience was a rewarding one. Science 51A and 52A are courses intended for students who have both a high aptitude and high interest in chemistry. The concepts covered in this course should prepare you for an intensive freshman college chemistry course and for the AP Chemistry test in May, if that is your desire. Correspondence courses require you to read, search, and learn independently. It is so very important that you keep in contact with me by reading the discussion section that is a part of each lesson. On each lesson, be sure to make comments and ask questions about items that were difficult for you. This practice will allow me to better understand any problems you may be having. It will also allow you to gain a better understanding of the course. The chemistry topics in this course will be covered in more depth and with greater stress on mathematical calculations than in a first-year chemistry course. You should be prepared with excellent Algebra skills. Science 51A and 52A will also have an overall emphasis on developing your problem-solving skills. Organization of the Courses Overview of the Courses These courses both have two major sections. In Science 51A, the first four lessons and the midterm exam cover the topics of measurement; matter; atoms, molecules, and ions; chemical quantities and reactions; stoichiometry; gases. The second four lessons and the final exam cover the topics of thermochemistry, atomic structure and periodicity; chemical bonding; liquids and solids. In Science 52A, the first four lessons and the midterm exam cover the topics of properties of solutions; chemical reaction kinetics; chemical equilibrium; acids and bases. The second four lessons and the final exam cover the topics of chemical thermodynamics; electrochemistry; nuclear chemistry; organic chemistry. Individual lessons Each lesson you complete is organized in the way I have described below. A lesson title will give you the major idea on which to focus. A set of objectives will provide you with a framework for your study of the chapter(s) included in

2 each lesson. These objectives will give you the basis of what you are to understand as you complete the reading and exercises in the lesson. Your textbook will be your primary resource. It is especially important that you complete each reading assignment from the textbook, Chemistry 7 th Edition by Steven S. Zumdahl and Susan A. Zumdahl. Browse through To the Student section on pages XV-XXII to see how the authors have arranged the main headings for the chapter, the section reviews, and particularly, the chapter review with its key terms and numerous review questions. The discussions for the class will be divided into two parts. The first part will be found in this learning guide and will give you what I think are important topics covered in the lesson. The discussion will serve as an introduction to the lesson just as a lecture would be used as an introduction in the classroom. Obviously, some of the material in your reading of the textbook is going to be more difficult than others. In the discussion section, I will try to give you additional examples and explain material in a different way. The second component of the discussion portion of this class will include a discussion forum. This discussion board will be used several ways: (1) Your instructor may post a question or thought regarding the current lesson or a current event that pertains to the chemistry lessons to which you will be expected to respond. (2) You may use the discussion board to ask and answer questions that may come up when doing assignments. (3) You may be asked to collaborate with one another in the discussion forum as you complete written and lab assignments. (4) You may be asked to communicate with one another and collaborate as you gather class data and responses for the laboratory report. The written and lab assignments you are to send in for grading are in this learning guide and in the Virtual ChemLab workbook. Following are some guidelines I expect you to follow for each lesson. 1. For each lesson, complete all the questions; submitting the written and lab assignments together at the same time. If there is a question you do not understand, do not leave it blank. Explain or describe to me what your difficulty was or how the question was confusing to you. As I grade your assignment, I will give you an explanation that I hope will help you. Unanswered questions can substantially lower your grade. 2. Correct spelling and grammar are also important. Answer in your own words and as completely as you can. It is much better, in a course such as this one, to give more detail than might be necessary to answer a question than it is to leave something out. This is especially true on all the questions involving calculations. Be sure to show your work. 3. The number of points each question is worth will vary with each lesson, according to the number of questions in the lesson or lab and the amount of thought or work required for answering a particular question. The grading scale for lessons and exams is given in the section, Grading Standards. The laboratory experience is an essential part of your understanding of chemistry. As such, there are over 40 required lab assignments to be completed during the course. There are three main types of

3 lab assignments: Virtual ChemLab assignments, Mini-Lab assignments, and the written laboratory report. Be prepared for the laboratory work to take at least 3 hours per week. I. Virtual ChemLab is a set of realistic and sophisticated simulations that cover general chemistry laboratories. In these laboratories, you are put into a virtual environment where you are free to make the choices and decisions that you would confront in an actual laboratory setting and, in turn, experience the resulting consequences. You will use the Virtual ChemLab workbook in conjunction with the software to complete the Virtual ChemLab assignments. II. The Mini-Lab assignments will consist of laboratory exercises that pertain to the lesson content yet are safe enough to complete on your own. The Mini-Lab assignments will be in the course guides with each lesson of which they are a part. Unless designated with an asterisk in the syllabus, the lab listed is a Virtual ChemLab assignment. III. Laboratory reports: To assess your understanding of the lab experiments for each lesson, you will submit a complete, written laboratory report for select experiments from the lessons. Lesson assignments will not be considered complete unless the laboratory reports are submitted along with all other assignments for each lesson. Each week your laboratory experiments, including your laboratory report, will take about three hours to complete. The laboratory experience is an essential part of your understanding of AP chemistry. The experiments that you will perform have been chosen carefully to fulfill this purpose. Every experiment you will do is directly related to material being studied in class. To assess your understanding of the labs, you will submit complete lab reports for experiments in each lesson and answer questions on exams that can only be answered if you complete the experiment and report. The laboratory experiments that require a laboratory report are designated with a symbol. The laboratory report format is as follows: A. Identifying information. At the top of the first page of the laboratory report put your name, your partner s name, the date on which the experiment starts, and the title of the experiment. B. Purpose of the experiment. For a well-designed experiment this is a single, simple sentence. Some experiments will require two or three sentences, but if you get beyond three, you have probably missed the point of the experiment. C. Outline or flow chart of the procedure. Do not copy the entire procedure. Phrases are acceptable. The procedure must state what you are physically doing, virtually or actually, in the laboratory. Many times, a T-format is appropriate with the procedure on the left side and data/observations on the right. The observations should be recorded parallel to the given procedure. There are some experiments where a narrative format is acceptable and data can be recorded in a table or matrix. A good procedure can be understood and used by another person. D. Data and observations. During the experiment, you will record all data and observations in your notebook. The information should be in chronological order

4 throughout the experiment and all entries must be clearly labeled and include units. Calculations that are needed to complete the experiment may also be included. For combinations or repetitive trials, data tables are very appropriate. E. Calculations or chemical equations. For quantitative experiments the report needs a calculations section, which you should label as such. You must show a sample calculation in every instance, even for calculations done in a spreadsheet. All calculations must be presented neatly and completely and should include correct labels and units. When analyzing class data on a spreadsheet, present statistics (mean, standard deviation, precision, and, when appropriate, the accuracy) on the results, not on the data. Spreadsheets with which class data is analyzed must be included in your lab report. For qualitative experiments, you will probably need a chemical equations section. F. Graphs. When graphs are to be done, use Excel (or an equivalent spreadsheet) and attach the graph(s) to the report. G. Summary. For all experiments you will write a final section that is a summary. This should be in third-person, passive voice. The section will be written in standard English-composition format. i, There should be a summary of the results. One should not have to go back to the observations or calculations section to look up something. ii. There should be a detailed discussion of the results when appropriate. This section should identify what the results mean, the significance of the results, etc. iii. In a quantitative experiment, you must attempt to analyze the experiment. iv. The summary will be the most difficult for the first few experiments. Therefore, efforts will be made to give guidance and advice before you will be held completely responsible for your grade for this portion of the lab report. Failure to heed advice will eventually result in penalties. Much of the report may be done in consultation with a peer, but the summary must be your own individual work. H. Signature. Your last entry will be your electronic signature and the date the report is completed. You should compile your submitted lab reports in a notebook or portfolio. This will make it easier for you to review these labs when preparing for the exams. Course Design The AP Chemistry course is designed for students to take over the duration of one school year, from the third week of August of one year leading up to the AP Chemistry exam in May of the next calendar year. The course covers two semesters of general chemistry and is divided into Science 51A and Science 52A. Each semester s work is divided into eight lessons and two exams. As this is an AP course, the course assumes you desire to take the AP Chemistry Exam in

5 May. Therefore, there are deadlines to meet when taking the course exams as detailed in the syllabus. This is to encourage you to work steadily and not procrastinate. In between exams, you are allowed to work at your own pace. The recommended maximum time for each lesson is one to two weeks. If you prefer to take a chemistry course completely at your own pace, you should probably enroll in the regular chemistry course instead of this course. The syllabus is as follows: Science 51A: AP Chemistry First Semester Lesson 1: Measurement and Matter; Atoms, Molecules, and Ions Time frame: less than 1 week Topics: Units of measurement; uncertainty in measurement; significant figures and calculations; dimensional analysis; classification of matter; early history of chemistry; modern atomic structure; introduction to the periodic table; chemical and molecular formula writing; compound nomenclature Thomson Cathode Ray Tube Experiment Names and Formulas of Ionic Compounds Lesson 2: Chemical Quantities and Reactions Time frame: 1 week Topics: Atomic masses; the mole; mole-mass and mole-volume relationships; percent composition and chemical formulas; word equations; chemical equations; balancing chemical equations; stoichiometric calculations with reactants and products; limiting reagent calculations Counting Atoms Counting Molecules Lesson 3: Solution Stoichiometry Time frame: 2½ weeks Topics: Water as a solvent; strong and weak electrolytes; solution composition; chemical reaction types; predicting products; precipitation reactions; acid base reactions; oxidation reduction reactions; balancing oxidation reduction reactions Creating a Solution of Known Molarity Strong and Weak Electrolytes Writing Balanced Precipitation Reactions Precipitation Reactions Concepts in Acid-Base Titrations Acid-Base Titration: Practice Lesson 4: Gases Time frame: 1½ 2 weeks Topics: Pressure; gas laws of Boyle, Charles, and Avogadro; ideal gas law; gas stoichiometry; Dalton s law of partial pressures; Graham s law of effusion; kinetic molecular theory; effusion and diffusion; real gases; chemistry in the atmosphere

6 Derivation of the Ideal Gas Law Ideal vs. Real Gases The Effect of Mass on Pressure Lesson 5: Midterm Exam Deadline: October Lesson 6: Thermochemistry Time frame: 1½ weeks Topics: Energy; enthalpy; calorimetry; thermochemical equations; heats of formation; bond energies; heats of reactions and Hess s Law; molar heat of combustion Enthalpy of Solution: NH 4 NO 3 Specific Heat of Pb Heat of Formation: Aspirin Heat of Reaction: MgO(s) + HCl(aq) Hess s Law Lesson 7: Atomic Structure and Periodicity Time frame: 1½ weeks Topics: Atomic spectra; Bohr model; quantum mechanical model of the atom; quantum numbers; orbitals; electron configuration; electron spin; Pauli Principle; periodic table; periodic trends in atomic properties both physical and chemical Atomic Emission Spectra Emission Spectra for Sodium and Mercury Flame Tests for Metals Photoelectric Effect-1 Lesson 8: Chemical Bonding Time frame: 2½ weeks Topics: Types of chemical bonds; electronegativity; bond polarity and dipole moments; electron configuration and sizes of ions; formation of binary ionic compounds; partial ionic character of covalent bonds; covalent bond energies and chemical reactions; Lewis structures; exceptions to the octet rule; resonance; VSEPR model; hybridization Solutions Containing Ions* Strengths of Covalent Bonds* Paper Chromatography of Food Dyes* Lesson 9: Liquids and Solids Time frame: 1 week Topics: Intermolecular forces; molecular solids; ionic solids; vapor pressure and changes of state; phase diagrams; specific heat; dipole dipole interactions; hydrogen bonding; London forces; liquid state; types of solids; metallic bonding; network solids

7 Heat of Fusion of Water Heat of Vaporization of Water The Boiling Point of Water at High Altitude Lesson 10: Final Exam Deadline: December 6 20 Science 52A: AP Chemistry Second Semester Lesson 1: Properties of Solutions Time frame: 2 weeks or less Topics: Solution composition; energies of solution formation; factors affecting solubility; vapor pressures of solutions; boiling-point elevation; freezing-point depression; osmotic pressure; colligative properties of electrolyte solutions; colloids; Raoult s law; Henry s law; molarity; molality; mole fraction Boiling-Point Elevation Molar Mass Determination by Freezing-Point Depression Changes in the Boiling Point Lesson 2: Chemical Kinetics Time frame: no more than 2½ weeks Topics: Chemical reaction kinetics; rate laws; order of reactions; half-life; activation energy; catalysis; reaction mechanisms Temperature and Reaction Rates* Catalysts and Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide* Lesson 3: Chemical Equilibrium Time frame: 2 weeks Topics: Equilibrium condition; equilibrium constant; pressure and equilibrium; Le Châtelier s principle and how equilibrium is affected by changes in temperature, concentration, etc.; applications and calculations of equilibrium constant Experiment: Chemical Equilibrium Lab* Lesson 4: Acids, Bases, and Aqueous Equilibria Time frame: 4 weeks Topics: Nature of acids and bases; acid strength; ph; calculating the ph of strong and weak acid solutions; titration and ph curves; degree of ionization; acid base properties of salts and oxides; Arrhenius concept; Brønsted Lowry model; Lewis acid base model Study of Acid Base Titrations Monoprotic Acids Strong Acid Weak Base Titrations Weak Acid Weak Base Titrations Study of Acid Base Titrations Polyprotic Acids

8 Acid Base Standardization Analysis of Baking Soda Identification of Cations in Solution Ag +, Hg 2 2+, Pb 2+ Identification of Cations in Solution Co 2+, Cu 2+, Ni 2+ Lesson 5: Midterm Exam Deadline: February 24 March 8 Lesson 6: Chemical Thermodynamics Time frame: 2 weeks Topics: Spontaneous processes and entropy; laws of thermodynamics; temperature and spontaneity; Gibbs free energy equation; free energy; energy changes in chemical reactions; free energy and equilibrium; free energy and work; enthalpy; entropy; exothermic and endothermic reactions Experiment: The Balance Between Enthalpy and Entropy Lesson 7: Electrochemistry Time frame: 2 weeks Topics: Galvanic cells; standard reduction potentials; cell potential; electrical work and free energy; cell potential and concentration; batteries; corrosion; electrolysis; oxidation and reduction half-cells and equations; electrochemical (voltaic) cells; standard voltages; Nernst equation; Faraday s laws; writing redox equations; balancing equations in acid/base solutions Standardization of a Permanganate Solution Analysis of a Ferrous Chloride Sample Lesson 8: Nuclear Chemistry Time frame: 1 week Topics: Nuclear stability and radioactive decay; radioactive decay kinetics; nuclear transformations; radioactivity detection and uses; thermodynamic stability of the nucleus; nuclear fission and fusion; effects of radiation Experiment: Investigating the Properties of Alpha and Beta Particles Lesson 9: Organic Chemistry Time frame: 1 week Topics: Alkanes; alkenes; alkynes; aromatic hydrocarbons; polymers; functional groups (structure, nomenclature, chemical properties) none Lesson 10: Final Exam Deadline: April Grading Standards The final grade in the course will be based on your performance on the written lessons, the midterm examination, and the final examination. The written lessons will be scored on the basis of

9 percentages. The grade equivalent for the percentages will be percent = D-; percent = D; percent = D+; percent = C-; percent = C; percent = C+; percent = B-; percent = B+; percent = A-; percent = A; percent = A+. Your average percentage on the written assignments will count as 25 percent of your total course grade. Your average percentage on the laboratory exercises and reports will count as 25 percent of your total course grade. The midterm examination will feature matching and multiple-choice items worth one point each and one or two free-response items worth five to ten points each. Each exam will be weighted to account for 25 percent of the final course grade. The final examination will have the same composition as the midterm. The grade on the final will constitute 25 percent of your course grade. You are required to earn an average of at least a D- (60%) on the examinations in order to pass the course. Upon completing the midterm examination, you will be given an evaluation of your work based on the four written lessons and the midterm exam. The time allotted on each of the examinations is a maximum of three hours and five minutes. Each exam will follow the AP Chemistry Exam format in order to familiarize you with the exam layout and procedures. When taking the examination, you will not be permitted to use your textbook, learning guide, study notes, or other supplementary material. Calculators will only be permitted during one section of each exam. In returning lessons to you, we attempt to minimize turn-around time, but there are always possible situations that may delay your receipt of graded material. It is wise for you to await the return of one lesson before submitting the next. Questions over some lessons depend upon a previous lesson. If you have the corrected material available, perhaps a subsequent error can be eliminated. Contacting Your Instructor If problems arise between assignments, you can write to your instructor. Many instructors can be contacted via . Please check the information booklet you received with your initial enrollment materials for the complete listing of instructors with addresses. Please refer to the contact information on the back cover of this learning guide for addresses and telephone numbers.