Physics of Nuclear Weapons
|
|
|
- Simon Horton
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Physics of Nuclear Weapons
2 Nuclear Fission and Fusion Copy and paste into browser:
3 What is a nuclear bomb? There are two main types of bombs which release energy from the nuclei of atoms. 1. Atomic bomb 2. Hydrogen bomb or Thermonuclear bomb
4 What is a nuclear bomb? 1. Atomic bomb This type of bomb releases great quantities of energy through a process called nuclear fission, or 'splitting', of a large unstable (radioactive) element like uranium or plutonium. Fission is also used in nuclear power plants
5 What is a nuclear bomb? 2. Hydrogen bomb or thermonuclear bomb This type of bomb releases an even greater quantity of energy through nuclear fusion, a process which combines smaller nuclei into a larger nucleus. Also the process in the sun and other stars
6 What is a nuclear bomb? The bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki were both atomic (fission) bombs. (Draw me!) Little Boy Fat Man
7 How does it work? The energy source is a mass of radioactive material (material which releases particles and energy) such as uranium or plutonium. This material is very unstable - the atom's nucleus is ready to fall apart at the slightest nudge, releasing energy and extra neutrons.
8 How does it work? Implosion: Fissile material (U-235, Pu-239, or a combination) is surrounded by high explosives that compress the mass, resulting in criticality. (A sustained nuclear chain reaction.)
9 How does it work? The plutonium is unstable (radioactive), so the atoms are continually breaking up into smaller elements that are more stable. Every time one nucleus splits, it releases extra energy no longer needed to hold it together, as well as a few neutrons.
10 How does it work? The force of the TNT explosion causes the plutonium to be squashed, or compressed in size, and become so densely packed together that the neutrons escaping from the decaying nuclei of plutonium cannot escape from the plutonium without bumping into another plutonium atom.
11 How does it work? When they hit another atom, they cause that nucleus to break down too, and the second nucleus releases more energy and neutrons, which in turn go and break up more nuclei in a rapidly escalating chain reaction.
12 How does it work? Within a fraction of a second, all the nuclei in the chunk of plutonium have been hit by escaping neutrons, and have broken down. The extra energy in atomic nuclei is all released at once.
13 How does it work? Core requirements: A 20 kt nuclear bomb requires: 4-5 kg of weapons grade plutonium OR kg of weapons grade uranium. A 1kt nuclear weapon could be made with: 1 kg of weapons-grade plutonium OR 2.5 kg of weapons-grade uranium.
14 Nuclear weapons today Between 21,300 and 30,000 nuclear warheads with the equivalent explosive force of: 200,000 Hiroshima-sized bombs (11 billion tons of TNT - 2 tons for every human on the planet). 5,000 ready to be launched in less than 30 minutes.
15 Nuclear weapons USA Declared states Active Total 1,750 6,970 Russia 1,790 7,300 France China? 260 Britain
16 Nuclear weapons - Undeclared states Israel ? India ? Pakistan ? N. Korea 6-8?
17 What are the effects of a onemegaton bomb?
18 One-megaton bomb detonated Flash in the air Intense flash of light, a thousand times brighter than lightning. Pulse of heat radiation - sets fire to combustible material 14 km away. Pulse of X-rays, lethal within 3 km.
19 One-megaton bomb detonated Fireball in the air Forms after the flash and rises in the air. Can permanently blind people up to 80 km away. All exposed body parts burned deeply within 10 km. Superficial burns within fifteen km.
20 One-megaton bomb detonated in the air Blast Powerful blast wave - starts immediately, but travels slower than the flash and fireball. Destroys everything within 2 km. 100% fatalities within 3 km. 50% of people killed within 8 km. Major damage to buildings within 14 km, windows broken out to km.
21 One-megaton bomb detonated in the air Blast Hurricane force winds, first outwards, then inwards. Tornado force winds (six hundred km/hr), within four km - can drive glass splinters into people. People picked up and hurled into any object strong enough to be still standing.
22 One-megaton bomb detonated in the air Firestorm Fires started by the first flash coalesce. Cause sufficient updraft to form their own wind, which blows inwards from all sides - increasing the intensity of the fire. Fire uses all available oxygen. People caught in the open would melt, those in shelters would probably be baked.
23 One-megaton bomb detonated in the air Acute radiation exposure Central nervous system dysfunction. Gastrointestinal damage. Uncontrolled internal bleeding. Bleeding from gums or within the skin. Massive infections. Death.
24 One-megaton bomb detonated in the air Delayed radiation Everything in vicinity of explosion radioactive. Hiroshima - radioactive rainstorms. 1/3 of original fissile material not destroyed. Widespread contamination. Increased risk of developing cancer for survivors.
25 One-megaton bomb detonated at ground-level Enormous crater metres wide and 70 metres deep. Major fallout of radioactive particulates, potentially lethal hundreds of kilometres downwind. Area of blast damage and immediate deaths about one half of air detonation scenario. More deaths days to weeks after bomb due to radiation sickness from fallout.
26 Nuke Map Spend a few minutes exploring this resource. Experiment with several different items and their effects on the surrounding area. How does detonating a bomb in the air vs on the ground change the variables?
Radioactivity. L 38 Modern Physics [4] Hazards of radiation. Nuclear Reactions and E = mc 2 Einstein: a little mass goes a long way
![Radioactivity. L 38 Modern Physics [4] Hazards of radiation. Nuclear Reactions and E = mc 2 Einstein: a little mass goes a long way](/thumbs/80/81251381.jpg "Radioactivity. L 38 Modern Physics [4] Hazards of radiation. Nuclear Reactions and E = mc 2 Einstein: a little mass goes a long way")
L 38 Modern Physics [4] Nuclear physics what s inside the nucleus and what holds it together what is radioactivity, halflife carbon dating Nuclear energy nuclear fission nuclear fusion nuclear reactors
Nuclear Reactions and E = mc 2. L 38 Modern Physics [4] Hazards of radiation. Radiation sickness. Biological effects of nuclear radiation
![Nuclear Reactions and E = mc 2. L 38 Modern Physics [4] Hazards of radiation. Radiation sickness. Biological effects of nuclear radiation](/thumbs/77/76435546.jpg "Nuclear Reactions and E = mc 2. L 38 Modern Physics [4] Hazards of radiation. Radiation sickness. Biological effects of nuclear radiation")
L 38 Modern Physics [4] Nuclear physics what s s inside the nucleus and what holds it together what is radioactivity, halflife carbon dating Nuclear energy nuclear fission nuclear fusion nuclear reactors
L 36 Atomic and Nuclear Physics-4. Radioactivity. Nuclear reactions: E = mc 2. Hazards of radiation. Biological effects of nuclear radiation
L 36 Atomic and Nuclear Physics- Nuclear physics what s inside the nucleus and what holds it together what is radioactivity, half-life carbon dating Nuclear energy nuclear fission nuclear fusion nuclear
L 36 Modern Physics :006 FINAL EXAM. Nuclear reactions: E = mc 2. Radioactivity. Hazards of radiation. Biological effects of nuclear radiation
9:006 FINAL EXAM The final exam is on Monday MAY 7:30 AM - 9:30 AM in W90 CB The FE is not cumulative, and will cover lectures 3 through 36. (50 questions) The last regular lecture (Lec. 36) will be given
How Things Work II. (Lecture #32) Instructor: Gordon D. Cates Office: Physics 106a, Phone: (434)
How Things Work II (Lecture #32) Instructor: Gordon D. Cates Office: Physics 106a, Phone: (434) 924-4792 email: cates@virginia.edu Course web site available through COD and Toolkit or at http://people.virginia.edu/~gdc4k/phys106/spring08
PHYS:1200 LECTURE 36 ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS (4)
1 PHYS:1200 LECTURE 36 ATOMIC AND NUCLEAR PHYSICS (4) This last lecture of the course will focus on nuclear energy. There is an enormous reservoir of energy in the nucleus and it can be released either
Nuclear Chemistry. Background Radiation. Three-fourths of all exposure to radiation comes from background radiation.
Chapter 11 Nuclear Chemistry Background Radiation Three-fourths of all exposure to radiation comes from background radiation. Most of the remaining one-fourth comes from medical irradiation such as X-rays.
One nucleus splits into two smaller nuclei and typically a few neutrons by the bombardment of a neutron. U-235 is the only naturally occurring
One nucleus splits into two smaller nuclei and typically a few neutrons by the bombardment of a neutron. U-235 is the only naturally occurring nuclide that fissions However, both U-238 and Th-232 can be
Name Chemistry-PAP Per. Notes: Atomic Structure
Name Chemistry-PAP Per. I. Historical Development of the Atomic Model Ancient Greek Model Notes: Atomic Structure Democritus (460-370 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher credited with the first particle
2 Energy from the Nucleus
CHAPTER 4 2 Energy from the Nucleus SECTION Atomic Energy BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What is nuclear fission? What is nuclear fusion? What
Isotopes. An isotope is an atom of the same element (same number of protons) that varies in the number of neutrons.
Nuclear Chemistry Isotopes An isotope is an atom of the same element (same number of protons) that varies in the number of neutrons. Most elements have several isotopes Some are unstable and emit radiation
Isotopes. An isotope is an atoms of the same element (same number of protons) that vary in the number of neutrons.
Nuclear Chemistry Isotopes An isotope is an atoms of the same element (same number of protons) that vary in the number of neutrons. Most elements have several isotopes Some are unstable and emit radiation
Physics 11 Nuclear Process. Nuclear Fusion Reactors Terminology Waste Storage Radiation and living things Nuclear Fission
Physics 11 Nuclear Process Nuclear Fusion Reactors Terminology Waste Storage Radiation and living things Nuclear Fission Nuclear Reactors Terminology Fission Control Rods, moderator, chain reaction half-life
Questions. 1. To what altitude raises the typical mushroom cloud? 2. What overpressure generates hurricane like winds?
Questions 1. To what altitude raises the typical mushroom cloud?. What overpressure generates hurricane like winds? 3. Why is a nuclear burst at a certain altitude more damaging than the ground burst?
UNIT 10 RADIOACTIVITY AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
UNIT 10 RADIOACTIVITY AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY student version www.toppr.com Contents (a) Types of Radiation (b) Properties of Radiation (c) Dangers of Radiation (d) Rates of radioactive decay (e) Nuclear
THE EFFECTS OF A NUCLEAR BLAST
THE EFFECTS OF A NUCLEAR BLAST A nuclear explosion releases vast amounts of energy in three forms: 1) light and heat 2) blast 3) radiation The amount of energy released depends upon the size and design
Nuclear Chemistry Unit
Nuclear Chemistry Unit January 28th HW Due Thurs. 1/30 Read pages 284 291 Define: Radioactivity Nuclear Radiation Alpha Particle Beta Particle Gamma Ray Half-Life Answer: -Questions 1-3 -Write the symbols
Nuclear Fission & Fusion
Nuclear Fission & Fusion 1 Nuclear Fission 2 There is a delicate balance between nuclear attraction and electrical repulsion between protons in the nucleus. Nuclear Fission If the uranium nucleus is stretched
Nuclear processes: Vocabulary: Radioactive decay Isotope Alpha particle Beta particle Transmutation Strong Nuclear Force Fusion fission
Nuclear processes: Students will develop models to illustrate the changes in the composition of the nucleus of the atom and the energy released during the processes of fission, fusion, and radioactive
Effects of Nuclear Weapons
Effects of Nuclear Weapons Alexander Glaser WWS556d Princeton University February 12, 2007 S. Glasstone and P. J. Dolan The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, Third Edition U.S. Government Printing Office Washington,
Physics 180. Nuclear Weapons, Nuclear War, and Arms Control
Physics 180 Nuclear Weapons, Nuclear War, and Arms Control Frederick K. Lamb Answers to the Midterm Examination Given 1998 March 18 Name ID No. This is a closed book examination of 50 minutes duration.
UNIT 10 RADIOACTIVITY AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
UNIT 10 RADIOACTIVITY AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY teacher version www.toppr.com Contents (a) Types of Radiation (b) Properties of Radiation (c) Dangers of Radiation (d) Rates of radioactive decay (e) Nuclear
Relative abundances of carbon isotopes in our atmosphere are:
Relative abundances of carbon isotopes in our atmosphere are: - C-12 (stable) - C-13 (stable) - C-14 (radioactive) 0.0000000001% The C-14 is incorporated into compounds such as CO2. This gets photosynthesized
Nuclear Chemistry. Chapter 24
Nuclear Chemistry Chapter 24 Radioactivity Radioisotopes are isotopes that have an unstable nucleus. They emit radiation to attain more stable atomic configurations in a process called radioactive decay.
Nuclear processes: Vocabulary: Radioactive decay Isotope Alpha particle Beta particle Transmutation Strong Nuclear Force Fusion Fission
Nuclear processes: Students will develop models to illustrate the changes in the composition of the nucleus of the atom and the energy released during the processes of fission, fusion, and radioactive
Nuclear power plants can generate large amounts of electricity.
7.3 Nuclear Reactions Nuclear fission and fusion are processes that involve extremely large amounts of energy. Fission = the splitting of nuclei Fusion = the joining of nuclei Nuclear power plants can
c) O-16 d) Pu An unstable nucleus emits. a) Atoms b) Electricity c) Plasma d) Radiation 3. Many of uranium are radioactive. a) Ions b) Isomers
Physical Science Domain 1 Nuclear Decay Review 1. Which nucleus would be MOST likely to be radioactive? a) C-12 b) Ca-40 c) O-16 d) Pu-241 2. An unstable nucleus emits. a) Atoms b) Electricity 3. Many
NUCLEAR ENERGY! DAY 1: (RADIATION, FISSION, FUSION)
NUCLEAR ENERGY! DAY 1: (RADIATION, FISSION, FUSION) Nucleus Stability Stability of the nucleus depends on the nuclear forces that act between protons and neutrons Protons repel each other Protons attract
Unit 2: Atomic Theory Notes
Unit 2: Atomic Theory Notes The changing of a substance into one or more new substances is known as a chemical reaction. Law of conservation of mass: mass is neither created nor destroyed during ordinary
NOTES: 25.3 Nuclear Fission & Fusion
NOTES: 25.3 Nuclear Fission & Fusion Nuclear Fission: The splitting of a heavy nucleus into lighter nuclei FISSION: a heavy nucleus splits into 2 lighter nuclei some elements undergo fission spontaneously
14.1 A Closer Look at the Sun
14.1 A Closer Look at the Sun Our goals for learning: Why does the Sun shine? What is the Sun's structure? Why does the Sun shine? Is it on FIRE? Is it on FIRE? NO! Chemical energy content Luminosity ~
Chapter 20: Phenomena. Chapter 20: The Nucleus: A Chemist s View. Nuclear Decay. Nuclear Decay. Nuclear Decay. Nuclear Decay
Chapter 20: Phenomena Phenomena: Below is a list of stable isotopes of different elements. Examine the data and see what patterns you can identify. The mass of a electron is 0.00055 u, the mass of a proton
Radioactivity pp Topic 9: Nuclear Physics Ch. 10. Radioactivity. Radioactivity
Topic 9: Nuclear Physics Ch. 10 pp.244-249 results from radioactive decay, which is the process in which unstable atomic nuclei transform and emit radiation. has existed longer than the human race. Unstable
Nuclear Chemistry. Transmutations and the Creation of Elements
Nuclear Chemistry Transmutations and the Creation of Elements Nuclear Fusion When two smaller elements are fused together to form a larger element. Fusion is Hard! There are two competing forces in an
Chapter 10 Section 4 Notes
Chapter 10 Section 4 Notes This painting of an alchemist s laboratory was made around 1570. For centuries, these early scientists, known as alchemists, tried to use chemical reactions to make gold. The
10.4 Fission and Fusion
This painting of an alchemist s laboratory was made around 1570. For centuries, these early scientists, known as alchemists, tried to use chemical reactions to make gold. The alchemists failed in their
11.5 Nuclear Reactions: Fusion
11.5 Nuclear Reactions: Fusion Nuclear fusion reactions occur in the Sun and supply the energy needed to sustain life on Earth (Figure 1). Nuclear fusion is the fusing or joining of two small nuclei to
Scottish CND - Education Pack
Scottish CND - Education Pack Aldermaston Anti Ballistic Missile Treaty Anti ballistic systems Atom bomb AWE Burghfield Chernobyl CND Cold War AWE Aldermaston is the headquarters of AWE's operations. It
Appendix A. Physics and Technology of Nuclear-Explosive Materials
Appendix A Physics and Technology of Nuclear-Explosive Materials NEM and Fissile Materials Nuclear weapons exploit the explosive release of nuclear energy from an exponentially growing chain reaction sustained
Forces and Nuclear Processes
Forces and Nuclear Processes To understand how stars generate the enormous amounts of light they produce will require us to delve into a wee bit of physics. First we will examine the forces that act at
Term 3 Week 2 Nuclear Fusion & Nuclear Fission
Term 3 Week 2 Nuclear Fusion & Nuclear Fission Tuesday, November 04, 2014 Nuclear Fusion To understand nuclear fusion & fission Nuclear Fusion Why do stars shine? Stars release energy as a result of fusing
Step 2: Calculate the total amount of U-238 present at time=0. Step 4: Calculate the rate constant for the decay process.
LP#9. A meteor contains 0.556 g of Pb-206 to every 1.00g U-238. Determine the age of the meteor. Step 1: Calculate the moles of each nuclide present. 0.566g Pb-206 x 1.00g U-238 x Step 2: Calculate the
Radioisotopes. alpha. Unstable isotope. stable. beta. gamma
Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Chemistry Nucleus of an atom contains protons and neutrons Strong forces (nuclear force) hold nucleus together Protons in nucleus have electrostatic repulsion however, strong
June 01, Chapter 19 SMARTBOARD Notes.notebook. Objectives
Objectives To learn the types of radioactive decay To learn to write nuclear equations for radioactive decay To learn how one element may be changed to another by particle bombardment To learn about radiation
Nuclear Physics. AP Physics B
Nuclear Physics AP Physics B Nuclear Physics - Radioactivity Before we begin to discuss the specifics of radioactive decay we need to be certain you understand the proper NOTATION that is used. To the
Ch Radioactivity. Henry Becquerel, using U-238, discovered the radioactive nature of elements in 1896.
Ch. 10 - Radioactivity Henry Becquerel, using U-238, discovered the radioactive nature of elements in 1896. Radioactivity the process in which an unstable atomic nucleus emits charged particles and energy
A Nuclear Power Plant
A Nuclear Power Plant Fallout from Chernobyl The question that all countries asked in 1986, and continue to ask to this day: Could it happen here? Radioactivity Np Pu+ 239 239 0 93 94 1 Beta decay the
Science 30 Unit D Energy and the Environment
Science 30 Unit D Energy and the Environment Outcome 2: Students will describe the sun as Earth s main source of energy and explain the functioning of some conventional and alternative technologies that
Nuclear Fission. Conceptual Physics 11 th Edition. Nuclear Fission. Nuclear Fission. Nuclear Fission. This lecture will help you understand:
Conceptual Physics 11 th Edition A typical uranium fission reaction: Chapter 34: NUCLEAR FISSION AND FUSION Note the mass number as well as atomic numbers balance. This lecture will help you understand:
Phys 1020 Day 27 Finish nuclear energy Radiation and Nuclear Reactors, Blmfd 16.2 Exponential Growth Energy Use
Energy Resources or what am I going to drive in 30 years? How do Nuclear Reactors Work? What about accidents? What is the nature of exponential growth? What are our energy resources? Phys 1020 Day 27 Finish
UNIT 13: NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY
UNIT 13: NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY REVIEW: ISOTOPE NOTATION An isotope notation is written as Z A X, where X is the element, A is the mass number (sum of protons and neutrons), and Z is the atomic number. For
Physics 280: Session 8
Physics 280: Session 8 Plan for This Session Conclusion of Module 2: Nuclear Weapons Definition: Weapons of mass destruction Module 3: Effects of nuclear explosions 1 Plutonium Is Created in Nuclear Reactors
The Physics of Nuclear Reactors. Heather King Physics 420
The Physics of Nuclear Reactors Heather King Physics 420 Nuclear Reactions A nuclear reaction is a reaction that involves atomic nuclei, or nuclear particles (protons, neutrons), producing products different
Inner Transition Metals
1 Inner Transition Metals Inner Transition Metals Inner Transition Metals The inner transition metals are found in the f-block, usually put at the bottom of the Periodic Table. These elements were sometimes
Chapter 10. Table of Contents. Section 1 What Is Radioactivity? Section 2 Nuclear Fission and Fusion. Section 3 Nuclear Radiation Today
Nuclear Chemistry Table of Contents Section 1 What Is Radioactivity? Section 2 Nuclear Fission and Fusion Section 3 Nuclear Radiation Today Section 1 What Is Radioactivity? Bellringer Before studying about
Chapter 21 - Nuclear Chemistry Applications
Chapter 21 - Nuclear Chemistry Applications Rates of Radioactive Decay The Concept of Half-life Half-life - The time it takes for half of the parent nuclides in a radioactive sample to decay to the daughter
Lecture 14, 8/9/2017. Nuclear Reactions and the Transmutation of Elements Nuclear Fission; Nuclear Reactors Nuclear Fusion
Lecture 14, 8/9/2017 Nuclear Reactions and the Transmutation of Elements Nuclear Fission; Nuclear Reactors Nuclear Fusion Nuclear Reactions and the Transmutation of Elements A nuclear reaction takes place
Physics 10 Final Exam Physics for future Presidents December 16, Last name First name SID
Physics 10 Final Exam Physics for future Presidents December 16, 2004 Last name First name SID Choose one essay question from list A and one from B. Circle the ones you chose. Each essay is worth 20 points.
(nuclear) reactor 1. (average) time taken for number of nuclei to halve or (average) time taken for count-rate / activity to halve
M. (a) (same) number of protons same atomic number is insufficient (i) nuclei split do not accept atom f nuclei / nucleus (ii) (nuclear) react (c) (d) beta any one from: atomic / proton number increases
Physics/Global Studies 280 Nuclear Weapons, Nuclear War, and Arms Control. Midterm Examination March 15
Physics/Global Studies 280 Nuclear Weapons, Nuclear War, and Arms Control Midterm Examination 2012 March 15 Full Name UIUC ID. Lab. This is a closed book examination you are not to consult any materials
Wallace Hall Academy Physics Department. Radiation. Pupil Notes Name:
Wallace Hall Academy Physics Department Radiation Pupil Notes Name: Learning intentions for this unit? Be able to draw and label a diagram of an atom Be able to state what alpha particles, beta particles
RADIOACTIVITY & HALF-LIFE Part 3
RADIOACTIVITY & HALF-LIFE Part 3 Half-Life Half-life: is the rate of decay for a radioactive isotope. is the time required for half of an original quantity of an element to decay. is constant and independent
Unpressurized steam reactor. Controlled Fission Reactors. The Moderator. Global energy production 2000
From last time Fission of heavy elements produces energy Only works with 235 U, 239 Pu Fission initiated by neutron absorption. Fission products are two lighter nuclei, plus individual neutrons. These
In order to get the G.C.S.E. grade you are capable of, you must make your own revision notes using your Physics notebook.
In order to get the G.C.S.E. grade you are capable of, you must make your own revision notes using your Physics notebook. When summarising notes, use different colours and draw diagrams/pictures. If you
The Sun Closest star to Earth - only star that we can see details on surface - easily studied Assumption: The Sun is a typical star
The Sun Closest star to Earth - only star that we can see details on surface - easily studied Assumption: The Sun is a typical star Why is the Sun hot and bright? Surface Temperature of the Sun: T =
Production. David Nusbaum Project on Managing the Atom, Belfer Center October 4, 2011
Production David Nusbaum Project on Managing the Atom, Belfer Center October 4, 2011 Where are we? Nuclear Fuel Cycle Background Pu- Radioactive, chemical element, of the actinoid series of the periodic
Core Questions Physics unit 4 - Atomic Structure
Core Questions Physics unit 4 - Atomic Structure No. Question Answer 1 What did scientists think about atoms before the discovery of the They were tiny spheres that could not be broken up electron? 2 Which
1 Radioactivity BEFORE YOU READ. Atomic Energy. National Science Education Standards STUDY TIP
CHAPTER 4 1 Radioactivity SECTION Atomic Energy BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: What are three types of radioactive decay? How does radiation
Chapter 13 Notes The Deaths of Stars Astronomy Name: Date:
Chapter 13 Notes The Deaths of Stars Astronomy Name: Date: I. The End of a Star s Life When all the fuel in a star is used up, will win over pressure and the star will die nuclear fuel; gravity High-mass
40 Nuclear Fission and Fusion. Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion reactions release huge amounts of energy.
Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion reactions release huge amounts of energy. In 1939, just at the beginning of World War II, a nuclear reaction was discovered that released much more energy per atom than
Atomic & Nuclear Physics
Atomic & Nuclear Physics Life and Atoms Every time you breathe you are taking in atoms. Oxygen atoms to be exact. These atoms react with the blood and are carried to every cell in your body for various
Nuclear fission is used in nuclear power stations to generate electricity. Nuclear fusion happens naturally in stars.
1 (a) Nuclear fission is used in nuclear power stations to generate electricity. Nuclear fusion happens naturally in stars. (i) Explain briefly the difference between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.
: When electrons bombarded surface of certain materials, invisible rays were emitted
Nuclear Chemistry Nuclear Reactions 1. Occur when nuclei emit particles and/or rays. 2. Atoms are often converted into atoms of another element. 3. May involve protons, neutrons, and electrons 4. Associated
By Tim, John, Shane, Owen
By Tim, John, Shane, Owen A few refreshers Atoms of the same element, which always have an identical number of protons, that have different numbers of neutrons, is an isotope. Protons and neutrons are
Chapter 10. Section 10.1 What is Radioactivity?
Chapter 10 Section 10.1 What is Radioactivity? What happens when an element undergoes radioactive decay? How does radiation affect the nucleus of an unstable isotope? How do scientists predict when an
Radioactivity & Nuclear. Chemistry. Mr. Matthew Totaro Legacy High School. Chemistry
Radioactivity & Nuclear Chemistry Mr. Matthew Totaro Legacy High School Chemistry The Discovery of Radioactivity Antoine-Henri Becquerel designed an experiment to determine if phosphorescent minerals also
August 24, 1955 Report by N.M Emanuel, 'Regarding the Nature of the Fallout Path of the Hydrogen Bomb Detonated on 1 March 1954 at Bikini [Atoll]'
![August 24, 1955 Report by N.M Emanuel, 'Regarding the Nature of the Fallout Path of the Hydrogen Bomb Detonated on 1 March 1954 at Bikini [Atoll]'](/thumbs/77/76415995.jpg "August 24, 1955 Report by N.M Emanuel, 'Regarding the Nature of the Fallout Path of the Hydrogen Bomb Detonated on 1 March 1954 at Bikini [Atoll]'")
Digital Archive International History Declassified digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org August 24, 1955 Report by N.M Emanuel, 'Regarding the Nature of the Fallout Path of the Hydrogen Bomb Detonated on 1 March
The basic structure of an atom is a positively charged nucleus composed of both protons and neutrons surrounded by negatively charged electrons.
4.4 Atomic structure Ionising radiation is hazardous but can be very useful. Although radioactivity was discovered over a century ago, it took many nuclear physicists several decades to understand the
Chapter 21 Stellar Explosions
Chapter 21 Stellar Explosions Units of Chapter 21 21.1 XXLife after Death for White Dwarfs (not on exam) 21.2 The End of a High-Mass Star 21.3 Supernovae Supernova 1987A The Crab Nebula in Motion 21.4
Science 10 Radioactivity Review v3
Class: Date: Science 10 Radioactivity Review v3 Modified True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true. 1. An atom
nuclear chemical change CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O carbon dating
Nuclear Chemistry I. What is nuclear chemistry? a. Nuclear changes vs. chemical changes i. A nuclear change is a change in which the nucleons (things in the nucleus) change. For instance, if the number
The Sun = Typical Star
The Sun = Typical Star Some Properties Diameter - 109 times Earth s Volume - about 1,000,000 times Earth s Mass - about 300,000 times Earth s 99.8% of Solar System Density = Mass/Volume = 1.4 g/cm 3 The
Unit 1 Atomic Structure
Unit 1 Atomic Structure Defining the Atom I. Atomic Theory A. Modern Atomic Theory 1. All matter is made up of very tiny particles called atoms 2. Atoms of the same element are chemically alike 3. Individual
Today The Sun. Events
Today The Sun Events Last class! Homework due now - will count best 5 of 6 Final exam Dec. 20 @ 12:00 noon here Review this Course! www.case.edu/utech/course-evaluations/ The Sun the main show in the solar
Carbon Dating. Principles of Radiometric Dating. 03 nuclear decay and the standard model June 05, 2013
Principles of Radiometric Dating http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~pgore/geology/geo102/radio.htm Naturally occurring radioactive materials break down into other materials at known rates. This is known as radioactive
Nuclear Chemistry Review Packet
Name Date Nuclear Chemistry Review Packet 1. The ratio of stability is (1) proton : neutron (2) neutron : proton (3) proton : positron (4) beta : proton 2. Which nuclear reaction is classified as alpha
Atomic Structure. INSIDE the Nucleus: OUTSIDE the Nucleus:
Nuclear Chemistry 1 Atomic Structure INSIDE the Nucleus: Protons (+) Neutrons (no charge) 99.9% of the mass of the atom (Rutherford central dense nucleus) OUTSIDE the Nucleus: Electrons (-) Little mass
Midterm Exam: March 19 Review Sheet handed out & on class website: Lecture notes & HW solutions also! Office Hours: Monday 11-2 and 3-4 PM
Today: Chapter. 12-Stars Midterm Exam: March 19 Review Sheet handed out & on class website: http://www.physics.sfsu.edu/~chris/astro115/ Lecture notes & HW solutions also! Office Hours: Monday 11-2 and
4.4.1 Atoms and isotopes The structure of an atom Mass number, atomic number and isotopes. Content
4.4 Atomic structure Ionising radiation is hazardous but can be very useful. Although radioactivity was discovered over a century ago, it took many nuclear physicists several decades to understand the
Nuclear fission and fusion are processes that involve extremely large amounts of energy.
Nuclear Reactions & Energy Nuclear fission and fusion are processes that involve extremely large amounts of energy. Fission = the splitting of a large nucleus into two smaller nuclei, subatomic particles
A is called the mass number gives, roughly, the mass of the nucleus or atom in atomic mass units = amu = u
5/5 A is called the mass number gives, roughly, the mass of the nucleus or atom in atomic mass units = amu = u The number of neutrons in the nucleus is given by the symbol N. Clearly, N = A Z. Isotope:
Name: Class: Date: SHORT ANSWER Answer the following questions in the space provided.
CHAPTER 21 REVIEW Nuclear Chemistry SECTION 1 SHORT ANSWER Answer the following questions in the space provided. 1. Based on the information about the three elementary particles in the text, which has
Astronomy Ch. 21 Stellar Explosions. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Name: Period: Date: Astronomy Ch. 21 Stellar Explosions MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) A surface explosion on a white dwarf, caused
There are no stable isotopes of elements above atomic number 83.
Nuclear Chemistry Stability of isotopes is based on the ratio of neutrons and protons in its nucleus. Although most nuclei are stable, some are unstable and spontaneously decay, emitting radiation. All
Nuclear Physics (chapters 14 & 15) strong societal themes and impact!
Nuclear Physics (chapters 14 & 15) strong societal themes and impact! Very brief review of what Bill Miller already covered last week, i.e. ch. 14 on radioactivity Strong or nuclear force a 3 rd fundamental
Chemistry 500: Chemistry in Modern Living. Topic 5: The Fires of Nuclear Fission. Atomic Structure, Nuclear Fission and Fusion, and Nuclear.
Chemistry 500: Chemistry in Modern Living 1 Topic 5: The Fires of Nuclear Fission Atomic Structure, Nuclear Fission and Fusion, and Nuclear Weapons Chemistry in Context, 2 nd Edition: Chapter 8, Pages
Matter and Energy. Previous studies have taught us that matter and energy cannot be created nor destroyed We balance equations to obey this law.
Fission & Fusion Matter and Energy Previous studies have taught us that matter and energy cannot be created nor destroyed We balance equations to obey this law. 2 H 2 O 2 H 2 + O 2 We now need to understand
Unit 1 Atomic Structure
Unit 1 Atomic Structure 3-1 The Atom: From Philosophical Idea to Scientific Theory I. Atomic Theory A. Modern Atomic Theory 1. All matter is made up of very tiny particles called atoms 2. Atoms of the
Unit 3: Chemistry in Society Nuclear Chemistry Summary Notes
St Ninian s High School Chemistry Department National 5 Chemistry Unit 3: Chemistry in Society Nuclear Chemistry Summary Notes Name Learning Outcomes After completing this topic you should be able to :
Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Radioactivity Test Review Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Radioactive s have unstable a. electrons. c. protons. b. nuclei.