Unpressurized steam reactor. Controlled Fission Reactors. The Moderator. Global energy production 2000
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1 From last time Fission of heavy elements produces energy Only works with 235 U, 239 Pu Fission initiated by neutron absorption. Fission products are two lighter nuclei, plus individual neutrons. These neutrons cause other fission events: chain reaction Today: controlled fission, and fusion reactions Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture 33 1 Global energy production 2000 Wind 0.04% Solar 0.009% Biomass 0.4% Geothermal 0.12% Coal 21.8% Gas 21.1% Oil 37.5% New renewables 0.57% Traditional 6.4% Hydro 6.6% Nuclear 6.0% Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture 33 2 Unpressurized steam reactor Controlled Fission Reactors The reactor in a nuclear power plant does the same thing that a boiler does in a fossil fuel plant it produces heat. Basic parts of a reactor: Core (contains fissionable material) Moderator (slows neutrons down to enhance capture) Control rods (controllably absorb neutrons) Coolant (carries heat away from core to produce power) Shielding (shields environment from radiation) 1,000 megawatt light-water reactor has a core with ~ 75 tons of uranium ~ 200 fuel assemblies. Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture 33 3 Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture 33 4 The Moderator Slow neutrons are more likely to cause fission events Most neutrons released in the fission process have energies of about 2 MeV In order to sustain the chain reaction, the neutrons must be slowed down A moderator surrounds the fuel Collisions with the atoms of the moderator slow the neutrons down as some kinetic energy is transferred Most modern reactors use heavy water as the moderator Control rods absorb neutrons, taking them out of the reaction. Moderator present to slow neutrons for capture. Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture 33 5 Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture
![Nuclear Waste "used" reactor fuel rods [~ 25% of the uranium fissioned] are still radioactive.](/docs-images/79/79627396/images/2-0.jpg "Kept in a cooling pond for months highly radioactive atoms to decay.")
2 Nuclear Waste "used" reactor fuel rods [~ 25% of the uranium fissioned] are still radioactive. Kept in a cooling pond for months highly radioactive atoms to decay. Processed to separate "unused" uranium atoms from the remaining fission products stored in barrels. Transmutation Nuclear Fusion fuel: Temperature: 400 million C Result: intense heat Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture 33 7 Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture 33 8 fuel: deuterium tritium Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture 33 9 Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture fuel: deuterium tritium helium neutron fuel: deuterium tritium helium neutron Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture carrying an incredible amount of energy! Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture
3 The fusion reaction Tritium production D T He n energy Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture In addition, the fusion neutrons react with Lithium producing Tritium. This is re-cycled to be used in the burning fusion. Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture Terrestrial fusion reactions Deuterium = nucleus of (1 proton & 1 neutron) Tritium = nucleus of (1 proton & 2 neutrons) Two basic fusion reations: deuterium deuterium -> 3 He n deuterium tritium -> 4 He n Energy is released as result of fusion: D T -> 4 He (3.5 MeV) n (14.1 MeV) Fusion bombs Fission bombs worked, but they weren't very efficient. Fusion bombs, have higher kiloton yields and efficiencies, But design complications Deuterium and tritium both gases, which are hard to store. Tritium is in short supply and has a short half-life, Deuterium or tritium has to be highly compressed at high temperature to initiate the fusion reaction. Solution: Use fission bomb to ignite fusion reaction. Energy determined by mass difference Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture Nuclear Fusion # The fission bomb imploded, giving off X-rays. # These X-rays heated the interior of the bomb and the tamper; the shield prevented premature detonation of the fuel. # The heat caused the tamper to expand and burn away, exerting pressure inward against the lithium deuterate. # The lithium deuterate was squeezed by about 30-fold. # The compression shock waves initiated fission in the plutonium rod. # The fissioning rod gave off radiation, heat and neutrons. # The neutrons went into the lithium deuterate, combined with the lithium and made tritium. # The combination of high temperature and pressure were sufficient for tritiumdeuterium and deuterium-deuterium fusion reactions to occur, producing more heat, radiation and neutrons. # The neutrons from the fusion reactions induced fission in the uranium-238 pieces from the tamper and shield. # Fission of the tamper and shield pieces produced even more radiation and heat. # The bomb exploded. Opposite process also occurs, where nuclei are fused to produce a heavier nucleus, but requires large initial energy input. Called nuclear fusion. Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture
4 Routes to controlled fusion Laser beams compress and heat the target; after implosion, the explosion carries the energy towards the wall Magnetic confinement in a torus (in this case a tokamak). The is ring-shaped and is kept well away from the vessel wall. Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture Inertial Confinement: National Ignition Facility NIF building at Livermore Lead/Gold cylinder, 6mmx10mm Cylinder contains plastic fusion capsule. Fusion capsule lined with a layer of solid deuteriumtritium (DT) fusion fuel kept near absolute zero. Energy of intense laser beams converted to thermal x-rays. x-rays heat and cause implosion /fusion of target. Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture Fusion Chamber Final plan: fuse 1 pellet / second Future problems: manufacturing/supplying one pellet /second. Extracting energy from the system. Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture
5 Magnetic Confinement Sun confines with gravitational forces Inertial confinement implodes the material with high pressures to produce high temperatures for a very short time. Third alternative uses magnetic fields to confine the. oven gas Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture oven oven Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture problem: wall contact! avoid wall contact with magnetic field Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture
6 avoid wall contact with magnetic field Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture problem: end losses avoid end losses : torus! Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture JET (Joint European Torus) JET is a Tokamak with: Torus radius 3.1m Vacuum vessel 3.96m high x 2.4m wide Plasma volume 80m 3 Plasma current up to 5MA Main confining field up to 4 Tesla (recently upgraded from 3.4 Tesla) JET tokamak test reactor Vacuum inside torus. Plasma confined from walls by magnetic field. Fusion induced by providing input power. Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture
7 Plasma in the JET torus Madison Symmetric Torus Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture Superconducting magnet ITER test reactor Site for ITER chosen Cadarache, France Plasma confinement torus Proposed ITER fusion test reactor Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture A fusion power plant Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture
8 Heat from fusion used to drive turbine to produce electricity. Possible fusion reactor The future of fusion power When? Fusion Power Typical Pulse duration MW 10 second 0.65 Q MW 30 minutes / GW days/steady state 30 Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture Mon, Apr. 23, 2006 Phy107 Lecture
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