Matter and Energy. Previous studies have taught us that matter and energy cannot be created nor destroyed We balance equations to obey this law.

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1 Fission & Fusion

2 Matter and Energy Previous studies have taught us that matter and energy cannot be created nor destroyed We balance equations to obey this law. 2 H 2 O 2 H 2 + O 2 We now need to understand that Matter and Energy are two forms of the same thing

3 E = mc 2 Matter can be changed into Energy Einstein s formula above tells us how the change occurs In the equation above: E = Energy m = Mass c = Speed of Light (Universal Constant) Energy Mass Light Speed

4 E = mc 2 The equation may be read as follows: Energy (E) is equal to Mass (m) multiplied by the Speed of Light (c) squared This tells us that a small amount of mass can be converted into a very large amount of energy because the speed of light (c) is an extremely large number

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6 OUR STAR

7 Fusion Fusion is a nuclear reaction where two light atomic nuclei fuse or combine to form a single larger, heavier nucleus The fusion process generates tremendous amounts energy For fusion to occur, a LARGE amount of energy is needed to overcome the electrical charges of the nuclei and fuse them together

8 Fusion Fusion reactions do not occur naturally on our planet but are the principal type of reaction found in stars The large masses, densities, and high temperatures of stars provide the initial energies needed to fuel fusion reactions The sun fuses hydrogen atoms to produce helium, subatomic particles, and vast amounts of energy

9 How do stars produce energy? Stars are mostly Hydrogen that produce energy by fusion of hydrogen nuclei 2 protons (H-1) fuse to make a H isotope (H-2); then H-1 + H-2 form an isotope of He-3. positron neutrino Light light The emission of a positron or a positive electron is referred to as beta decay. The positron is accompanied by a neutrino, a massless and chargeless particle. Positrons are emitted with the same kind of energy spectrum as electrons in negative beta decay because of the emission of the neutrino.

10 How do stars produce energy? Finally 4 hydrogen nuclei combine into 1 Helium nucleus. A small amount of matter changes into a huge amount of energy.

11 FUSION DEUTERIUM NEUTRON HELIUM TRITIUM

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15 Check Point What process creates energy in the Sun? Fusion of hydrogen into helium in the Sun s core generates the Sun s energy. How long ago did fusion generate the energy we now receive as sunlight? Fusion created the energy we receive today about a million years ago. This is the time it takes for photons and then convection to transport energy through the solar interior to the photosphere. Once sunlight emerges from the photosphere, it takes only about 8 minutes to reach Earth.

16 NUCLEAR FISSION A reaction in which an atomic nucleus of a radioactive element splits by bombardment from an external source, with simultaneous release of large amounts of energy, used for electric power generation

17 Fission Fission may be defined as the process of splitting an atomic nucleus into fission fragments The fission fragments are generally in the form of smaller atomic nuclei and neutrons Large amounts of energy are produced by the fission process

18 What nuclei can split during Only large nuclei like U or plutonium can split apart during nuclear fission. nuclear fission? Click on image for animation

19 Chain Reaction Free neutrons produced by fission can hit other nuclei emitting more neutrons repeating the reaction over and over. A series of fission reactions is called a chain reaction. Can only be slowed by using materials that will absorb the neutrons.

20 Nuclear Fission Neutron induced in U 235 Fission is Exothermic The sum of the masses of the resulting nuclei is less than the original mass (about 0.1% less) The missing mass is converted to energy according to E=mc 2

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22 Nuclear fission: A large nucleus splits into several small nuclei when impacted by a neutron, and energy is released in this process Nuclear fusion: Several small nuclei fuse together and release energy.

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