American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER) 2014 American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER)

Transcription

1 Amrican Journal of Enginring Rsarch (AJER) -ISSN : p-issn : Volum-03, Issu-06, pp Rsarch Papr Opn Accss Adsorption Equilibrium Study Of Dystuff from Ptrolum Industry Efflunt Using th Biomass and Activatd Carbon Of Th Prop Root Of Rhizophora Manglplant 1, B. S. Kinigoma, 2, M. Horsfall, Jnr 1, Dpartmnt Of Ptrolum & Gas Enginring, Univrsity Of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt Nigria 2, Dpartmnt Of Pur And Industrial Chmistry, Univrsity Of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigria. ABSTRACT : Th comparativ quilibrium adsorption study of thr diffrnt typs of dystuff fflunt on th biomass and activatd carbon prpard from wasts of rhizophora mangl root has bn carrid out as a function of initial concntration, contact tim and ph variations. Th sorption procsss which wr xamind by mans of Frundlich and Langmuir modls rvald th ffctivnss of both BRR and ACRR adsorbnts in uptaking th dys invstigatd by th lvl of agrmnt of th adsorption constants. Acidic and disprs dys show highr adsorption at highr ph whras basic dys showd highr adsorption at lowr ph. Th binding capacity xprimnts rvald th following amounts of dystuff bound pr gram of adsorbnt (mg/g): 2.67 BG4, 4.97 DB6 and 1.30 DB26 on biomass and 2.16 BG4, 3.73 DB6 and 6.78 DB26 on carbon. Th sparation factor (S F ), valus obtaind for th thr dys showd that th intractiv procsss on both adsorbnts wr a mixtur of physisorption and chmisorption mchanisms. A singl factor analysis of varianc (ANOVA) showd that thr is no significant diffrnc in th sorption bhaviour of th thr dys btwn th two adsorbnts. Th study also rvald that th rhizophora basd adsorbnts compard favourably with commrcially availabl grads. Th optimum conditions obtaind in this invstigation ar rlvant for th optimal dsign of a dystuff fflunt tratmnt column. KEYWORDS: Dystuff Adsorbnt, Biomas, Activatd Carbon, Efflunt, Ptrolum I. INTRODUCTION Th products of th ptrolum industry ar major contributors to our prsnt standard of living. Th activitis of th upstram and downstram ptrolum industry can impact th nvironmnt and th gratst impact ariss from th rlas of wasts into th nvironmnt in concntrations that ar not naturally found. Ths wasts which ar organic and inorganic in natur includ hydrocarbons such as tracs of crud oil, solids contaminatd with hydrocarbons such as havy mtals and a wid varity of chmicals including dy-stuff.dys ar colourd substancs that can b usd to produc a significant dgr of coloration whn disprsd in or ractd with othr matrials. Th primary us for dys is txtil coloration, although substantial quantitis ar consumd for coloring such divrs matrials as lathr, papr, Plastics, ptrolum products and food (Jams, 1962). In th ptrolum industry, solvnt dys and azo dys ar usd to colour or mark ptrolum products lik gasolin, disl, krosn, and lubricants tc. solvnt dys ar conomical, asy to us, hav high and low flash point and ar stabl. Thy ar dsignd to provid an outstanding asy brand or grad idntification, lak dtction and fraud dtction in som countris. Dys ar also usd as tracs to idntify poor producing zons of a dual-compltd wll.azo dys can giv about 22 aromatic ammins as thir dgradation products which may b carcinognic. This mans that thy constitut a halth risk. Although nvironmntal authoritis hav rgulatd industrial dischargs for many yars, considrabl quantitis of azo dys may hav accumulatd in th nvironmnt as a rsult of rfinry fflunt dischargd in Nigria. Unlss this colour is rmovd by chmical or physical mans, it may lad to pollution of watr. Th prsnc of dys in th fflunt impart high biochmical Oxygn dmand BOD) load to th liquid wast. w w w. a j r. o r g Pag 247

2 Whn dissolvd oxygn rducs blow a crtain lvl, th aquatic lif is affctd advrsly. This is bcaus strong colour could rsult in high turbidity lading to rduction in light pntration, thus, affcting th growth of animal and plant lif in th watr. Studis by Crips and Bumpus (1990) rvald that dry biomass of marin plants can dcoloriz crtain pigmnts and dys in watr. This actually informd th choic of th biomass of root of Rhizophora mangl plant as bio-adsorbnt for th rmoval of dys usd to colour ptrolum products in this study. Various mthods usd for th tratmnt of colour fflunt ar coagulation, flocculation and prcipitation (Coopr, 1993), adsorption (Yh and Thomas 1995), biological tratmnts (Laszlo, 1994) and mmbranc tchnology (Churchly, 1994). Out of ths mthods, adsorption at solid/liquid intrfac is on of th most conomical and ffctiv tratmnt mthods for rmoval of dys and has an dg ovr othr mthods du to its sludg-fr clan opration. This actually informd th choic of th biomass and activatd carbon of th rhizophora mangl plant as a low-cost land biodgradabl adsorbnt usd for th tratmnt of colourd fflunt by adsorption tchniqu in this invstigation.this papr prsnts th adsorption quilibrium of dys as a function of initial concntration, contact tim and ph, conductd at laboratory scal using synthtic dy wast watr of acidic, basic and disprs dys. Th ffct of dy structur on adsorption capacity is also discussd. II. EXPERIMENTAL 2.1 Prparation of Biomass and Activatd Carbon of Rhizophora root Th dtaild xprimntal procdur for sampl prparation and activation has bn publishd lswhr (Horsfall and Abia 2003, Jadhav and Vanjara, 2004). Th bark of th rhiophora root was air drid for 5 days and thn ovn drid at 90 C for 24 hours to constant wight thn ground and scrnd to 2.36mm siz with Tylr scrn to obtain granuls of biomass. 500 grams of th finly dividd granuls of biomass was soakd in xcss 0.3M HNO3 for 4hrs to rmov any mtals and solubl biomolculs followd by washing thoroughly with dionizd watr until a ph of 7 was attaind and thn air drid. This air drid Biomass was thn washd with dionizd watr and cntrifugd at 3000 xg for fiv minuts using a portabl rfrigratd tst tub cntrifug modl Pr-2. Th suprnatant obtaind was discardd whras th biomass was collctd and sprad on filtr papr for air drying and it was rady for us as adsorbnt.th activatd carbon was prpard from th biomass of rhizophora root by incinrating th biomass in an iron tubing of 30mm diamtr using th furnac carbolit quipmnt (GallnKamp modl OV-160 England). Th tubing was hatd in an oxygn dficint atmosphr for 2hours and at 500 C. This was to liminat most of th volatil mattr in th biomass. Th carbon was thn physically activatd by partial gasification in limitd supply of air using CO2 gas as th gasification agnt at 900 C. This was to dvlop th porosity and th surfac ara (Wauquir, 1995). Th activatd carbon was thn stord in stopprd bottl aftr siving to particl siz of 2.36mm through th appropriat msh tylr scrn. Th biomass of rhizophora root (BRR) and th activatd carbon of rhizophora root (ACRR) wr th two adsorbnts usd in this study. 2.2 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE BRR AND ACRR ADSORBENTS Th adsorbnt usd in this study wr charactrizd through FTIR spctroscopy to ascrtain som of th important functional groups rsponsibl for thir bhaviour during th adsorption procss using th SHIMADZU I. R. PRESTIGE-21 (200VCE) modl. Th sampls wr prpard in KBr pllt. Th porosity of th adsorbnts was dtrmind using th Por- 200 manually opratd Gas porosimtr. Th analysis and charactrization of both BRR and ACRR adsorbnts is givn in tabl 1. Tabl 1: Analysis and charactrization of BRR and ACRR BRR ACRR Apparnt Dnsity (g/m 3 ) Particl siz (mm) Porosity (%) FTIR Analysis Frquncy (cm -1 ) At 3400 in BRR AT 1600 in BRR At 3300 in BRR At 1700 in ACRR At 1565 in ACRR Groups -C-H Strtching from CH 2 groups C=O Strtching from COOH -OH strtching from COOH Normal Carbonyl Groups Conjugatd hydrogn bondd carbonyl groups w w w. a j r. o r g Pag 248

3 2.3 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Th dtails of th batch xprimntal procdur to dtrmin dy stuff binding on biomass and activatd carbon as a function of initial concntration, contact tim and ph wr ssntially th sam as thos dscribd lswhr (Jadhav and Vanjara, 2004; Garda-Torrsdy t al 1998; Horsfall and Spiff, 2005) but which wr suitably modifid and adaptd.thr typs of dystuff wr usd in all th xprimnts i.. Acidic (DB6), Basic (BG4) and Disprs (DB26). Th dtails of dys usd ar givn in tabl 2. Th concntration of th dy in ach solution was dtrmind using a spctrophotomtr with a glass cll of 1.0cm path lngth. All masurmnts wr mad at th wavlngth corrsponding to maximum absorbanc ( max ) of ach dy.for adsorption xprimnts, a constant mass of 0.5g of ach of th adsorbnts was in th diffrnt xprimnts, addd to an Erlnmyr flask containing 50ml of dy solution. Th systm was quilibratd for a tim priod of 6hours in a flask shakr. Th tim priod of 6hours was sufficint for quilibration. Rsidual dy concntrations at quilibrium wr thn dtrmind spctrophotomtrically. All th quilibrium studis wr carrid out at th natural ph of th dy solutions usd: DB6-7.2; BG4-4.0; DB Tabl 2: Dtails of Dys Usd C.1.Nam of Dys C.1 No Molcular wight Ionic natur max (nm) Dirct Blu 6 (DB6) Anionic Basic Grn 4 (BG4) Cationic Disprs Blu 26 (DB26) Cationic DATA ANALYSIS Th amount of dystuff sorbd by both biomass and activatd carbon of rhizophora root during th sris of batch invstigations was dtrmind using a mass balanc quation (Chu and Hashim, 2001) xprssd as in q. (1). q (1) v m c o c. Whr q = Concntration of th sorbat on th sorbnt (mg/g) at quilibrium C = Concntration of sorbat in solution (mg/l) at quilibrium C o = Initial sorbat concntration in solution (mg/l) M = Mass of sorbnt usd (g) V=Volum of initial dystuff solution usd (L) Th prcntag of adsorbat sorbd on th adsorbnt is calculatd using th quation: w w w. a j r. o r g Pag 249

4 Co Co % adsorbd x100...( C 2) o LANGMUIR AND FREUNDLICH MODELS: Sorption quilibrium provids fundamntal physicochmical data for valuating th applicability of phytosorption procsss as a unit opration usually dscribd by isothrm modls whos paramtrs xprss th surfac proprtis and affinity of th sorbnt at fixd conditions.two modls wr usd to fit th xprimntal data, th Langmuir and Frundlich modls. Th Langmuir quation is chosn for th stimation of maximum adsorption capacity corrsponding to complt monolayr covrag on th adsorbnt surfac and xprssd by qmaxk LC q.. 1 K C L (3) Whr: K L (md 3 /g) is a constant rlatd to th adsorption nrgy q max (mg/g) is th maximum sorption upon complt saturation of th adsorbnt surfac. Th linarizd form of th abov quation (3) aftr rarrangmnt is givn as C q ) q 1 K max L C q max....(4 Th xprimntal data ar fittd into quation (4) for linarization by plotting C/q against C. Th Frundlich modl was chosn to stimat th adsorption intnsity of th sorbat 1Thards th sorbnt and is rprsntd in quation (5) q 5) K Whr q = 1 n F C 1 n....( Th amount adsorbd pr unit mass of adsorbnt at quilibrium = Adsorption intnsity C = Concntration of sorbat in solution at quilibrium K F = Exprimntal Constant rlatd to th sorption nrgy Th valu of n indicats th affinity of th sorbnt towards th adsorbnt. Equation (5) convnintly usd in linar form by taking logarithm of both sids as ln q 6) ln K F 1 C n....( A plot of InC against Inq in quation (6) yilding a straight lin indicats th confirmation of th Frundlich adsorption isothrm. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE Du to th bias rsulting from xprimntal rrors, th intrnal structurs not accssibl at first glanc of th amount adsorbd (q valus) for th diffrnt adsorbats in th various tabls of xprimntal rsults wr dtrmind by singl factor analysis of varianc (ANOVA). This hlps to dscrib th rlationship btwn th two adsorbnts (BRR and ACRR) to adsorb th diffrnt contaminants. w w w. a j r. o r g Pag 250

5 SEPARATION FACTOR Th shap of th Langmuir isothrm can b usd to prdict whthr a sorption systm is favourabl or unfavourabl in a batch adsorption procss (Poots t al 1978). Accordingly, th ssntial faturs of th Langmuir isothrm can b xprssd in trms of a dimnsionlss constant calld th quilibrium paramtr or sparation factor, SF which is dfind by th following rlationship. S F 1 1 K L C o... (7) Whr SF = Dimnsionlss Sparation Factor C o = Initial Adsorbat Concntration (mg/i) K L = Langmuir Constant rlatd to th apparnt nrgy (dm3/mg) Th paramtr, SF indicats th shap of th isothrm and natur of th sorption procss as givn blow: If S F > 1, this implis unfavourabl isothrm (thr is an unfavourabl intraction btwn adsorbat and adsorbnt and thrfor, adsorbat may not b possibl)if S F = l, this implis linar isothrm (thr is a linar rlation btwn adsorbat and adsorbnt intraction and th possibl intractiv procss is a mixtur of physisorption and chmisorption mchanism.whn O < S F < l, this implis favourabl isothrm (thr is a favourabl intraction btwn sorbat and sorbnt, and th prdominant mchanism is physisiorption). If SF=O, this implis irrvrsibl isothrm (thr is an indfinit stoking btwn sorbat and sorbnt and th prdominant mchanism is chmisorption. III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Charactrizations of th Biomass and Activatd Carbon Adsorbnts Th adsorbnts usd in this study wr charactrizd to ascrtain som of th important function groups, porosity, apparnt dnsity and particl siz using appropriat instrumntation as dscribd in sction 2.2. Tabl 1 shows th rsults for th charactrization of BRR and ACRR.Th FTIR analysis carrid out on both adsorbnts confirmd th prsnc of som important functional groups by corrlating thir known wavlngth or wav-numbr valus with th actual paks in th rspctiv infrard spctral (Fig1 and 2). Th rfrnc matrial usd for intrprting th spctral is (David, 1989). w w w. a j r. o r g Pag 251

6 Figur 1: Th FTIR Spctrum of Biomass of Rhizophora Root Figur 2: Th FTIR Spctrum of Activatd Carbon of Rhizophora Root in KBr pllt EQUILIBRIUM ADSORTION STUDIES Rsults of th adsorption of dy stuff on th adsorbnts as function of concntration and ph ar shown in figurs 3-8. Figur 3: Comparativ plots of Effct of Concntration on th adsorption of DB26 on ACRR using ph Valus w w w. a j r. o r g Pag 252

7 Figur 4: Comparativ plots of Effct of Concntration on th adsorption of BG4 on ACRR and BRR using ph Valus Figur 5: Comparativ plots of Effct of Concntration on th adsorption of DB6 on ACRR and BRR using ph Valus w w w. a j r. o r g Pag 253

8 Figur 6: Comparativ plots of Effct of ph on th adsorption of DB6 on BRR using ph Valus Figur 7: Comparativ plots of Effct of ph on th adsorption of BG4 on ACRR and BRR using ph Valus w w w. a j r. o r g Pag 254

9 Figur 8: Comparativ plots of Effct of ph on th adsorption of DB26 on ACRR and BRR using ph Valus EQUILIBRIUM ADSORPTION STUDIES Rsults of th adsorption of dy stuff on th adsorbnts as a function of concntration and ph ar shown in figur 9-21.Th rsults show that th amount of cationic (BG4) and anionic (DB6) dys adsorbd incrasd with incras in concntration of dy until saturation occurrd. It was also obsrvd that th adsorption of disprsd dys (DB26) incrasd with incras in concntration and no saturation was obsrvd in th concntration rang studid. This is an indication that undr th prvailing xprimntal conditions, thr was no formation of complt monolayr of DB26 molculs covring th surfac of th adsorbnt. Th biomass (BRR) contains cllulos which in aquous solution xhibits ngativly chargd spcis (Khattri and Singla, 1988). Th cationic dys (DB26, BG4) in aquous solution adsorb on th surfac of ngativly chargd biomass through lctrostatic intraction. Th activation of biomass carbon at 900 o C xhibits amphotric proprtis (Faust, 1992) which showd lowr lvl of adsorption of cationic dys. Disprsd dys hav vry low solubility in aquous solution (Jons, 1984). Thrfor th adsorption of DB26 on th surfac of th biomass and carbon might hav occurrd through physical intraction, i.. hydrophobic intraction with th hydrophobic part of th cllulos in th biomass. In th cas of activatd carbon, th prsnc of surfac carbonyl group nhancd adsorption of aromatic compounds with th formation of th donor-accptor complx involving th π lctrons of bnzn ring with th partial positiv chang on th adsorption of low solubl hydrophobic spcis. w w w. a j r. o r g Pag 255

10 Figur 9: Comparativ plots of Effct of Concntration on th DB26 on ACRR using ph Valus Figur 10: Comparativ plots of Effct of Concntration on th adsorption of BG4 on ACRR and BRR using ph Valus w w w. a j r. o r g Pag 256

11 Figur 11: Comparativ plots of Effct of Concntration on th adsorption of DB6 on ACRR and BRR using ph Valus Figur 12: Comparativ plots of Effct of ph on th adsorption of DB6 on BRR using ph Valus Figur 13: Comparativ plots of Effct of ph on th adsorption of BG4 on ACRR and BRR using ph w w w. a j r. o r g Pag 257

12 Valus Figur 14: Comparativ plots of Effct of ph on th adsorption of DB26 on ACRR and BRR using ph Valus Figur 15: Comparativ plots of Effct of Contact tim on th adsorption of DB6 on ACRR and BRR using ph Valus w w w. a j r. o r g Pag 258

13 Th adsorption of th thr dys DB6, BG4 and DB26 on th two adsorbnts (BRR and ACRR) was tstd by using th Frundlich and Langmuir modls (figs 9-21) Figur 16: Plots of Frundlich Modl for DB26 Figur 17: Plots of Langmuir Modl for DB26 Figur 18: Plots of Frundlich Modl for DB6 w w w. a j r. o r g Pag 259

14 Figur 19: Plots of Langmuir Modl for DB6 Figur 20: Plots of Frundlich Modl for BG4 w w w. a j r. o r g Pag 260

15 Figur 21: Plots of Langmuir Modl for BG4 Th various Frundlich and Langmuir constants for all th adsorbat-adsorbnt systms calculatd ar shown in tabl 4. TABLE 4: Frundlich and Langmuir Constants for th various Adsorbnt/Adsorbat systms showing th R L 2, R F 2, K L, K F, q max and n valus from th isothrms. (Th valus givn ar avrag for diffrnt concntration) Adsorbat Adsorbnt K F (mg/g) K L (dm3/g) q max (mg/g) n 2 R F 2 R L BG 4 ACRR BRR DB 6 ACRR BRR DB 26 ACRR BRR Ths valus ar similar to thos obtaind by (Jadhav and Vanjara, 2004) Th rsults for th ph dpndnc study as shown in shown in figs 8, 9 and 10, rvald that whil th adsorption of DB6 and BG4 on both adsorbnts chang with chang in ph of th solution, th adsorption of DB26 on th biomass (BRR) rmaind fairly constant with changs in ph. Howvr, th adsorption of DB26 on ACRR had shown a strong dpndnc on ph of th solution (fig 11). DB6 showd highr adsorption lvls at lowr ph whras BG4 showd highr adsorption lvls at highr ph. This is bcaus with dcras in ph th surfac of th adsorbnts got protonatd. Th ngativly chargd DB6 thrfor, showd gratr adsorption at lowr ph bcaus of positiv-ngativ lctrostatic intraction. Positivly chargd BG4 had lowr adsorption at lowr ph du to rpulsion btwn positivly chargd adsorbnts and positivly chargd adsorbat. Adsorption of DB26 on th biomass was not much affctd by charg in ph suggsting that th intraction might b hydrophobic in natur.th avrag valus of both Frundlich and Langmuir constants for th various adsorbnt dy systms ar shown in tabl 4.Th optimum conditions for th adsorption dy stuff on BRR and ACRR basd on th xprimntal rsults ar shown in tabl 5. w w w. a j r. o r g Pag 261

16 Tabl 5: Optimum conditions for th adsorption of Crud Oil, Havy Mtalsm, and Dys on BRR and ACRR. Paramtrs Pollutants Adsorbnts ACRR BRR Havy Mtals Tmpratur ( C) Ni Cd Pb Contact Tim (min) Ni Cd Pb ph Ni 7 5 Cd 5 5 Pb 7 6 Crud Oil ACRR BRR Concntration (ppm) Contact tim (min) 2 2 Tmpratur ( C) Dys ACRR BRR Concntration (ppm) Dirct Blu 6 (DB6) 2 2 Basic Grn 4 (BG4) 5 6 Disprs blu 26 (DB26) 5 Adsorption constant with ph chang Contact tim (min) Dirct Blu ph Dirct Blu 6 (DB6) 2 2 Basic Grn 4(BG4) 5 6 Disprs Blu 26 (DB26) 5.5 Constant SINGLE FACTOR ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA) Th summary of rsults of statistical analysis for th singl factor ANOVA applying Microsoft xcl is prsntd in tabl 6. w w w. a j r. o r g Pag 262

17 Tabl 6: Analysis of Varianc (ANOVA) using th Langmuir Plot valus of q for th diffrnt Adsorbnt/Adsorbat Systms Applying th Microsoft Excl at 95% confidnt lvl. ANOVA: Singl Factor DYES: DISPERSED BLUE 26 (DB 26) *= Thr is no significant diffrnc btwn th variabls sinc F is lss than F crit **= Thr is a significant diffrnc sinc F is gratr than Fcrit Th singl factor ANOVA rsults indicat that n significant diffrnc was obtaind for th adsorption of th thr dy stuff (DB26, DB6) btwn th two adsorbnts BRR and ACRR. This mans that BRR can rplac ACRR as adsorbnt for any of th dys invstigatd and statistically, th sam lvl of fficincy can b achivd. THE SEPARATION FACTORS (S F ) To find a quantitativ intrprtation of th adsorbat/adsorbnt intractions obsrvd, th favourability or unafavourability of th adsorption systm was prdictd using an ssntial fatur of th langmuir isothrm calld th sparation factor (S F ). Tabl 7 givs th calculatd sparation factors valus for th diffrnt dryadsorbnt systms. Tabl 7: Th calculatd sparation factors (S F ) valus of th diffrnt adsorbat/adsorbnt systms Adsorbat Adsorbnt K L (dm 3 /mg) Valus of S F Typs of Isothrm Prdominant Adsorption Mchanism Nil ACRR 1.06x Linar Physisorption and Chmisorption BRR -4.6x Unfavourabl Adsorption may not b possibl Cd ACRR 1.18x Linar Physisorption and Chmisorption w w w. a j r. o r g Pag 263

18 BRR 6.51x Favourabl Physisorption Pb ACRR 1.68x Linar Physisorption and Chmisorption BRR 8.6x Favourabl Physisorption BG4 ACRR 1.3x Linar Physisorption and Chmisorption BRR 1.36 x Linar Physisorption and Chmisorption DB6 ACRR 2.98 x Linar Physisorption and Chmisorption BRR 2.51 x Linar Physisorption and Chmisorption DB26 ACRR 2.25 x104 1 Linar Physisorption and Chmisorption BRR 1.26 x Linar Physisorption and Chmisorption CRUDE OIL ACRR 3.2x Favourabl Physisorption BRR 8.2x Favourabl Physisorption Th intraction btwn ach of th dys and ach of th adsorbnts invstigatd appard to b a linar rlationship. Th possibl intractiv procss thrfor might hav bn a mixtur of physisorption and chmisorption mchanisms sinc th S f valus ar unity, 1.Th rsults obtaind in this study wr compard with thos of Jadhav and Vanjara (2004), a commrcial grad adsorbnt. Th comparison is shown in tabl 8. Tabl 8: Comparing Frundlich Constants for Adsorption of dys btwn Jadhav (2004) and Kinigoma, (2007). Absorbat Adsorbnt Jadhav & Vanjara (sawdust) Kinigoma (bark of Rhizophora root) K F n R 2 K F n 2 R F (mg/g) (mg/g) DB 6 BRR ACRR BG 4 BRR ACRR DB26 BRR ACRR Th closnss in th valus of Frundlich constants obtaind in Kinigoma, 2008 and thos of Jadhav and Vanjara, 2004, both using diffrnt plant basd adsorbnts, has that was no rmarkabl indication diffrnc btwn th oprational fficincy of th rhizophora basd adsorbnts and othr stablishd ons. IV. CONCLUSIONS [1] Th study has shown in comparativ trms th ffctivnss and fficincy of both biomass and activatd carbon of th bark of rhizophora root as sorbnt matrials in uptaking dystuff as ptrolum industry fflunt contaminants. This was validatd by th lvl of agrmnt of th diffrnt adsorption constants and favourability factors. [2] Th adsorption of BG4 and DB6 dys on th biomass and activatd carbon adsorbnts and also th adsorption of DB26 on th carbon is influncd by chang in ph of th solution, whr as adsorption of DB26 on biomass is not affctd by chang in ph of solution. [3] A singl factor analysis of varianc (ANOVA) showd that thr was no significant diffrnc in th sorption bhaviour of th thr dys on both adsorbnts. [4] Ths novl adsorbnts hav bn found to compard favourably with commrcially availabl grads and can thrfor srv as altrnativs to th mor xpnsiv and importd convntional on. [5] Th rsults obtaind in this study ar rlvant for th optimal dsign of dy fflunt tratmnt plant and also for th prdication of modl paramtrs of sorbat sorbnt intractions. w w w. a j r. o r g Pag 264

19 REFERENCES [1] Chu, K. H. and Hashim, M. A. (2001): Dsorption of coppr from Polyvinyl Alcohol Imobilizd sawd Biomass. Acta Biotchnologia, Vol. 21, No. 4, P [2] Churchly, J. H. (1994): Sci. Tch. 30, 375. [3] Crips, C. and Bumpus, J. A., (1990): Biodgradation of Azo and htrocyclic dys by Phanrochat Chrysosporuim Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56: [4] Coopr, P. (1993): JSOC Dyrs Colour, 109, 97. [5] David, C. F. (1989): Laboratory Invstigations in organic chmistry. McGraw Hill INC. Nw York. Pp 651. [6] Faust, S. D. (1992): Chmistry of watr Tratmnt. Buttrworths Publishrs. [7] Garda-Torrsday, J. L.; Bckr-Hapak, M. K.; Hosa J. M. and Dnnis, W. D. (1990): Effct of Chmical Modification of Algal Carboxyl groups on mtal ion binding Envr. Sci. Tch. 24 pp [8] Horsfall, M. Jnr and Abia, A. A. (2003): Rmoval of Cu (II) and Zn (II) ions from Wastwatr by Cassava Wast Biomass (Manihot sculnta Cranz). African J. Biotchnol. 2(10) [9] Horsfall, M. Jnr and Aybami I. Spiff (2005): Sorption of Lad, Cadmium and Zinc on Sulphur-Containing Chmically Modifid Wasts of Flutd Pumpkin (Tlfairia occidntalis Hook F. Chmistry & Biodivrsity Vol [10] Jadhbav, D. N. and Vanjara, A. K. (2004): Adsorption Equilibrium study-rmoval of Dystuff fflunt using sawdust, polymrizd sawdust and sawdust carbon-i. Indian J. Chm. Tchnol. Vol. 11 po C. [11] Jams, A. K. (1962): Industrial Chmistry Rinhold Publishing Corporation. NY. [12] Jons, F. (1984): J. Soc. Dyrs Colour, 100, 66. [13] Khbattri, S. D. and Singh, M. K. (1988): Indian J. Chm. Tchnol., vol. 5 pp 112. [14] Laszlo, 1 A. (1994): Am Dyst Rp. 83. [15] Poots, V. J. P; McKay, J. and Haly, J. (1978): Rmoval of basic dy from fflunt using wood as an adsorbnt. J. watr pollut. Control Fdration [16] Yh, R. Y. L. and Thomas, A. (1995): Jchm Tchnol Biotch, [17] Wauquir 1 P. (1995): Ptrolum Rfining-Crud oil, Ptrolum Products, Procss Flow Shts. Editions Tchnh-Paris. P w w w. a j r. o r g Pag 265