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1 1 Who was the first scientist to suggest that different elements contain different types of atoms? A Marsden B Geiger C Thomson D Dalton Your answer 2 Which one of the following is the smallest in size? A An atom B A proton C A molecule D An electron Your answer 3 J.J. Thomson devised an early model of the atom. In this model Thomson called the negative particles corpuscles. a What name was given to this model of the atom? b In 1909 Geiger and Marsden tested Thomson s model by firing positively charged alpha particles at a very thin piece of gold foil. They expected the alpha particles to go straight through the foil. Figure 1 i However, although most alpha particles passed straight through the foil, some changed direction and some even came straight back. Suggest why this experiment caused Thomson s model to be abandoned. This resource sheet may have been changed from the original. 1
2 Geiger and Marsden took lots of readings for the change of direction of the particles. Suggest why. i If scientists were to repeat Geiger and Marsden s experiment today they would have to be shielded by lead to protect them from radiation. Suggest a reason why Geiger and Marsden did not take these precautions. c A scientist called Rutherford then proposed a different model of the atom. To explain Geiger and Marsden s result, he thought about the interaction of the gold atoms with the alpha particles. Figure 2 Suggest why some of the positively charged alpha particles were repelled backwards. 4 This question is about the modern idea of the structure of an atom. a The diagram below shows the atomic structure of an element. i Is this element likely to form a positive or negative ion? This resource sheet may have been changed from the original. 2
3 What is the atomic number of this element? i State why atoms of this element are neutral (like all other atoms). b All the different atoms of this element have similar chemical properties. Explain why. 5 a Complete Table 1 below about the particles in atoms. Particle Charge Relative Mass proton +1 1 unit neutron electron Table 1 b Suggest why the actual masses of the particles are not quoted in the table. 6 The full chemical symbol for an atom normally includes two numbers. 23 a An element we will call Xy is written as: Xy 11 (Xy is not the symbol for the atom.) How many protons, neutrons and electrons does Xy contain? Protons Neutrons Electrons (3 marks) This resource sheet may have been changed from the original. 3
4 b Table 2 below gives information about four atoms or ions. Species protons neutrons electrons A B C D Table 2 Which of the species A, B, C or D (which are not the symbols for the elements) i has an atomic number equal to half its mass number? is an atom of boron? c The atomic rad of atoms are normally given in standard form. i Suggest why the rad of atoms given in standard form and not as ordinary numbers. The atomic radius of an atom of X is approximately m. Calculate the distance across a line of 200 atoms of X. Give your answer in standard form. m This resource sheet may have been changed from the original. 4
5 7 Describe the structure of a typical atom. Your answer should include the particles present and where they are found. (6 marks) This resource sheet may have been changed from the original. 5
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