ION EXCHANGE TRAINING MANUAL

Transcription

1 ION EXCHANGE TRAINING MANUAL GEORGE P. SIMON ~ SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, LLC

2 Copyright 1991 by Springer Science+ Business Media New York Originally published by Van Nostrand Reinhold in 1991 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number ISBN All rights reserved. No part of this work covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means-graphic. electronic, or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping. or information storage and retrieval systems-without written permission of the publisher II Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Simon, George P. Ion exchange training manual 1 George P. Simon. p. em. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / I. ion exchange. I. Title. QD S '723-dc CIP

3 This manual is dedicated to Dr. C. Caimanmy mentor first, my colleague later, and unforgettable friend forever.

4 CONTENTS Preface 1x HISTORY AND PROPERTIES OF ION EXCHANGE MATERIALS 1 1 ION EXCHANGE PERSPECTIVES 3 2 SYNTHESIS OF ION EXCHANGE MATERIALS 10 Introduction 10 Natural Ion Exchange Materials 10 Synthetic Aluminosilicates 11 Sulfonated Coals 12 Condensate Polymer Products 12 Polymeric Ion Exchange Products 15 Porous Ion Exchange Products 16 Ion Exchange Membrane Products 23 3 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ION EXCHANGE PRODUCTS 25 Introduction 25 Cross-Linking 25 ~m~ Swelling 26 &re~~ ~ Diffusion 32 Porosity 34 4 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ION EXCHANGE PRODUCTS 35 Introduction 35 Hydration 36 M v

5 vi CONTENTS Ionization Weak Base Anion Exchangers Weak Acid Cation Exchangers Reaction with a Base Reaction with a Basic Salt Reaction with a Neutral Salt Effect of Anions and Cations Salt-Salt Exchange Capacity and Regeneration Equilibria and Selectivity 5 CHROMATOGRAPHY Ion Exchange Chromatography Displacement Development Elution Development Frontal Analysis Complexing Agents Height Equivalent of a Theoretical Plate (HETP) 6 ION EXCHANGE APPLICATIONS Introduction Water Treatment Cation Exchange Applications Sodium Cycle-Softening Hydrogen Cycle-Dealkalization Anion Exchange Applications Industrial Applications Deionization and Demineralization Continuous Ion Exchange The Higgins Process The Asahi Process The Fluicon Process Electrodialysis Applications in the Electric Power Industry Fossil Power Systems PWR Nuclear Steam Generator Systems BWR Nuclear Steam Generator Systems Recovery Separation and Pollution Control 7 TECHNICAL DESIGN CALCULATIONS Introduction Stepwise Procedure Effluent Purity Required

6 CONTENTS vii Analysis of Water Supply Types of Pretreatment Types of Systems and Resins Regenerant Levels and Capacities of Ion Exchangers Length of Service Run and F1owrate Treated Water Storage and Regenerant Storage Final Calculations Sample Calculations II LABORATORY UNITS 113 UNIT 1 Part A: Shapes. Forms, and Quality Part B: Sphericity UNIT 2 DENSITY Part A: Apparent, Tapped-Down, and True Density Part B: Bulk Density or Shipping Weight UNIT 3 VOlUME CHANGES Part A: Effect of Concentration Part B: Effect of Ionic Form Part C: Effect of Hydration UNIT 4 POROSITY OF ION EXCHANGE MATERIAlS UNIT 5 HYDRAUliC PROPERTIES Part A: Bed Expansion Versus Flowrate Part B: Pressure Drop Versus Flowrate UNIT 6 IDENTIFICATION OF FUNCTIONAL GROUPS UNIT 7 WATER RETENTION UNIT 8 FUNCTIONAliTY OF ION EXCHANGE GROUPS Part A: Cation Exchange Group(s) Part B: Anion Exchange Group(s) UNIT 9 CATION EXCHANGE CAPACITY

7 viii CONTENTS UNIT 10 ANION EXCHANGE CAPACITIES UNIT 11 SELECTIVITY Part A: Cation Selectivity Part B: Anion Selectivity UNIT 12 RATE Of ION EXCHANGE UNIT 13 STABILITY Of ION EXCHANGE MATERIALS UNIT 14 COLUMN OPERATING CAPACITY OF ION EXCHANGERS Part A: Cation Exchangers Part B: Anion Exchangers UNIT 15 DEIONIZATION UNIT 16 CHROMATOGRAPHY UNIT 17 ION EXCLUSION UNIT 18 ADSORPTION UNIT 19 ION EXCHANGE CATALYSIS UNIT 20 ION EXCHANGE PLATE HEIGHT APPENDIXES APPENDIX A SUGGESTED READING LIST APPENDIX B USEFUL ANALYTICAL METHODS APPENDIX C LABORATORY CHECKLIST APPENDIX D GLOSSARY OF ION EXCHANGE TERMS APPENDIX E TABLES AND CONVERSION FACTORS APPENDIX f Index SAMPLING ION EXCHANGE RESINS

8 PREFACE It is rare indeed that one comes in contact with a process or technique which impacts many technical disciplines. Ion exchange is such a processs. Although many books have been written on the topic of ion exchange, most have been aimed at the specialist and the graduate engineer or chemist. The author's experience in ion exchange technology has indicated that there are many specialists in the industry who do not understand ion exchange as a process. Therefore this manual has been written to aquaint and to train. The author has provided background information and hands-on experimental units that can be used to train laboratory technicians who later become assets in the industry. This material has been used by the author for in-house training and at the community college level with success. It is my sincere hope that the training obtained in this manual will, in some way, be used to improve the environment in which we live. Ion exchange technology has the potential to reduce pollution and improve water supplies when applied properly. In writing this manual I have had the benefit of valuable assistance. I am indebted to Wes MacGowan and Dr. F. X. McGarvey for helpful suggestions and continued encouragement to get the job done. I have also learned much over the years from Dr. S. Fisher, D. R. Kunin, and Dr. I. Abrams. In one way or another they too have some influence, however indirect, on this modest effort. GEORGE P. SIMON GEO-SCI Consulting Richland, Washington ix