CRYOGENIC LABORATORY EQUIPMENT
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1 CRYOGENIC LABORATORY EQUIPMENT Fig Model 200 ADL-Collins helium liquefier. (Photo: Arth
2 THE INTERNATIONAL CRYOGENICS MONOGRAPH SE RIES General Editors I Dr. K. Mendelssohn, F. R. S. The Clarendon Laboratory Oxlord, England Dr. K. D. Timmerhaus University 01 Colorado Boulder, Colorado H. J. Goldsmid Thermoelectric Refrigeration, 1964 G. T. Meaden Electrical Resistance of Metals, 1965 E. S. R. Gopal Specific Heats at Low Temperatures, 1966 M. G. Zabetakis Safety with Cryogenic Fluids, 1967 D. H. Parkinson and B. E. Mulhall The Generation of High Magnetic Fields, 1967 W. E. Keller Helium-3 and Helium-4, 1969 A. J. Croft Cryogenic Laboratory Equipment, 1970 A. U. Smith Curren! Trends in Cryobio[ogy, 1970
3 CRYOGENIC LABORATORY EQUIPMENT A. J. Croft Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford 9? Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 1970
4 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Springer Science+Business Media New York Origina11y published by Plenum Press, New York in All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without written perm iss ion from the publisher
5 Dedicated with respect and affection to the memory of FRANZ EUGEN SIMON with gratitude for the risk which he took in 1947
6 Preface This book is meant for laboratory workers who for one reason or another have a need to cool something down to temperatures below that of liquid nitrogen - notably to 4.2 K and below. It does not deal with experimental techniques at low temperatures, but I have tried to bring the reader face to face with the brutishrealities of the necessary hardware. As weil as giving information about sources of supply of equipment, I have gone into so me detail about how some of it can be made in laboratory workshops for the sake of those who are short of money but blessed with competent technical support. So far as highly specialized items such as liquefiers, refrigerators, refrigerant containers, cryostat dewars, etc., are concerned, I have included ail sources of supply which I have got to he ar of; in the case of more generaily available equipment only representative sources of known reliability have been quoted. Any omissions or errors must be put down either to my own ignorance, stupidity, or lack of will toget about the world, or perhaps to the difficulty I have had in extracting information from manufacturers. However, most have gone to great trouble to help, and I hope I have done them justice. Brought up to work indifferently in inches and centimetres and perched between the opposing puils of the USA and Europe, I have used a mixture of units which may shock the purist. Manufacturers' information is given in the units quoted by them, and nonmetric units will be found where equipment and materials are commonly available only in such units at the time of writing. However, the calorie, the British thermal unit, and the degrees Fahrenheit and Rankine have been banished. I am grateful to Dr. Kurt Mendelssohn for suggesting that I should write this book, and to the publishers for their patience and generosity. Too many people have helped with its preparation for me to be able to name them all, but I must record my gratitude to Dr. Peter McClintock vii
7 viii Preface (now at the University of Lancaster) and Mr. Michael WeHs of the Clarendon Laboratory. Prof. Nicholas Kurti has been keeping my thermodynamics on the rails for many years, and but for hirn this book would include more loose statements than it does. In the matter of getting the text presentable, I offer my warm thanks to my wife for her fortitude as arnanuensis to one overendowed with flexibility of purpose, and to Mrs. Patricia Band for her interpretative skih in producing an accurate typescript from a consequently chaotic manuscript. Clarendon Laboratory University of Oxford October 1968 A. J. Croft
8 Contents Chapter 1. Liquid Refrigerants Liquid Refrigerants in General Specific Liquid Refrigerants Refrigerant Economies 9 Reference Chapter 2. Storage and Handling of Liquid Refrigerants Storage Vessels - Principles Sm all Liquid-Nitrogen Vessels Large Liquid-Nitrogen Tanks Liquid-Helium and Liquid-Hydrogen Vessels The Handling of Liquid-Refrigerant Storage Vessels Transfer Lines - Principles Commercial Transfer Lines Laboratory-Built Transfer Lines Flow Promotion References Chapter 3. Liquefiers and Refrigerators Principles Commercial External-Work Liquefiers and Refrigerators Commercial Internal-Work Liquefiers and Refrigerators Laboratory-Built Liquefiers and Refrigerators The Harwell Dilution Refrigerator 69 References Chapter 4. Room-Temperature Machinery Compressors Vacuum Pumps 82 Reference& ix
9 x Contents Chapter 5. Helium Gas Recovery Systems Gas Storage at Atmospheric Pressure Gas Storage at High Pressure Purification 92 Reference.. 99 Chapter 6. Instrumentation Pressure Temperature - Electrical Methods Temperature - Pressure-Dependent Methods Gas Flow Rate Integrated Gas Flow Rate Liquid{Vapour Interface Point Liquid Depth Gas Purity Automatie Control 115 References Chapter 7. Materials and Jointing Methods Desirable Features of Structural Materials Metals Nonmetals Tubing Valves Jointing Techniques - Metal to Metal Metal/Nonmetal Joints Leak Detection InsulatingMaterials 140 References Chapter 8. Cryostat Dewars Laboratory-Built Liquid-Helium Cryostat Dewars Commercial Liquid-Helium Cryostat Dewars 152 References Chapter 9. Hazards Physical Hazards Chemical Hazards Physiological Hazards 160 Reference Bibliography 162 Appendix. 167 Index
10 CRYOGENIC LABORATORY EQUIPMENT
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