Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and

Transcription

1 opyrght owd y th Author of th th. Pro gv for a copy to dowoadd y a dvdua for th purpo of rarch ad prvat tudy oy. Th th ay ot rproducd whr wthout th pro of th Author.

2 BR Prforac of M-DS-DMA Syt th Prc of Tg Jttr A th prtd parta fuft of th rqurt for th Dgr of Matr of grg Iforato ad Tcoucato grg at May Uvrty Parto orth w Zaad. dog Xu

3 Acowdgt I woud to xpr y grattud to a tho who gudd ad atd to accoph th th. Frt ad forot I gratfuy acowdg th hp of y uprvor Dr. Xag Gu. I do apprcat h patc couragt ad profoa tructo durg y th wrtg. Th copto of th th woud po wthout h gudac uprvo ad atac. May tha to y t frd Ru who away har h rarch xprc wth. I ao woud to ta th opportuty to xpr y hartft grattud to y ovd part who hav away hpg out of dffcut ad upportg ad carg for a of y f.

4 BR Prforac of M-DS-DMA Syt th Prc of Tg Jttr Atract Mut-carrr drct-quc cod dvo utp acc M-DS-DMA tchqu whch a coato of orthogoa frqucy-dvo utpxg OFDM ad cod dvo utp acc DMA ha codrd a a portat tchqu for th futur grato wr yt du to t adwdth ffccy frqucy dvrty ad uty to cha dpro. OFDM ha arady poyd ay ara uch a dgta audo ad vdo roadcatg wr oca/tropota ara twor ad aychroou dgta ucrr ADS. vragg th utp acc capaty of DMA th M-DS-DMA tchqu a portat hact to OFDM. vrth a aor dadvatag of th M-DS-DMA yt thr hgh tvty to tg rror tw trattr ad rcvr du to th u of a arg ur of carrr ad th uprpoto of ga of utp ur. I th th w tudy th t rror rat BR prforac of M-DS-DMA yt udr th ffct of tg ttr addtv wht Gaua o AWG cha ad ut-path Raygh fadg cha rpctvy. I partcuar w hav drvd th aaytca BR xpro for th M-DS-DMA ga prc of wht or coord tg ttr ad vrfd th rut va coputr uato.

5 ott. Itroducto.... Gra troducto.... Th tructur.... tratur rvw Itroducto OFDM Htory of OFDM Mathatca dcrpto of OFDM Bac prcp of OFDM Advatag ad dadvatag of OFDM Sprad pctur tchqu Drct quc prad pctru Frqucy hoppg prad pctru Advatag of prad pctru Mut-carrr cod dvo utp acc M-DMA ch M-DS-DMA ch MT-DS-DMA ch Suary... 4

6 3. Iptato of th M-DS-DMA yt Itroducto Trattr Dua OVSF pradg cod ha uato Rcvr Suato rut ad cocuo BR prforac aay o th ffct of tg ttr 4 4. Itroducto Pro foruato II du to tg ttr II du to wht tg ttr II du to coord tg ttr BR prforac tt thod Itroducto Ttg thod AWG cha Ttg thod ut-path Raygh fadg cha Rut ad dcuo BR prforac o th ffct of tg ttr AWG cha... 6

7 6. BR prforac o th ffct of tg ttr ut-path Raygh fadg cha ocuo Rfrc Appdx: opt Mata cod... 8 A OVSF cod... 8 A Suato cod of th M-DS-DMA yt AWG cha A3 Suato cod of th M-DS-DMA yt ut-path Raygh fadg cha... 87

8 t of Fgur Fgur. oparo of th adwdth utzato for FDM ad OFDM...6 Fgur. A Spctru of a OFDM u-carrr B Spctru of a OFDM ga....6 Fgur.3 Boc dagra of a FFT-ad OFDM yt... Fgur.4 xap of th guard trva... Fgur.5 T ad frqucy rprtato of OFDM ug guard trva....3 Fgur.6 Drct quc pard pctru DSSS oc dagra...6 Fgur.7 Frqucy hoppg pard pctru FHSS oc dagra...7 Fgur.8 Th trattr dagra of M-DMA ch...9 Fgur.9 Th rcvr dagra of M-DMA ch... Fgur. Th trattr dagra of M-DS-DMA ch.... Fgur. Th rcvr dagra of M-DS-DMA ch... Fgur. Th trattr dagra of MT-DS-DMA ch... 3 Fgur.3 Th rvvr dagra of MT-DS-DMA ch....4 Fgur 3. Boc dagra of four-ur M-DS-DMA yt...7 Fgur 3. Boc dagra of M-DS-DMA trattr for a g-ur....9 Fgur 3.3 Mut-path dotrato Fgur 3.4 Boc dagra of M-DS-DMA cha od...38 Fgur 3.5 Boc dagra of M-DS-DMA rcvr...39 Fgur 3.6 BR curv of SUI ha...4

9 t of Ta Ta 3. oparo of pa corrato vau: gth-4 HOVSF ad dua OVSF...35 Ta 3. oparo of pa corrato vau: gth-8 HOVSF ad dua OVSF...35 Ta 3.3 Paratr of SUI Ta 3.4 Paratr of SUI Ta 3.5 Paratr of SUI Ta 3.6 Paratr of SUI Ta 3.7 Paratr of SUI Ta 3.8 Paratr of SUI Ta 3.9 BR of SUI- ha...4 Ta 3. BR of SUI- ha...4 Ta 3. BR of SUI-3 ha...4 Ta 3. BR of SUI-4 ha...4 Ta 3.3 BR of SUI-5 ha...4 Ta 3.4 BR of SUI-6 ha...4

10 t of Arvato M-DS-DMA: ut-carrr drct-quc cod dvo utp acc OFDM: orthogoa frqucy-dvo utpxg DMA: cod dvo utp acc ADS: aychroou dgta ucrr BR: t rror rat AWG: addtv wht Gaua o MM: ut-carrr oduato SP: ra-to-para SR: ga-to-o rato OVSF: orthogoa vara pradg factor FFT: Fat Fourr Trafor DMT: dcrt ut-to FDM: frqucy dvo utpxg FDMA: frqucy dvo utpxg acc VSI: vry-arg-ca tgrato QAM: quadratur aptud oduato HDS: hgh-t-rat dgta ucrr VHDS: vry hgh-pd dgta ucrr DAB: dgta audo roadcatg FM: frqucy oduato IFFT: vr Fat Fourr Trafor ISI: tr-yo trfrc D/A: dgta to aaog PF: ow-pa ftr RF: rado frqucy II: tr-carrr trfrc SS: prad pctru

11 DSSS: drct quc prad pctru FHSS: frqucy hoppg prad pctru P: pudo-o FFHSS: fat frqucy-hoppg prad-pctru SFHSS: ow frqucy-hoppg prad-pctru M-DMA: ut-carrr orthogoa frqucy-dvo utpxg MT-DS-DMA: ut-to drct-quc cod dvo utp acc F: forward rror cotro 4G: fourth-grato HOVSF: Hadaard orthogoa vara pradg factor JOVSF: Jact orthogoa vara pradg factor SUI: Staford Uvrty Itr

12 . Itroducto. Gra troducto Mut-carrr oduato MM that ow a orthogoa frqucy-dvo utpxg OFDM ha draw codra attto hgh pd o coucato du to t adwdth ffccy frqucy dvrty ad uty to cha dpro durg th at dcad. urrty MM g ud dgta audo ad vdo roadcatg wr oca/tropota ara twor ad aychroou dgta ucrr ADS []. Wth rct advac oduato ad utp acc tchqu MM co or ad or popuar. Today th orou cra dad for hgh-pd data trao y ay wr ut-da rvc puh th dvopt of advacd oduato ad utp acc tchqu that ca provd ra ad hgh data rat trao wth hgh adwdth ffccy ad trog uty to ut-path dtorto. Rcty dffrt coato of OFDM ad cod dvo utp acc DMA hav vtgatd ad prtd y varou rarchr. O of th coato th ut-carrr drct-quc cod dvo utp acc M-DS-DMA tchqu whch ha codrd a a portat tchqu for th fourth-grato wr yt []. I th M-DS-DMA yt th trattr trat th ra-to-para SP covrtd data tra ug a gv pradg quc th t doa o that th rutat pctru of ach u-carrr ca ra orthogoa ad p th u rqurd frqucy parato. vrth a aor dadvatag of ut-carrr drct-quc cod dvo utp acc M-DS-DMA yt thr hgh tvty to tg rror tw trattr ad rcvr du to th u of a arg ur of carrr. Th fuc of tg rror o ut-carrr yt ha rportd [45 46] for OFDM ad [39] for M-DS-DMA. I [45] ad [46] t wa how that th OFDM

13 yt uffr vry fro a coc frqucy offt tw th trattr ad th rcvr. I [39] th ffct of tg ttr o M-DS-DMA wa tudd tr of ga-to-o rato SR dgradato. Wh SR dcatv of th prforac of dgta coucato yt th t rror rat BR th drct prforac aur. I th th w xtd th rut of [39] ad tudy th BR prforac of M-DS-DMA yt udr th ffct of tg ttr addtv wht Gaua o AWG cha ad ut-path Raygh fadg cha rpctvy. I partcuar w hav drvd th aaytca BR xpro for th M-DS-DMA ga prc of wht or coord tg ttr ad vrfd th rut va coputr uato.. Th tructur Th th orgazd a v chaptr ad o appdx. haptr gv a tratur rvw ratd to our rarch cudg orthogoa frqucy dvo utpxg tchqu pradg pctru tchqu ad ut-carrr cod dvo utp acc tchqu. haptr 3 prt a M-DS-DMA yt uatd AWG cha ad ut-path Raygh fadg cha ug Su Mata. Th uato of trattr cha ad rcvr ar dcrd th chaptr. Th orthogoa vara pradg factor OVSF cod ud a pradg cod our rarch ar ao prtd. haptr 4 dcr th aay of BR prforac of M-DS-DMA yt du to tg ttr AWG cha ad ut-path Raygh fadg cha rpctvy. Th aaytca BR xpro for M-DS-DMA prc of wht ad coord tg ttr ar foruatd ad dcud. haptr 5 troduc th agorth w ud to tt th BR prforac of M-DS-DMA yt.

14 haptr 6 how th tt rut of th yt. A dcuo ao cudd. haptr 7 cota th cocuo of th th. Th appdx cota th uato agorth cod. 3

15 . tratur rvw. Itroducto Our rarch o M-DS-DMA ad th uato ad o Su ad prograg Mata. Ratd topc ar OFDM prad pctru ad coato of MM ad DMA. W w prt a tratur rvw of th topc th foowg cto.. OFDM MM a thod to data trao that dvd data tra to vra u-tra ad dvr ach of th u-tra to oduat carrr ga. Wth rct advac ffct ptato of Fat Fourr Trafor FFT th MM cocpt cog wdy adoptd practca appcato. It ca foud I tadard 8.a ad 8.6a a w a tadard for dgta roadcatg of tvo ad rado [3]. MM ha rfrrd to y dffrt a uch a dcrt ut-to DMT oduato wr coucato ad OFDM wr coucato. W w u OFDM th th. W xt prt th htory athatca dcrpto ad ac prcp of OFDM... Htory of OFDM Frqucy dvo utpxg FDM a tchoogy that trat utp ga utaouy ovr a g trao path. I frqucy dvo utpxg acc FDMA ach ur typcay aocatd a g cha that ud to trat a th ur forato ach ga trav wth t ow uqu frqucy rag carrr whch oduatd y th data [4]. 4

16 OFDM a trao tchqu ad o th da of FDM. I OFDM th trattr trat a g data tra ovr a ur of owr rat orthogoa u-carrr coupd wth th u of advacd oduato tchqu o ach copot rutg a ga wth hgh rtac to trfrc. OFDM ca py dfd a ut-carrr oduato whr t carrr pacg carfuy ctd o that ach u-carrr orthogoa to th othr u-carrr [5]. O a rao to u OFDM to cra th rout agat frqucy ctv fadg or arrowad trfrc. I a g carrr yt a g fad or trfrc ca cau th tr to fa ut a ut-carrr yt oy a a prctag of th u-carrr w affctd. Th rror corrcto codg ca ud to corrct for th fw rroou u-carrr. Th cocpt of ug para data trao ad FDM wa puhd th d-96 [6 7]. So ary dvopt ca tracd ac th 95 [8]. A U.S. patt wa fd ad ud Jauary 97 [9]. I a caca para data yt th tota ga frqucy ad dvdd to o-ovrappg frqucy u-cha. ach u-cha oduatd wth a parat yo ad th th u-cha ar frqucy-utpxd. It good to avod pctra ovrap of cha ad at tr-cha trfrc. Howvr th ad to ffct u of th avaa pctru. To cop wth th ffccy th da propod fro th d-96 wr to u para data ad FDM wth ovrappg u-cha to avod th u of hgh pd quazato ad to coat puv o ad ut-path dtorto a w a to fuy u th avaa adwdth []. ovtoa FDM ut-carrr oduato tchqu 5

17 OFDM ut-carrr oduato tchqu Fgur. oparo of th adwdth utzato for FDM ad OFDM [5] Fgur. utrat th dffrc tw th covtoa FDM ut-carrr oduato tchqu ad th OFDM ut-carrr oduato tchqu. A how Fgur. ovr 5% of adwdth ca avd y ug OFDM ut-carrr oduato tchqu. Howvr crota tw u-carrr d to rducd OFDM tchqu whch a orthogoaty tw th dffrt oduatd carrr cary. Fgur.a Spctru of a OFDM u-cha [5] Fgur. Spctru of a OFDM ga [5] 6

18 Much of th rarch focu o th hghy ffct ut-carrr trao ch ad o orthogoa frqucy carrr. I 97 Wt ad rt appd th dcrt Fourr trafor DFT to para data trao yt a part of th oduato ad doduato proc []. Fgur.a how th pctru of a OFDM u-cha ad Fgur. prt th pctru of th OFDM ga. Fro Fgur. t ca that at th ctra frqucy of ach u-cha thr ar o cro ta fro othr cha. Thrfor f w u DFT at th rcvr ad cacuat corrato vau wth th ctr of frqucy of ach u-carrr th trattd data coud rcovrd wth o crota. Morovr to atg th a of u-carrr ocator ad cohrt doduator rqurd y FDM a copty dgta ptato coud ut aroud pca-purpo hardwar prforg th fat Fourr trafor FFT whch a ffct ptato of th DFT. Rct advac vry-arg-ca tgrato VSI tchoogy a hgh pd ad arg z FFT chp corcay afforda []. oquty oth trattr ad rcvr ar ptd ug ffct FFT tchqu that rduc th ur of oprato fro whr th FFT z [3]. DFT dow to og I th 96 th OFDM tchqu wa ud vra hgh-frqucy tary yt uch a KIPX [8] ADFT [4] ad KATHRY [5 6]. For xap th vara-rat data od KATHRY wa ut for th hgh-frqucy ad. It ud up to 34 para ow-rat pha-oduatd cha wth a pacg of 8 Hz. I th 98 OFDM wa tudd for hgh-pd od dgta o coucato ad hgh-dty rcordg. O of th yt razd th OFDM tchqu for utpxd quadratur aptud oduato QAM ug DFT [7]. Furthror vara-pd od wr dvopd for tpho twor [9]. I th 99 OFDM wa poyd for wdad data coucato ovr o 7

19 rado cha hgh-t-rat dgta ucrr HDS.6 Mp aytrc dgta ucrr ADS up to 6 Mp vry hgh-pd dgta ucrr VHDS Mp dgta audo roadcatg DAB ad dgta tvo ad hgh-dfto tvo HDTV trrtra roadcatg []. aa ad ug propod OFDM/frqucy oduato FM for data coucato ovr o rado cha []. It cad that OFDM/FM yt coud ptd py ad xpvy y rtrofttg xtg FM rado yt. how t a tudd th ut-to oduato wth DFT tracvr dg ad howd that t a xct thod for dvrg of hgh pd data to cutor oth tr of prforac ad cot for ADS.536 Mp HDS.6 Mp ad VHDS Mp [ ]... Mathatca dcrpto of OFDM Foowg th htory of OFDM w dcu th athatca dfto of th OFDM yt. Th aow u to how th ga gratd ad how rcvr ut oprat ad t gv u a too to udrtad th ffct of prfcto th trao cha. A prtd aov OFDM trat a arg ur of arrowad u-carrr coy pacd th frqucy doa. I ordr to avod a arg ur of oduator ad ftr at th trattr ad coptary ftr ad doduator at th rcvr t dra to a to u odr dgta ga procg tchqu uch a FFT [5]. Mathatcay ach oduatd OFDM u-carrr ca rprtd a th ra part of th foowg copx ga whr c [ ] t t c c S t A t ω φ. c c ω th u-carrr aguar frqucy; wh A c t ad φ t rprt aptud ad pha oduato o th u-carrr rpctvy ad var fro yo to yo. OFDM cot of ay u-carrr. Thrfor th copx OFDM ga S t wth u-carrr ca wrtt a c 8

20 [ ωt φ t ] S t A t. whr ω ω ω ad ω th u-carrr pacg aguar frqucy. Th aptud ad pha oduato do ot chag wth a OFDM yo hc A t ad φ t ca rwrtt a A ad φ rpctvy wh quato. ud to rprt th wavfor of a g OFDM yo. If th yo wavfor apd at a apg frqucy of T whr T T / ad T th durato of o OFDM yo th th rutg ga ap ar gv y [ ω ω φ ] S T A -..3 T Wthout a o of graty y aug ω quato.3 ca pfd a: t S T A φ ω T -..4 ω f.5 T T quato.4 co quato.6 whch th gra for of th Ivr DFT IDFT. S T A φ / -..6 quato.5 th a codto that rqurd for u-carrr orthogoaty. Thu th OFDM ga ca dfd y ug Fourr Trafor procdur [5]...3 Bac prcp of OFDM a. Grato of u-carrr ug IDFT φ odr a data quc d d d... d d - whr d A a. Accordg to th dfto of th -pot IDFT whch 9

21 / [ ] [ ] x X.7 th data quc d ca wrtt a a vctor D D D... D D - aftr prforg DFT. / ft -.8 D d d whr f / T T t Th ra part of th vctor D T ad T th t trva of d. Y R D [ a co f t f t ] -..9 If th ap Y appd to a ow-pa ftr at t trva T th th otad ga th cotuou-t OFDM wavfor. y t [ a co ft ft] t T.. Fgur.3: Boc dagra of a FFT-ad OFDM yt [] Fgur.3 prt th oc dagra of a typca FFT-ad OFDM yt. At

22 trattr d th orga ra data frt ra-to-para covrtd ad groupd to x-t ad th apprd to copx ur. Th th copx ur ar oduatd th aad ug th vr FFT IFFT ad covrtd ac to ra data for trao. I ordr to avod tr-yo trfrc ISI caud y ut-path dtorto a guard trva rtd tw yo. Fay th yo ar covrtd fro dgta to aaog D/A ad ow-pa ftrd PF for rado frqucy RF up-covro. At rcvr d th vr proc of th trattr prford ad o-tap quazr ud to corrct cha dtorto. Th tap-coffct of th ftr ar cacuatd accordg to th cha forato [].. Guard trva ad cycc xto Thortcay th orthogoaty of u-cha OFDM ca atad ad dvdua u-cha ca copty paratd y th FFT at th rcvr. Howvr th codto ca ot otad practc du to tr-yo trfrc ISI ad tr-carrr trfrc II troducd y trao cha dtorto. ar cha dtorto uch a ut-path ca cau ach u-cha to prad rgy to th adact cha ad a crota tw dffrt u-carrr. oquty th rut ISI ad II. I ordr to prvt ut-path copot trfrg fro o yo wth th xt yo a cyccay xtdd guard trva whch a prodc xto of ach OFDM yo tf appd for ach OFDM yo. Th tota yo durato Ttd Tg T whr T g th durato of guard trva ad T th durato of ufu yo. If th guard trva cho ogr tha th cha pu rpo or th ut-path day th ISI ad II coud atd []. Th rato of th guard trva to ufu yo durato dpd o dffrt yt. Sc th rto of guard trva w rduc data throughput T uuay tha T 4 [3]. g

23 Fgur.4: xap of th guard trva [5] Fgur.4 prt th xap of th guard trva of th OFDM yo. ach yo cot of two part: guard trva ad actv prod. Th ufu yo M cotad th actv prod ad th at part of actv prod ao rpatd at th tart of th yo ad cad th guard trva. Th rao to u a cycc prfx for th guard trva ar []:. To ata th rcvr carrr ychrozato. So ga tad of a og c ut away trattd. ycc covouto ca t appd tw th OFDM ga ad th cha rpo to od th trao yt. Fgur.5 how th t ad frqucy rprtato of OFDM ug guard trva. Wth th two-doa ga rprtato th yo ar ovrappd th frqucy doa ad ar paratd y th guard trva th t doa.

24 Fgur.5: T ad frqucy rprtato of OFDM ug guard trva [] c. hoc of y t. Ufu yo durato Th ufu yo durato ca fxd aftr th guard trva ha t. To z th ga-to-o rato SR o caud y th guard trva t dra to hav th ufu yo durato argr tha th guard trva. Howvr t ca ot artrary arg cau argr ufu yo durato rut or u-carrr wth a a u-carrr pacg argr ptato copxty of FFT cacuato ad or tvty to pha o ad frqucy offt [4] a w a a cra of pa-to-avrag powr rato [5]. Hc a practca dg choc to a th ufu yo durato at at fv t th guard trva [3] o that th cha ta for th durato of a yo. 3

25 . ur of u-carrr Aftr th yo durato ad guard trva ar fxd th ur of u-carrr ca dtrd y th rqurd t rat dvdd y th t rat pr u-carrr. Th t rat pr u-carrr dfd ad o th oduato typ codg rat ad th ufu yo durato. What or th ur of u-carrr corrpod to th ur of copx pot g procd FFT. I HDTV appcato th ur of u-carrr th rag of vra thouad o a to accoodat th data rat ad guard trva rqurt [5]. 3. Moduato ch Th oduato ch a OFDM yt ca cho ad o th rqurt of powr or pctru ffccy. Th typ of oduato ca pcfd y th copx ur d a whch dfd th cto..3a. Th yo a ad ca t a ± ± 3 for 6-QAM ad ± for QPSK [5]. I gra th cto of th oduato ch appyg to ach u-cha dpd o th copro tw th data rat rqurt ad trao rout. Furthror aothr advatag of OFDM that dffrt oduato ch ca ud o dffrt u-cha for ayrd rvc [5]...4 Advatag ad dadvatag of OFDM Th OFDM trao ch ha th foowg y advatag [3]:. OFDM a ffct way to da wth ut-path. Th ovra ga pctru dvdd to arrowad fat-fadg u-cha. A a rut cha quazato accophd through a p a of copx-vaud utpr thry avodg th d for coputatoay dadg t doa quazr.. OFDM gfcaty hac th capaty of trfrc uppro through th u of th cycc prfx. 3. OFDM rout agat frqucy ctv fadg ad arrowad trfrc cau uch trfrc affct oy a a prctag of th u-carrr. 4

26 4. OFDM ha hghr pctra ffccy. Mor tha 5% of th adwdth ca avd copard wth FDM du to ovrappg u-carrr th frqucy doa. 5. OFDM a dgta ptato p y ug DFT/IDFT oprato. 6. OFDM provd a opportuty of ctg th ot approprat codg ad oduato ch o ach dvdua u-carrr accordg to th aurd cha quaty. I practc hghr ordr cotato ar oray ud o attuatd u-carrr ordr to cra th data throughput wh rout ow-ordr oduato ar poyd ovr u-carrr charactrzd y ow SR vau. O th othr had OFDM uffr fro th foowg drawac copard wth g-carrr oduato:. OFDM or tv to frqucy ychrozato rror ad pha o.. OFDM ha a ratvy arg pa-to-avrag powr rato whch td to rduc th powr ffccy of th RF apfr. 3. OFDM ha a hrt o pctra ffccy ratd to th u of th cycc prfx.. Sprad pctru tchqu Th tr prad pctru SS ha ud a wd varty of tary ad corca coucato yt. It wa frt dcrd o papr y a actr ad a uca 94 [6] ad wa dvopd y tary du to th u of wdad ga whch ar dffcut to dtct. I rct yar SS ha co cragy popuar for corca appcato pcay oca ara wr twor. Sprad pctru a ga tructurg tchqu that ach ga to trattd rqur gfcaty or RF adwdth tha a covtoa oduatd ga woud rqur. I SS yt a quta o- ga tructur ud to prad ora arrowad forato ga ovr a arg adwdth frqucy doa ad rcvr corrat rcvd ga to rtrv th orga forato ga. That to ay th 5

27 forato ga prad a wd adwdth a po ad a co to th acgroud o a po SS yt. Th a SS coucato vry dffcut to fd th frqucy pctru ad ca ot ay tracd ad or dffcut to a [7]. Thr ar two dffrt typ of prad pctru tchqu that hav xtvy ud. Th ar drct quc prad pctru DSSS ad frqucy hoppg prad pctru FHSS. W w dcr oth tchqu th foowg cto... Drct quc prad pctru Drct quc o of th ot popuar typ of prad pctru tchqu. I th thod a pradg ga whch a hgh-pd pudo-o P cod quc cratd y a pudo-rado cod grator drcty utpd wth arrow-ad PSK oduatd ga. Thu drd trao rado frqucy RF adwdth ca t drcty y th pradg ga. PSK oduatd ga Moduator ha Powr apfr Ata P cod grator RF frqucy Sythzr Fgur.6 Drct quc pard pctru DSSS oc dagra.. Frqucy hoppg prad pctru Frqucy hoppg aothr typ of prad pctru tchqu whch ha a 6

28 ptato cocpt ar to that of DSSS tchqu. I th thod pradg occur y hoppg frqucy ythzr to o of ay avaa frquc ovr a wd ad accordg to a hoppg ta dfd y th P quc grator. If th hoppg rat whch chp rat hghr tha th t rat th t cad fat frqucy-hoppg prad-pctru FFHSS. If th hppg rat owr tha th data rat thr ar vra or ay t pr frqucy hop ad th t cad ow frqucy-hoppg prad-pctru SFHSS. Moduator cha Ata FSK oduatd ga Powr apfr P cod grator RF frqucy Sythzr Fgur.7 Frqucy hoppg pard pctru FHSS oc dagra..3 Advatag of prad pctru tchqu Th prad pctru tchqu ha th foowg y advatag [8]:. Iprovd trfrc rcto.. ow-dty powr pctra for ga hdg. 3. Hgh-routo ragg. 4. Scur coucato. 5. At-ag capaty. 6. owr cot of ptato 7. Gracfu dgradato of prforac a th ur of utaou ur of a RF cha cra. 7

29 .3 Mut-carrr cod dvo utp acc Rcty a ur of DMA yt ad o th coato of DMA ch ad OFDM tchqu whch ar rfrrd to a ut-carrr DMA yt ha rcvd a ot of attto th fd of wr coucato du to thr ffctv coatg th ffct of ut-path fadg cha ad varou d of trfrc hgh pd data trao y pradg ga ovr vra carrr. Aog th yt th ga ca ffcty oduatd ad doduatd ug Fat Fourr Trafor FFT dvc wthout utatay crag th trattr ad rcvr copxty ad th yt ao xht th attractv fatur of hgh pctra ffccy ad frqucy dvrty [9]. Dpdg o whthr a th u-carrr ar actvatd o ach trao utp acc ch ad o a coato of DMA ad OFDM tchqu ca cafd a thr typ: ut-carrr DMA M-DMA ut-carrr DS-DMA M-DS-DMA ad ut-to DS-DMA MT-DS-DMA whch wr dvopd ad prtd y dffrt rarchr ay M-DMA y.y J-P.artz ad G.Fttw K.Faz ad.pap ad A.houy A.Braa ad S.Jourda; M-DS-DMA y V.DaSva ad.s.soua; ad MT-DS-DMA y.vaddorp [3]. Th foowg cto w rvw th thr typ of ut-carrr DMA ch tod aov. 8

30 .3. M-DMA ch Data 3 c [ ] co f t t c [ ] co f t p p c [ ] co t p f p Fgur.8 Th trattr dagra of M-DMA ch Fgur.8 how th trattr dagra of th M-DMA ch. Th M-DMA trattr prad th orga ra data tra ovr p whch th ur of u-carrr a w a th pradg ga u-carrr y a gv pradg cod of [ ] c [ ]... c [ ] c th frqucy doa. I th ch t do ot cud p ra-to-para data covro ad o pradg oduato ptd o ach u-carrr. Thrfor th data rat o ach of th p u-carrr th a a th put data rat ad th fadg ffct of ut-path cha ca tgatd y pradg ach data t acro a of th p u-carrr [9]. 9

31 PF Rcvd f t co g [ ] ga f t co g [ ] PF Z PF p co t f p g [ ] p Fgur.9 Th rcvr dagra of M-DMA ch Fgur.9 how th rcvr dagra of th M-DMA ch. I th rcvr tructur th fadg pard ga of th u-carrr fro dvr ur ar frt quazd ad th paratd accordg to thr dffrt pradg cod. What or th rcvd ga cod th frqucy doa. Thrfor th rcvr ca away a u of a th rcvd ga rgy cattrd th frqucy doa. Th th a advatag of th M-DMA ch ovr othr ch [3]. Howvr a frqucy ctv fadg cha dffrt u-carrr ay coutr dffrt aptud attuato ad pha hft whch ca coquty rut dtorto of th orthogoaty of th u-carrr. Th M-DMA ch ca appd a utp acc yt whch aocat dffrt pradg cod for ach ur ad th th pradg cod ca provd parato for dffrt ur. I addto M-DMA ch th ur of u-carrr do ot hav to th a a th procg ga. If th orga yo rat hgh th ga uffr frqucy ctv fadg. Th th ga d to ra-to-para covrtd appg th data to a ur of rducd-rat tra for pradg ovr th frqucy doa [9].

32 .3. M-DS-DMA ch c t co f t t Data Sra-topara covrtr c t co f t c t co t f p Fgur. Th trattr dagra of M-DS-DMA ch Th M-DS-DMA trattr prad th ra-to-para covrtd data tra ug a gv pradg cod th t doa o that th rutg pctru of ach u-carrr ca atfy th orthogoaty codto wth th u rqurd frqucy parato [9]. Th trattr dagra of th M-DS-DMA ch how Fgur.. I th ch th ta data tra ra-to-para covrtd to a ur of owr-rat tra ad ach of th owr-rat tra prad y th pradg cod c t wth th a rat th t doa o that t ar to ychroz th pradg quc y a arg chp t [3]. Furthror ach of th owr-rat para tra t-travd ad th tra oduat th orthogoa u-carrr wth a uccvy ovrappg adwdth [9].

33 PF Rcvd ga co co f t t c co f t t t f p c t c PF PF Fgur. Th rcvr dagra of M-DS-DMA ch Para -to- Sra ovrtr Z Th rcvr dagra of M-DS-DMA ch how Fgur.. Th rcvr cota a utp corrator for ach u-carrr ad ach corrator ychrozd to a dffrt rova path th rcvd copot ga. Th th ra data tra rcovrd y a para-to-ra covrtr. Th M-DS-DMA ch ha th foowg advatag. Frt th pradg procg ga crad copard to th corrpodg g-carrr DS-DMA ch. Scod th ffct of ut-path trfrc tgatd y ptg DS pradg. Fay frqucy/t dvrty ca achvd [3]. I addto ach u-carrr ga uct to frqucy ctv fadg th M-DS-DMA ch yt. oquty a hgh copxty RAK rcvr ca ptd ad forward rror cotro F tchqu ca utzd ordr to hac t aocatd prforac [9].

34 .3.3 MT-DS-DMA ch Data Sra-topara covrtr c t co f t t c t co f t c t co t f p Fgur. th trattr dagra of MT-DS-DMA ch Th MT-DS-DMA trattr prad th ra-to-para covrtd data tra ug a gv pradg cod th t doa o that th pctru of ach u-carrr for pradg oprato ca atfy th orthogoaty codto wth th u frqucy parato [9]. Thrfor th rutg pctru of ach u-carrr o ogr atf th orthogoaty codto ad trog pctra ovrap xt aog th dffrt u-carrr ga aftr DS pradg [3]. Fgur. how th trattr dagra of MT-DS-DMA ch. I th ch th orga ary data tra frty ra-to-para covrtd to para u-tra ad th pctru pradg occur utpyg para u-tra wth pradg cod c t. Fay th MT-DS-DMA ga gratd y addg a of th dffrt u-carrr ga. 3

35 Ra cor Rcvd ga f t co f t co Ra cor Parad -to- Sra covrtr Z Ra cor p co t f p Fgur.3 th rcvr dagra of MT-DS-DMA ch Th rcvr oc dagra of th MT-DS-DMA ch how Fgur.3. Th rcvr cot of RAK cor ad ach of rcvr ha th a tructur a th g-carrr DS-DMA RAK rcvr. Ufortuaty th MT-DS-DMA ch uffr fro tr-u-carrr trfrc ad rqur a hgh-copxty RAK-ad rcvr [9]. Howvr copard to th corrpodg g-carrr DS-DMA ch th capaty to u ogr pradg cod ca rduc th f-trfrc ad utp acc trfrc [3]. Th MT-DS-DMA ch u ogr pradg cod tha th ora g-carrr DS-DMA ch whr th ratv cod-gth xto proporto to th ur of u-carrr. Thrfor th MT-DS-DMA yt ca accoodat or ur [9]..4 Suary I th chaptr th a topc to prt a rvw o th tratur ratd to our rarch ara. OFDM tchqu SS tchqu ad o DMA ch hav dcud ad advatag ad dadvatag of th tchqu ad ch hav ao dcrd. Fro th dcuo ad coparo t appart that M-DS-DMA 4

36 whch a coato of OFDM ad SS tchqu aog th vry trog cotdr for th fourth-grato 4G wr yt. 5

37 3. Iptato of th M-DS-DMA yt 3. Itroducto M-DS-DMA that a tchqu of coato of ut-carrr oduato ad prad-pctru ha rcty draw wdprad attto du to t potta for hgh pd trao ad t ffctv tgatg th ffct of dprv ut-path fadg cha [3] ad coatg varou d of trfrc. I th cto w uat a four-ur M-DS-DMA yt ug u Mata wth th ffct of AWG cha ad ut-path Raygh fadg cha. Th oc dagra of th M-DS-DMA yt for four o ur how Fgur 3.. I th yt th trattd dow data for four dffrt ur prad rpctvy ug th orthogoa pradg cod quc agd to ach ur ad th ud togthr ad trattd utaouy through th a cha. Th th data tra rcovrd corrcty y dpradg ug th pradg cod quc of ach ur at rcvr d. Mor dta ar xpad th foowg cto. 6

38 Tx rror Rat acuato Rx Tx rror Rat acuato Rx rror Rat acuato Dpay8 rror Rat acuato Dpay Out Out Suyt4 Wah od Grator Wah od Grator Rpat Rx Rpat Rhap Product Rhap MATAB Fucto MATAB Fc MATAB Fucto MATAB Fc MATAB Fucto MATAB Fc Out Out Suyt To Fra Mutpath Raygh Fadg AWG Out Out Uuffr Fra Statu ovro Mutpath Raygh Fadg ha AWG ha Buffr Suyt Out Out Suyt3 Tx rror Rat acuato Rx /4 Ga U U Sctor FFT FFT U U Sctor Zro-Ordr Hod Tx rror Rat acuato Rx -5 Z Itgr Day u Math Fucto Product To Fra Fra Statu ovro BPSK BPSK Doduator Baad rror Rat acuato Dpay rror Rat acuato3 Dpay3 Fgur 3. Boc dagra of four-ur M-DS-DMA yt 3. Trattr Th oc dagra of th M-DS-DMA trattr for a g ur how Fgur 3.. I M-DS-DMA yt th orga put data frt covrtd fro ra tra to para tra ad th oduatd y th ary pha hft yg BPSK oduator. I ordr to rduc aag D/A covro u-carrr at or ar th yqut frqucy d to avodd y rtg zro. Aug 6 ap [ ] ar ctd to do IFFT cacuato thy d to arragd a [ ] for IFFT cacuato. 7

39 xt th arragd data procd y IFFT ad covrtd ac to ra data for trao t doa. Spcfcay th IFFT covrt th data frqucy doa to th corrpodg rprtato of th data t doa wth th pctru of ach u-carrr atfyg orthogoaty codto. Aftr prforg IFFT cacuato a cyccay xtdd guard trva appd tw yo to at ISI caud y ut-path dtorto. I or dta a prodc xto of ach M-DS-DMA yo rtd ad th durato of guard trva T g t a a quartr of th durato T of th ufu yo. Th xtdd data th utpd wth ach chp of a pradg quc whch aocatd uquy to ach ur for th a of parato of th dffrt ur ga at th rcvr. I our rarch w codr dua orthogoa vara pradg factor OVSF cod a th pradg quc. Mor dta of dua OVSF ar prtd th foowg cto. I addto aug ut-path cha ow varyg a t of pot ga rtd prodcay to tat th ut-path cha tat at trattr. oquty a accurat tato of th tat of th ut-path cha otad y ug th rcvd pot ga at th rcvr. 8

40 Fgur 3. Boc dagra of M-DS-DMA trattr for a g ur 3. Dua OVSF pradg cod I ordr to prrv th orthogoaty aog dffrt u-carrr a dffrt OVSF cod agd to ach ur. OVSF cod ca upport hghr ad vara data rat for dffrt ur y ug two dffrt oduato wthout o of th orthogoaty ad t ca ao rduc th corrato for aychroou trao [33]. I th cto w troduc a ca of copx vaud dua OVSF cod cad JOVSF va quadrc-pha orthogoa atrx [34] ad o Jact atrx. Th tr grato ad prodc corrato of th dua OVSF cod ar th a a that 9

41 of th covtoa ary OVSF cod ad o Hadaard whch rfrrd to a HOVSF ut th d of tho cod ar dffrt [33]. Th dua OVSF ca dcopod a two part o covtoa HOVSF ad th othr th JOVSF fro Jact atrx [33]. Th typca HOVSF ca prtd a whr dot Krocr product ad 3. dot th t of pradg cod who th row vctor ha t ad a potv tgr... / ad. A prodc auto-corrato of HOVSF ca xprd a ad a prodc cro-corrato whr a R τ a a 3. τ od τ a 3.3 τ od ar th th t th quc a ad rpctvy; th gth of th quc a ad τ th hft coffct τ. Fro th corrato of HOVSF t ay to vrfy that R a a 3.4 a 3.5 I ordr to provd a ttr corrato prforac tha th covtoa HOVSF a d atrx gratd va Jact atrx poyd JOVSF. A typca ordr four Jact atrx gv y: 3

42 3 [ ] 4 J 3.6 ad [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] P J P J c r whr [ ] 4 r P th row prutato atrx ad [ ] 4 c P prt cou prutato atrx. Thu a JOVSF quc ca wrtt a : 4 J : 4 J J : 3 4 J : 4 ad t orthogoaty ca dcrd y [ ] [ ] [ ] I J J H 3.8 whr [ ] H J dot th Hrta of atrx [ ] J. Fro quato 3. th auto-corrato of [ ] 4 J ar

43 Fro quato 3.3 th cro-corrato of [ J ] 4 ar Startg fro [ J ] 4 w ca drv a ar forua fro quato 3. J8 J8 J Thu gth-8 JOVSF quc 3

44 Th auto-corrato of [ J ] 8 ar Th cro-corrato of [ J ] 8 ar 33

45 A a rut th dua OVSF quc ca gratd rcurvy fro quato 3. wth 34

46 ay gth a a powr of ad th prodc corrato of th dua OVSF ca drvd fro quato 3. ad 3.3. Th advatag of dua OVSF dotratd th foowg coparo of pa corrato vau wth HOVSF [33]. Autocorrato rocorrato HOVSF Dua OVSF HOVSF Dua OVSF Pa vau ur of pa vau 8 Ta 3. oparo of pa corrato vau: gth-4 HOVSF AD dua OVSF cod Autocorrato rocorrato HOVSF Dua OVSF HOVSF Dua OVSF Pa vau ur of pa vau Ta 3. oparo of pa corrato vau: gth-8 HOVSF AD dua OVSF cod 3.3 ha uato A cruca rqurt for th M-DS-DMA yt to dcr charactrtc of wr cha accuraty. Stattca charactrtc of th wr cha havy dpd o th phyca ut-path propagato vrot [35]. Mut-path a at fatur hgh-pd wr coucato. It rut trattd rado ga rfctg fro trra fatur uch a tr or outa or otructo uch a pop vhc or udg ad th rachg rcvr at dffrt t y two or or path. Fgur 3.3 how dotrato of th ut-path. Th a trao prad a drcto ut o ga rfct fro outa ad udg. Th rcvr ota 35

47 or tha o copy of th orga ga. Sc th drct path ta or t to trav to th rcvr th dayd cop of th orga ga trfr wth th drct ga ad th rcvr ca ot dcod th orga ga corrcty [36]. Fgur 3.3: Mut-path Dotrato [36] Th cha uato charactrzd y AWG cha uato ad ut-path Raygh fadg cha uato our rarch. AWG cha uatd y addg rado ur wth Gaua dtruto to th trattd ga a acgroud o. Mut-path Raygh fadg cha uato vov utpyg th trattd ga y cha ga vctor ad addg dayd cop of th trattd ga propagato. Th uat th pro wr coucato wh th ga propagat o ay path [36]. Furthror paratr of cha ga ad day t fro a t of 6 typca cha cad odfd Staford Uvrty Itr SUI ha Mod ar appd to tt th prforac of M-DS-DMA yt th rarch ad th paratr ar prtd a Ta 3.3- Ta 3.8 [37]: 36

48 SUI- ha Tap Tap Tap 3 Ut Day.4.9 µ ha ga -5 - db Ta 3.3 paratr of SUI- SUI- ha Tap Tap Tap 3 Ut Day.4. µ ha ga - -5 db Ta 3.4 paratr of SUI- SUI-3 ha Tap Tap Tap 3 Ut Day.4.9 µ ha ga -5 - db Ta 3.5 paratr of SUI-3 SUI-4 ha Tap Tap Tap 3 Ut Day.4 4 µ ha ga -4-8 db Ta 3.6 paratr of SUI-4 SUI-5 ha Tap Tap Tap 3 Ut Day 4 µ ha ga -5 - db Ta 3.7 paratr of SUI-5 37

49 SUI-6 ha Tap Tap Tap 3 Ut Day 4 µ ha ga - -4 db Ta 3.8 paratr of SUI-6 Fgur 3.4 how th cha od of th M-DS-DMA yt. Mut-path Raygh fadg cha pt th uato of ut-path ad fadg ffct ad AWG cha add wht Gaua o ffct. To Fra Mutpath Raygh Fadg AWG Uuffr Fra Statu ovro Mutpath Raygh Fadg ha AWG ha Buffr Fgur 3.4 Boc dagra of M-DS-DMA cha od 3.4 Rcvr Th rcvr pt th vr proc of th trattr. Frt th rcvd ga covrtd fro ra to para tra ad dcodd ug ur OVSF cod dx. Accordgy th rcvr ca dtfy th data tra fro dffrt ur. xt th guard trva rovd. Th th FFT cacuato appd ad th rtd zro ar rovd fro data tra. Aftr prforg th yt day th cha ga of ut-path cha cacuatd accordg to th rcvd pot data. Th ffct of ut-path fadg cha atd y utpyg rcvd data y rcproca of th cha ga. Fay BPSK doduato appd. Thu th orga data ca rcovrd. Fgur 3.5 prt th rcvr of th M-DS-DMA yt. 38

50 Fgur 3.5 Boc dagra of M-DS-DMA rcvr 3.5 Suato rut ad cocuo Th rcvd data copard wth th orga data to cacuat th BR dffrt SUI ha Mod. I th rarch 5 6 of uato ar ru to ota th t rror rat BR at ach vau of /. Ta 3.9- Ta 3.4 prt th vau of BR at dffrt vau of / fro db to 7 db dffrt SUI ha Mod rpctvy. Fgur 3.6 how th rut ug cha od SUI- to SUI-6 wth dffrt vau of /. Th vrtca ax th BR ad th horzota ax th ga to o rato /. Bu curv dot th thortca BR prforac of Raygh fadg M-DS-DMA yt; Rd curv wth x-ar cya curv wth pu agta curv wth tar yow curv wth quar ac curv daod ad curv wth crc how BR prforac fro SUI- to SUI-6 ha rpctvy. It ca that M-DS-DMA yt rout utpath fadg cha. Du to th u of guard trva th orthogoaty tw ur atad ad thr o utur trfrc. 39

51 - - Bt rror Rat db Fgur 3.6 BR curv of SUI ha SUI- ha / db BR / db BR Ta 3.9 BR of SUI- ha SUI- ha / db BR / db BR Ta 3. BR of SUI- ha 4

52 SUI-3 ha / db BR / db BR Ta 3. BR of SUI-3 ha SUI-4 ha / db BR / db BR Ta 3. BR of SUI-4 ha SUI-5ha / db BR / db BR Ta 3.3 BR of SUI-5 ha SUI-6 ha / db BR / db BR Ta 3.4 BR of SUI-6 ha 4

53 4. BR prforac aay o th ffct of tg ttr 4. Itroducto Th M-DS-DMA yt ar or tv to rror apg t whch gray cad tg ttr tha g-carrr yt du to th u of arg ur of u-carrr. Tg ttr caud y atch of apg t tw th trattr ad rcvr dgrad prforac of th yt rouy cau tg ttr dtroy orthogoaty aog u-carrr ad rut II. To avod th dgradato aocatd wth a tg ttr th tg ttr houd corrctd y a propr tg ychrozato agorth. It ha how that th prforac dgradato for th M-DS-DMA yt caud y tg ttr dpdt of th ur of u-carrr of th pradg factor ad of th pctra cott of th ttr ut oy dpd o th tg ttr varac [38]. I th cto th vtgato of ffct of tg ttr o th M-DS-DMA yt troducd. I partcuar w w pay or attto o th BR prforac of th M-DS-DMA yt du to th tg ttr oth addtv wht Gaua o AWG cha ad ut-path Raygh fadg cha. W frty foruat th aaytca xpro for th M-DS-DMA ga prc of th tg ttr ad th copar BR prforac of th da M-DS-DMA yt wth th BR prforac affctd y tg ttr wh th tg ttr ar dpdt ad dpdt rpctvy. 4. Pro foruato I M-DS-DMA coucato yt th copx data yo to trattd ar frt pt to owr rat yo quc ad th ach of th owr rat yo quc oduat a dffrt u-carrr of th orthogoa ut-carrr yt. Th rcvd M-DS-DMA ga ovr th ufu yo durato of T at 4

54 T T t T T T ca xprd a g g g t a ur f t T T g 4. whr f f th frqucy of th th u-carrr ad th ur of u-carrr f / T th u-carrr pacg ratd to th yo durato T T g th guard trva th ur of ur ad a th data yo ur trattd y ur o th th u-carrr. Wthout o of graty aud to zro-a wth varac.... a ca dot th th chp of th quc that prad th data yo fro ur ad th gth of th pradg quc. th fadg cha ga for th u-carrr of ur ad t a copx Gaua rado proc wth zro-a ad varac. ot that th pradg quc do ot dpd o th u-carrr dx.. a data yo fro ur that ar trattd durg th a yo trva ar prad wth th a pradg quc [39]. To doduat th M-DS-DMA ga ug th DFT at th rcvr th apd t ut coctd. Iday wth prfct tg ychrozato th yo t apd at vry T T cod ad T ow a th apg trva. Howvr rado rror cad tg ttr ay occur at th rcvr du to tg ychrozato rror ad tato of apg dvc. Th a that th apg tat t ar ot T T Tg ut t T T T - 4. g whr T th tg ttr of th th apg tat for th M-DS-DMA yo corrpodg to th th chp of th pradg quc ad th tg ttr orazd y th apg trva T. Th quc oft odd a a wd tatoary Gaua rado proc tattcay 43

55 dpdt of th put ga wth zro a ad varac wthout o of graty th actua apd ga ca xprd a x T T T a J [4]. Thrfor ur f T g ur ur a a [ T T ] T [ ]. 4.3 Wth th cra of apg rat th tg ttr at adact ap ay co or corratd. orrato od of tg ttr dcrd a Gaua-hapd or xpota [4 4]. To aayz th ffct of dffrt dgr of corrato tw apg tg rror o th prforac of M-DS-DMA yt w adopt th foowg dcrt autocorrato fucto of tg ttr [4] J a ρ a 4.4 whr J th varac of tg ttr wth zro-a; a ca dcrd a th v of corrato tw dffrt tg ttr. For tac a corrpod to a cotat offt o th apg tat wh a corrpod to ucorratd tg ttr o dffrt ap [4]. 4. II du to tg ttr Th II caud y th tg ttr th M-DS-DMA yt ad o th AWG cha ad th ut-path Raygh fadg cha aayzd th cto. Ug quato 4.3 th dco vara Z for th data yo carrd y th th u-carrr of ur dpradg a ca otad fro th rcvd ga ap aftr 44

56 Z x f T a ur a ur ur a [ ] [ ] [ ] 4.5 For pcty of furthr aay w ra quato 4.5 to fv copot η a α β µ ad Γ ug th dcopoto Z a α β µ η Γ 4.6 whr η 4.7 β α ur a [ ] a 4.8 [ ] 4.9 µ ur a 4. ur Γ ϕ 4. I or dta η th ga ad pha rotato of th drd yo a. α dot trfrc troducd y yo fro th a ur othr u-carrr. β ca dcrd a trfrc fro othr ur othr u-carrr. µ rprt th trfrc fro othr ur ut wth th a u-carrr. Γ a copx Gaua rado vara wth zro-a ad a varac of th ϕ 45

57 46 cotruto fro thra o ad th ra ad th agary part of Γ ca aud dpdt ad dtcay dtrutd; hc var ] [ var ] [ var ϕ Γ I Γ Γ R [4]. ϕ a ap of th thra o. ot that th yo a ar aud to zro-a. Thrfor a β µ Thu th varac of α β ad µ ca wrtt a foowg fro quato rpctvy. ] [ ] [ ] [ a a Var α α α α 4. ] [ ] [ ] [ ur ur a a Var β β β β 4.3 ] [ ur ur a a Var µ µ µ µ 4.4 Thrfor codtoa a of doduatd ga Z ca xprd a:

58 47 a a a Z η µ β α η µ β α η Γ Γ 4.5 odtoa varac of doduatd ga Z ca xprd a: ϕ µ β α η µ β α η µ β α η Γ Γ Var Var Var a Var Var Var Var Var a Var a Var Z Var 4.6 Fay th t rror rat BR of th M-DS-DMA yt ca cacuatd a [43] / Z Var Z rfc BR 4.7 whr th coptary rror fucto rfc dfd a z t dt Z rfc Z Var th varac of Z ad Z th a vau of Z 4.. II du to wht tg ttr Wh tg ttr wht th corrato coffct xprd a: ρ 4.8 th th varac of α ca wrtt a foowg fro quato 4.

59 48 ] [ ] [ ] [ a a Var α α α α Wh ] [ [ ] [ [ ] [ ] [ a Var α 4.9 Wh 4 ] [ 4 ] [ ] [ [ ] [ ] [ ] co[ J J a Var ρ α 4. Wh

60 49 4 ] [ 4 ] [ [ ] [ ] [ J J a Var ρ α 4. Wh 4 ]] [ [ 4 ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] co[ 4 J J a Var ρ α 4. Wh or Var α Fro quato 4.3 th varac of β ca xprd a: ] [ ] [ ] [ ur ur a a Var β β β β

61 5 Wh ur ur ur ur ur a Var ] [ [ ] [ [ ] [ ] [ β 4.3 Wh ] co[ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ ] [ [ ] [ ] [ ur ur ur ur J J a Var ρ β 4.4 Wh ur ur ur ur J J a Var 4 ] [ 4 ] [ [ ] [ ] [ ρ β 4.5

62 5 Wh 4 ]] [ [ 4 ] [ ] [ [ ] [ ] [ ] co[ 4 J J ur ur ur ur a Var ρ β 4.6 Wh or Var β Fro quato 4.4 th varac of µ ca xprd a: ] [ ur ur a a Var µ µ µ µ wh ur ur ur ur a Var ] [ µ 4.7 Wh

63 5 4 4 ] [ ] [ ur ur ur ur ur J J a Var µ 4.8 Wh ur ur ur ur J J a Var 4 ] [ 4 ] [ ρ µ 4.9 Wh 4 ] [ [ 4 ] [ 4 J J ur ur ur ur a Var ρ µ 4.3

64 53 Wh or Var µ 4.. II du to coord tg ttr Wh th apg trva a th tg ttr coud corratd at adact yo whch ar cad coord tg ttr. W w drv th varac of α β ad µ du to th coord tg ttr th cto. Th varac of α ca wrtt a foowg fro quato 4. ] [ ] [ ] [ a a Var α α α α Wh ] [ [ ] [ [ ] [ ] [ a Var α 4.3 Wh

65 54 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ ] [ [ ] [ ] [ ] co[ J J a Var ρ ρ α 4.3 Wh ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ [ ] [ ] [ J J a Var ρ ρ α 4.33 Wh ] [ 4 ]] [ [ 4 ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] co[ 4 J J a Var ρ ρ α 4.34

66 55 Wh or Var α Fro quato 4.3 th varac of β ca xprd a: ] [ ] [ ] [ ur ur a a Var β β β β Wh ur ur ur ur ur a Var ] [ [ ] [ [ ] [ ] [ β 4.35 Wh ] co[ ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ ] [ [ ] [ ] [ ur ur ur ur J J a Var ρ ρ β 4.36

67 56 Wh ur ur ur ur ur J J J a Var ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ [ ] [ ] [ ρ ρ ρ β 4.37 Wh ] [ 4 ]] [ [ 4 ] [ ] [ [ ] [ ] [ ] co[ 4 ur ur ur ur J J a Var ρ ρ β 4.38 Wh or Var β Fro quato 4.4 th varac of µ ca pfd a: ] [ ur ur a a Var µ µ µ µ

68 57 wh ur ur ur ur a Var ] [ µ 4.39 Wh ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ ] [ ur ur ur ur ur J J a Var ρ ρ µ 4.4 Wh

69 58 ur ur ur ur ur J J J a Var ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ 4 ] [ ρ ρ ρ µ 4.4 Wh ] [ 4 ] [ [ 4 ] [ 4 ur ur ur ur J J a Var ρ ρ µ 4.4 Wh or Var µ Fro th aov forua w ca cacuat BR for th M-DS-DMA yt du to th tg ttr oth AWG cha ad ut-path Raygh fadg cha ad copar th BR prforac wh th tg ttr ar wht coord ad zro rpctvy.

70 5. BR prforac tt thod 5. Itroducto I th chaptr th BR prforac tt thod ar troducd ad o th aay prvou chaptr. Th tt thod how dffrt BR prforac affctd y wht coord ad zro tg ttr AWG cha ad ut-path Raygh fadg cha. Th oftwar ud th ttg Mata. Mata Matrx aoratory a tractv oftwar yt for urca coputato ad graphc. It wa orgay dgd to pfy th ptato of urca ar agra rout ad th ud to pt urca agorth for a wd rag of appcato [44]. I our rarch agorth dgd to grat th M-DS-DMA trao uat th AWG cha ad ut-path Raygh fadg cha rcovr th orga put data ad cacuat th trao t rror rat BR accordg to th trattd ad rcvd data Mata. 5. Ttg thod AWG cha Th rcvd data of th M-DS-DMA yt o th ffct of wht corratd ad zro tg ttr AWG cha wth dffrt paratr ar gratd rpctvy ad copard wth orga put data. Th th BR ca cacuatd udr dffrt ga-to-o rato accordg to th trattd ad rcvd data. 5. Ttg thod ut-path Raygh fadg cha Mthod o: Tru uato appd th thod. Th M-DS-DMA trao cha tg ttr ar uatd a th od dcrd haptr Thr ad rcovrd data coctd. Th th BR ca cacuatd ovr dffrt v of ga-to-o rato 59

71 SR fro th coparo of rcovrd data ad put data. Mthod two: I th thod Mot aro uato wth AWG varac cacuatd fro uato ud. Mot aro uato r o rpatd rado ap to cacuat thr rut ad wdy ud yt wth a arg ur of ucrta put. Th put data th a a thod o. Th a ad varac of rcovrd data cacuatd accordg to quato 4.7 ad th AWG varac coputd fro th tru uatd cha. Mthod thr: Mthod thr ar to Mthod two. Th a ad varac of rcovrd data cacuatd fro quato 4.7 ut th AWG varac cacuatd fro SR ttg th agorth. Mthod four: Mot aro uato ao ud th thod. A trfrc varac of rcovrd data ar cacuatd fro forua drvd haptr Thr whch ar quato Mthod fv: I th thod a trfrc varac of rcovrd data ar cacuatd fro pfd forua drvd haptr Thr whch ar quato

72 6. Rut ad dcuo I th cto rut of th BR prforac of M-DS-DMA yt o th ffct of tg ttr ar outd. dot th ur of u-carrr; th gth of pradg cod; a corrpod to th v of corrato of th tg ttr for tac a corrpod ucorratd tg ttr ad a a fuy corratd tg ttr. 6. BR prforac o th ffct of tg ttr AWG cha Th rut of th BR prforac o th ffct of wht corratd ad zro tg ttr ar prtd. Th dahd curv wth crc dot th BR prforac affctd y wht tg ttr. Th dahd curv wth tar prt th BR prforac du to corratd tg ttr. Th dahd curv wth pu how th BR prforac o th ffct of zro tg ttr ad th dahd curv wth x-ar th da BR prforac wthout trfrc a. - - Bt rror Rat db 6 4a. 6

73 64a Bt rror Rat db 6 4 a.5 64a Bt rror Rat db 6 4 a.9 6

74 6 8 a. - - Bt rror Rat db 6 8 a. 6 8 a Bt rror Rat db 6 8 a.5 63

75 68a Bt rror Rat db 6 8 a a. - - Bt rror Rat db 3 4 a. 64

76 3 4 a Bt rror Rat db 3 4 a a Bt rror Rat db 3 4 a.9 65

77 3 8 a. - - Bt rror Rat db 3 8 a. 3 8 a Bt rror Rat db 3 8 a.5 66

78 38a Bt rror Rat db 3 8 a a. - - Bt rror Rat db 64 4 a. 67

79 644a Bt rror Rat db 64 4 a.5 644a Bt rror Rat db 64 4 a.9 68

80 8 4 a. - - Bt rror Rat db 8 4 a. 8 4 a Bt rror Rat db 8 4 a.5 69

81 84a Bt rror Rat db 8 4 a.9 6. BR prforac o th ffct of tg ttr ut-path Raygh fadg cha Th rut of th BR prforac o th ffct of tg ttr ut-path Raygh fadg cha ar how th cto. Th dahd curv wth x-ar th rut of th BR prforac fro ttg thod o. Th dahd curv wth tar prt th rut of th BR prforac fro ttg thod two. Th dahd curv wth pu dot th rut of th BR prforac fro ttg thod thr. Th dahd curv wth crc how th rut of th BR prforac fro ttg thod four. Th dahdot curv gv th rut of th BR prforac fro ttg thod fv ad th od curv th da BR prforac wthout trfrc. 7

82 6 4 a. q. - - Bt rror Rat db 6 4 a. q. 6 4 a.5 q. - - Bt rror Rat db 6 4 a.5 q. 7

83 6 4 a.9 q. - - Bt rror Rat db 6 4 a.9 q. 6 8 a. q. - - Bt rror Rat db 6 8 a. q. 7

84 6 8 a.5 q. - - Bt rror Rat db 6 8 a.5 q. 73

85 7. ocuo I th th th BR prforac of M-DS-DMA yt udr th ffct of tg ttr ha aayzd th prc of AWG cha ad ut-path Raygh fadg cha. It ca orvd fro th rut Scto 6. & 6. that gra Gaua approxato gv ptc BR tat. Furthror th hghr th corrato tw tg ttr th th pact o BR. Th ur of u-carrr do ot appar to affct th BR gfcaty. Th ro of pradg factor BR prforac wth tg ttr d furthr tudy. 74

86 Rfrc. J-hog Jog Prforac Aay of odd Mutcarrr Sprad-Spctru Syt th Prc of Mutpath Fadg ad oart I oucato Magaz Vou 49 pp Jauary.. -hu Wag ad hh-w hag O th prforac of utcarrr DS-DMA wth prfct powr cotro ad vara pradg factor I oucato Magaz Vou 4 pp Ju T. J. S.dward ad Sr. Rogr A troducto to utcarrr oduato: ot for 5 Data oucato Dpartt of ctrca ad coputr grg Uvrty of Toroto pp OFDM Tutora WAV Rport 4th Wav Ic D. Matæ OFDM a a po oduato tchqu for utda appcato th rag of wav Itroducto to OFDM cod dto TUD-TVS pp.-8 Octor R. W. hag Syth of ad-td orthogoa ga for utcha data trao Th B Syt Tchca Joura Vou 45 pp Dcr B. R. Satzrg Prforac of a ffct para data trao yt I Traacto o oucato Tchoogy Vou OM-5 Dcr R. R. Mor ad R. G. aaugh Kpx a adwdthffct ary trao yt AI Traacto Vou 76 pp Jauary Orthogoa frqucy dvo utpxg U.S. Patt fd ovr ud Jauary

87 . W. Y. Zou ad Y.Wu OFDM: a ovrvw I Traacto o Broadcatg Vou 4 o. I March S. B. Wt ad P. M. rt Data trao y frqucy dvo utpxg ug th dcrt Fourr trafor I Traacto o oucato Tchoogy Vou OM-9 o. 5 Octor Bdt. Joaaq ad P. S A fat 8K FFT VSI chp for arg OFDM g frqucy twor Procdg of th Itratoa ofrc o HDTV 94 Toro Itay Octor R. V. ad R. Praad OFDM for Wr Mutda oucato Artch Hou Boto odo. 4. G.. Portr rror dtruto ad dvrty prforac of a frqucy-dffrta PSK HF od I Traacto o oucato Tchoogy Vou OM-6 pp Augut M. S. Zra ad A.. Krch Th A/GS- KATHRY vara rat data od for HF rado I Traacto o oucato Tchoogy Vou OM-5 pp Apr P. A. Bo Sctv fadg tato of th Kathry od ad o yt dg codrato I Traacto o oucato Tchoogy Vou OM-3 pp Sptr B. Hroa A orthogoay utpxd QAM yt ug th dcrt Fourr trafor I Traacto o oucato Vou OM-9 pp Juy

88 8. B. Hroa A 9. t vocad data od ad o orthogoay utpxd QAM tchqu Procdg of I Itratoa ofrc o oucato pp W.. Kar ad D.. Btzr Hgh pd od uta for opratg wth a wtchd twor U.S. patt o. 463 Ju F. aa ad. ug OFDM for data coucato ovr o rado FM cha-part : aay ad xprta rut I Traacto o oucato Vou. OM-39 o.5 May 99.. P. S. how J.. Tu ad J. M. off Prforac vauato of a utcha tracvr yt for ADS ad VHDS rvc I Joura o Sctd Ara oucato Vou SA-9 o.6 pp.9-99 Augut 99.. P. S. how J.. Tu ad J. M. off A dcrt Mutto tracvr yt for HDS appcato I Joura o Sctd Ara oucato Vou SA-9 o. 6 pp Augut B. Suur D. ata G. Dgout M. Rvr ad B. Foch Dgta Trrtra Broadcatg of Audovua Sga Spctru cofrc Toroto Sptr B. Foch M. Aard ad. Brrou odd Orthogoa Frqucy Dvo Mutpx Procdg of th I Vou 83 o. 6 Ju Q. Wag ad. Y. Ootra odd QAM Ug a Bary ovoutoa od I Traacto o oucato Vou 43 o.6 Ju a troducto to drct-quc prad-pctru appcato ot 89 Max Itgratd Product F 3. 77

89 7. Sprad Spctru Syt chaptr 8 odu 7: Wr oucato IT Tchoog pp K. Fhr Wr Dgta oucato: Moduato ad Sprad Spctru Appcao Prtc Ha PTR Prtc-Ha Ic Hazo -. Yag -.Kua ad K. Y g-ad ut-carrr DMA: ut-ur dtcto pac-t pradg ychrozato tworg ad tadard I pr I coucato octy S. Hara ad R. Praad Ovrvw of Mutcarrr DMA I oucato Magaz Vou 35 pp Dcr Sourour ad M. aagawa Prforac of Orthogoa Mutcarrr DMA a Mutpath Fadg ha I Traacto o oucato Vou 44 o. 3 pp March M. K. So ad M. S. Aou BR Prforac of utcarrr DS-DMA yt ovr grazd fadg cha I coucato thory -cofrc pp.7-77 Ju J. Hou ad M. H. Dua OVSF od wth owr orrato II Traacto o Fudata of ctroc oucato ad oputr Scc Vou 89-A Iu pp ovr M. H. A w rvr act trafor ad t fat agorth I Traacto o rcut ad Syt II Vou 47 o. pp Jauary. 35. W. U. Bawa A. Sayd ad R. owa Spar Mutpath ha: Modg ad tato 3th I Dgta Sga Procg Worhop ad 5th I Sga 78

90 Procg ducato Worhop pp Jauary A.. Broo ad S. J. Hozr Dg ad Suato of Orthogoa Frqucy Dvo Mutpxg OFDM Sgag: Fa Rport ctrca ad oputr grg Dpartt Brady Uvrty pp. -5 May. 37. K. V. S. Har t. a. ha Mod for Fx Wr Appcato I 8.6 Broadad Wr Acc Worg Group pp. -36 Juy. 38. H. Stda ad M. Mocay Stvty of orthogoa frqucy dvo utpxd yt to carrr ad coc ychrozato rror Sga Procg Vou 8 pp. 7-9 Juy. 39. H. Stda Th ffct of Tg Jttr o M-DS-DMA I Traacto oucato Vou 5 o. 3 pp March U. Ouwo Y. ad A. Swa ffct of Tg Jttr o OFDM-Bad UWB Syt I Joura o Sctd Ara oucato Vou 4 o. 4 pp Apr Toa ad W. A. Krzy A od for th aay of tg ttr I OFDM yt Procdg of I Itratoa ofrc o oucato Vou 3 pp. 7-3 Ju Toa ad W. A. Krzy A aay of th ffct of chp tg ttr M-DMA yt I Traacto o Vhcuar Tchoogy Vou 48 o. 6 pp ovr T.. arro ad. M. Pcora ychrozato chaotc yt Phyca Rvw ttr 648 pp Fruary

91 44. K. Bac Mata Tutora Dpartt of Mathatc aro Uvrty. 45. T. Pot P. Spruyt ad M. Mocay th BR Prforac of OFDM yt ug o-ychrozd apg Goco 994 Sa Fraco A Papr S7.6 pp ovr M. Mocay th ffct of ychrozato rror o th prforac of orthogoa frqucy-dvo utpxd OFDM yt Proc. OST 54 rgg tchqu for coucato tra Touou Frac pp.4-45 Juy H. Stda ad M. Mocay th ffct of carrr frqucy offt o dow ad up M-DS-DMA I Joura o Sctd Ara oucato Vou 9 o. pp Dcr. 8

92 Appdx: opt Mata cod A OVSF cod: fucto [odr] ovfdx cc f dx 4[;--;--;--]; Iy4; pri[43]:; pci[34]:; 4pr4pc; c44; cc4; f >4 tpc; for :/8 car c; for :^; ctp:; ct-::[c c;c -c]; car c d tpct; car ct; d car c; ctp; d odc; for :; cc:; for t:; a crchftc[ -t]; rc.coa; xur; ytx; d R:y; d 8

93 for :-; cac:; for :; cc:; for t:; crchftc[ -t]; rca.co; xur; ctx; d T:c; d ::T; d d f dx Hhadaard; for :; W:H:; d odw; for :; ww:; for t:8; a crchftw[ t-]; rw.coa; xur; ytx; d R:y; d for :- waw:; for : ww:; for t:8; crchftw[ -t]; rwa.co; xur; ctx; d T:c; 8

94 d ::T; d d A Suato cod of th M-DS-DMA yt AWG cha: co a; car cc urur; [codr] ovf4; W[]; T/58^-6; 6;; ap; a.5; q.t; :ap-; autoa.^a; cvtoptzauto; chchocv; rf_w[]; rf_wcodurur:; for :; rf_ga_wrpatrf_w [apap/4]; rf_w[rf_wrf_ga_w]; d 83

95 u_tota^; for u:u_tota; dpay u; raradap; rro_rach; rro_rradapq/t;%wht apg ttr rro_crro_q/t;%corratd apg ttr rro_zroap;%o apg ttr rro[rro_r;rro_c;rro_]; for u: putrad-4>.5; putcodu:put; o put-; o_fzro; %o_4crchfto_3[ 3]; %o_f[o_o_4]; o_f::-4/o::-4/; o_f:--4/:o:-4/:-4; for tt:3 for _yo: dx_yo-ap; f tt~3 for :ap 84