Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals. (Chapter 1 in the Klein text)
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1 Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals (Chapter 1 in the Klein text)
2 Basic Ideas The atomic structures, from the Periodic Table, of atoms such as C, N, and O do not adequately explain how these atoms use orbitals to form bonds A hybridization model has therefore been developed in order to explain real structures, for example how all of the bond lengths and angles are equivalent in CH 4 (methane)
3 Why do we need this idea? Consider water: Facts: O-H bond lengths are equivalent; lone pairs are equivalent
4 Looking at the atoms that make H 2 O Each H atom has a single electron and is 1s 1 The O atom has 8 total electrons and is 1s 2 2s 2 2px 2 2py 1 2pz 1 The two lone pairs on O (2s 2 and 2px 2 ) here are not the same but they are equivalent in H2O, therefore we cannot use this atomic structure of O to make water we have to modify it
5 Manipulating the Atomic Orbitals on O We can translate the electronic structure to make it easier to see
6 The Hybridization Model for O The lone pairs are not the same here so we need to modify the ground state picture to better match how O bonds in H 2 O:
7 Building the Model The blue horizontal lines represent the orbitals and the red arrows are the electrons occupying these orbitals
8 Building the sp 3 Model Here we manipulate by mixing (hybridizing) the s and p orbitals from the ground state configuration to give four sp 3 orbitals:
9 The sp 3 Model Some things to notice about sp 3 orbitals:
10 Populating the Orbitals We now have two equivalent lone pairs (sp 3 ) and two half-filled orbitals (sp 3 ) that will make sigma bonds with H atoms in H 2 O
11 The sp 3 model in H 2 O Remember that these are atomic orbitals on O and that they must overlap with 1s orbitals from H to give H 2 O
12 Hybrid orbital patterns There are only three orbital patterns that you need to know in the Organic Chemistry sequence
13 The sp 3 picture for C, N and O If there are no pi bonds, sp 3 hybrid orbitals are used
14 The sp 3 picture for Carbon The four sp 3 orbitals from C project to the four corners of a regular tetrahedron
15 Examples of sp 3 hybrid atoms As examples, each of the C, N and O atoms in these molecules are sp3 hybridized all single bonds!
16 Orbitals of sp 2 hybrid atoms The sp 2 picture has to accommodate a pi bond by leaving one p orbital unchanged
17 Hybrid orbitals contribute to sigma bonds Notice that the hybrid (sp 2 ) orbitals go to make single (sigma) bonds and the left over p orbital goes to the pi bond
18 Overlap of sp 2 hybrid atoms Two sp 2 hybrid C atoms overlap in ethylene, H 2 C=CH 2
19 Examples of sp 2 hybrid atoms As examples, each of the highlighted C, N and O atoms in these molecules are sp 2 hybridized 1 pi bond!
20 The sp hybrid picture When two pi bonds are formed by a C or N atom, sp hybrid orbitals are used
21 The sp hybrid orbitals : sigma bonds Notice that the hybrid (sp) orbitals go to make single (sigma) bonds and the left over p orbitals go to the pi bonds
22 The sp hybrid orbitals : alkynes Notice that the hybrid (sp) orbitals go to make single (sigma) bonds and the left over p orbitals go to the pi bonds
23 Examples of sp hybrid atoms As examples, each of the highlighted C, N and atoms in these molecules are sp hybridized 2 pi bonds!
24 Examples of hybridization : 1 Which atom and hybridization pattern does this picture represent?
25 Examples of hybridization : 1 answer Which atom and hybridization pattern does this picture represent? sp 2 hybrid Nitrogen
26 Examples of hybridization : 2 Which atom and hybridization pattern does this picture represent?
27 Examples of hybridization : 2 answer Which atom and hybridization pattern does this picture represent? sp hybrid Carbon
28 Examples of hybridization : 3 Which atom and hybridization pattern does this picture represent?
29 Examples of hybridization : 3 answer Which atom and hybridization pattern does this picture represent? sp 3 hybrid Oxygen
30 Examples of hybridization : 4 Indicate the sp hybrid atom in the following molecule
31 Examples of hybridization : 4 answer Indicate the sp hybrid atom in the following molecule
32 Examples of hybridization : 5 Indicate the sp 3 hybrid atom in the following molecule
33 Examples of hybridization : 5 answer Indicate the sp 3 hybrid atom in the following molecule
34 Examples of hybridization : 6 Indicate the sp 2 hybrid atoms in the following molecule
35 Examples of hybridization : 6 answer Indicate the sp 2 hybrid atoms in the following molecule
36 Hybridization models You can now apply these patterns to any organic molecule
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