BONDING THEORIES Chapter , Carey
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1 BONDING THEORIES Chapter , Carey The Covalent Chemical Bond (9.2) FIG I Potential Energy Change to Form H2 What is a chemical bond? Why do chemical bonds occur? Descriptions of bonding: Valence Bond Theory molecule - collection of atoms with localized bonds between pairs of atoms bonds formed by overlap of atomic orbitals on adjacent atoms (constructive interference of wave functions) orbitals refined by hybridization Molecular Orbital Theory molecule - collection of nuclei valence electrons occupy molecular orbitals that extend over entire molecule molecular orbitals formed from a combination of atomic orbitals Valence Bond Theory 1. Lewis structures (based on valence electrons) octet rule bonding, lone pairs single, double, triple bonds formal charges: (FC = GN # lone electrons 1/2 # bonding electrons) resonance structures valence shell expansion (only 3rd period when more than four atoms are attached to a central atom or a formal charge separation exists) electron deficient atoms: Be - 4; B, Al Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory repulsions: BP/BP < BP/LP < LP/LP number of electron pairs (steric number) => electronic geometry molecular geometry (shape) => bond angles, distortions electronegativity => bond polarity molecular polarity => dipole moment 3. Bonding (based on atomic orbitals of valence electrons) overlap of atomic orbitals on adjacent atoms when necessary, hybridize orbitals
2 - 2 - Valence Bond Theory: Orbital Overlap as a Chemical Bond (10.6) obtain orbitals from atomic electron configuration of valence electrons bond = overlap (constructive interference) of atomic orbitals on adjacent atoms two electrons of opposite spin can occupy the overlapped orbital "singly" connected bond is a sigma (σ) bond it freely rotates without breaking the bond FIG II VB Description of H2 H: ls VB Description of HF EX 1. Sketch the valence bond description for the H F bond in HF. F: 1s 2 2s 2 2p x 2 2p y 2 2p z Put each valence electron in its proper orbital. sigma, σ, bond FIG III VB Description of F2 F: 1s 2 2s 2 2px 2 2py 2 2pz overlap of two atomic orbitals sigma, σ, bond VB Description of H2O EX 2. How many valence electrons does H 2O have? Sketch the VB description for H 2O. What are the bond angles? O: 1s 2 2s 2 2p x2 2p y2p z Something is wrong! We do not predict the correct bond angles!
3 - 3 - Hybridization and the Valence Bond Theory: Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals Refinement (Correction) of Simple Valence Bond Approach (10.7) steric number (SN) = number of bonded atoms + number of lone pairs FIG IV sp Hybridization BeH2 (SN Be = 2 => linear => sp hybridization) Be: ls 2 2s 2 bond on right left bond right bond EX 3. Draw Lewis structure; use VSEPR. What is SN for Be (= # "equivalent" Be orbitals needed = # Be AOs to be mixed)? Which Be AO s are they? How many valence e - s does Be have? How many Be e - s go in each mixed (hybridized) orbital? FIG V - sp 2 Hybridization BF3 (SN B = 3 => trigonal planar => sp 2 hybridization) B: ls 2 2s 2 2p EX 4. Draw Lewis structure; use VSEPR. What is SN for B (= # "equivalent" B orbitals needed = # B AOs to be mixed)? Which B AO s are they? How many valence e - does B have? How many B e - s go in each hybridized orbital?
4 - 4 - FIG VI sp 3 Hybridization CH4 (SN C = 4 => tetrahedral => sp 3 hybridization) C: ls 2 2s 2 2px2py EX 5. Draw Lewis structure; use VSEPR. What is SN for C (= # "equivalent" C orbitals needed = # C AOs to be mixed)? Which C AO s are they? How many valence e - does C have? How many C e - s go in each hybridized orbital? FIG VII sp 3 Hybridization (1s 2 2s 2 CH4 2px2py ; NH3 2px2py2pz ; H2O 2px 2 2py2pz) steric number of C, N, and O all 4 => sp 3 hybridization EX 6. Draw Lewis structure; use VSEPR C N O SN # orbitals needed # AO to be mixed which AO s # valence e - # e - in each hybrid
5 - 5 - FIG VIII sp 3 d Hybridization PCl5 SN P = 5 => trigonal bipyramidal => sp 3 d hybridization FIG IX sp 3 d 2 Hybridization SF6 SN S = 6 => octahedral => sp 3 d 2 hybridization hybridization sp sp 2 sp 3 sp 3 d sp 3 d 2 geometry linear trigonal planar tetrahedral trigonal bipyramidal octahedral Bonding in Valence Bond (VB) Theory bond = overlap of orbitals on adjacent atoms when necessary, hybridize orbitals procedure: draw Lewis structures with all resonance structures use VSEPR to determine geometries assign bonds based upon electron configuration of each atom if unable (or incorrect) => hybridize valence atomic orbitals, usually SN = 2 => sp SN = 5 => sp 3 d SN = 3 => sp 2 SN = 6 => sp 3 d 2 SN = 4 => sp 3 alternate way to draw put electrons in hybrid orbitals following Hund's rule overlap (constructive interference) atomic and/or hybrid orbitals to form bonds
6 - 6 - Carbon Carbon Single Bonds ethane C2H6 FIG X Carbon Carbon Single Bonds ~uniform e - distribution over σ bonds solid/dashed wedge model space-filling model ball-and-stick model EX 7. What is the hybridization of each C atom? What orbitals are overlapped to form the C C bond? Is this a sigma bond? Why? Is there free rotation about this bond or is it hindered? What orbitals are overlapped to form the C H bond? Is this a sigma bond? Valence Bond Treatment of Multiple Bonds more than one bond between atoms often one is a pi (π) bond π bond is "doubly" connected and broken upon rotation FIG XI Pi Bond Formed from Two p Orbitals overlap of two unhybridized p orbitals
7 - 7 - Double Bonds FIG XII An sp 2 Hybridized Carbon (unhybridized) ethylene, C2H4 EX 11. What is the SN of each C atom? What is the hybridization? How many carbon valence electrons are there? In what orbital is each electron? How many σ bond are there? Sketch the signma bonds and be sure to indicate which orbitals are being overlapped. Are all electrons and bonds accounted for? If not, which bonds are remaining? Sketch them. C has 4 valence e -. sp 2 hybridized C has 3 hybrid orbitals in a trigonal planar arrangement, each containing 1 e -, and an unhybridized p orbital with 1 e-. (only a half of the orbitals in the sigma bond are shown) formaldehyde, CH2O don t forget that the lone pairs need to be in orbitals! EX 12. C has 4 valence electrons and O has 6. Draw the Lewis structure for CH 2O and put each electron in its proper orbital. Describe the bonds and tell which orbitals are overlapped to form them FIG XIII Bonding in Formaldehyde, CH2O
8 - 8 - FIG XIV An sp Hybridized Carbon Triple Bonds (2 unhybridized p orbitals) acetylene, C2H2 C has 4 valence e -. sp hybridized C has 2 hybrid orbitals in a linear arrangement, each containing 1 e -, and 2 unhybridized p orbitals each with 1 e-. EX 13. What is the SN of each C atom? What is the hybridization? How many carbon valence electrons are there? In what orbital is each electron? How many σ bonds are there? Sketch the signma bonds and be sure to indicate which orbitals are being overlapped. Are all electrons and bonds accounted for? If not, which bonds are remaining? Sketch them. nitrogen, N2 σ bond from overlap of sp hybridized orbitals sp hybridized N (unhybridized p orbital on N) carbon monoxide, CO 2 π bonds from p orbital overlap bonds and orbitals containing (1 unhybridized p orbital on each N) all valence electrons EX 14. Describe the sigma and pi bonding in N 2 and CO. (1 unhybridized p orbital on each C
9 - 9 - FIG XII An sp 2 Hybridized Oxygen Adjacent Double Bonds (unhybridized) carbon dioxide, CO2 EX 15. Determine the hybridization of each atom, overlap orbitals to make bonds, and fill orbitals with electrons. How many sigma and pi bonds are there? What is the orientation of the pi bonds? Why? (1 unhybridized p orbital on left O) (2 unhybridized P orbitals on C) (1 unhybridized p orbital on right O) FIG XVI Basic Shapes of Organic Molecules
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