Quality. Destructive vs nondestructive methods. Quality attributes. Classes of nondestructive sensors. Optical techniques 11/03/2013

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Quality Principles for nondestructive sensors Quality attribute o Quantifiable property of product which affects consumer appreciation o Often measureable by senses

Nicolaï University of Leuven - Belgium Quality attributes Appearance (color, shape, size, absence of surface defects) Texture Flavour and aroma Absence of internal defects

of batch o Often sample preparation o Waste production o Often most relevant Nondestructive o Fast o On line o Quality of individual fruit o No sample preparation o No

1 Quality Principles for nondestructive sensors Quality attribute o Quantifiable property of product which affects consumer appreciation o Often measureable by senses Quality: weighted sum of quality attributes (mental model) B. Nicolaï University of Leuven - Belgium Quality attributes Appearance (color, shape, size, absence of surface defects) Texture Flavour and aroma Absence of internal defects Ripeness Freshness Safety Nutritional and health promoting compounds Authenticity Convenience Destructive vs nondestructive methods Destructive o Slow o Off line o Quality of batch o Often sample preparation o Waste production o Often most relevant Nondestructive o Fast o On line o Quality of individual fruit o No sample preparation o No waste o Relevance? Classes of nondestructive sensors Optical techniques Optical techniques Mechanical techniques Electronic noses Mass spectrometry X-ray radiography and tomography Magnetic resonance imaging Color measurement Blue stimulus centre Green stimulus centre Red stimulus centre

NIR spectroscopy Monochromator Reflectance Sweet

communication, Minolta LAB color space www.thyon.

Reflectance Not sweet Wavelength Zeiss Corona bench

origins, shelf lifes) calibration / validation Bobelyn

bias Advantages Disadvantages (kg) (kg) o

Available for online grading o Robustness!

2 NIR spectroscopy Monochromator Reflectance Sweet Wavelength Minolta colorimeter Precise color communication, Minolta LAB color space : scattering : absorption Light source Detector Reflectance Not sweet Wavelength Zeiss Corona bench top Aweta grading line sensor Golden delicious ( origins, shelf lifes) calibration / validation Bobelyn et al. () Postharvest Biology and Technology, :-. bias Advantages Disadvantages (kg) (kg) o Nondestructive o Very fast o Sugars (firmness) o Available for online grading o Robustness! o Temperature:. Brix/ C o Calibration transfer o Not for components (below a few %) such as acidity o (Spot measurement)

Time resolved spectroscopy Cubeddu et al. In (ed. W.

(nm) Predicted Firmness (N) Calibration Validation Measured Firmness (N)

/ Postharvest Biology and Technology 7 () 7 Spatially resolved

3 Time resolved spectroscopy Cubeddu et al. In (ed. W. Jongen) Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Woodhead Publising, Absorption coefficient (/cm) Wavelength (nm) Scattering coefficient (/cm) 9 9 Wavelength (nm) Predicted Firmness (N) Calibration Validation Measured Firmness (N) Nicolaı et al. / Postharvest Biology and Technology 7 () 7 Nicolaı et al. / Postharvest Biology and Technology 7 () 7 Spatially resolved spectroscopy Firmness (N) Scattering coefficient at 9 nm (/cm) Nicolaı et al. / Postharvest Biology and Technology 7 () 7 Peng and Lu () Postharvest Biol. Technol. ()

4 Peng and Lu () Postharvest Biol. Technol. () Peng and Lu () Postharvest Biol. Technol. () Mechanical techniques The engineering point of view A Δh h F Failure stress Stress σ (Mpa) σ E-modulus: E = ε Stress : F σ = A Strain : Δh ε = h Strain ε (mm/mm) Failure strain Penetrometer o Gold standard but destructive o Measures combination of elastic and failure properties o Mimics what happens during mastication Nondestructive techniques o Acoustic firmness measurements Microphone Hammer S = f m / Frequency with S : stiffness index ~ E-modulus f : first resonance frequency m : mass Harker et al. Postharvest Biol. Technol. () 9

AWETA AFS Relation between texture properties (apple) MT firmness (kg) 9 7 Stiffness index (s^-*kg^/) Delbard Estival Roth, E.

() PhD thesis Relation between texture properties (apple) MT firmness (kg) 9 7 Stiffness index (s^-*kg^/) Delbard Estival Jonagored Jonagold Roth, E.

together % 7% Flavorcrest 9% 7% Ivory Princess % 7% Summer Lady % % O Henry % % Nectarines All c.v. together 9% 9% Spring Bright 7% 7% Red Diamond % % Summer Bright % % Ruby Diamond 97% 9% Plums All c.

5 AWETA AFS Relation between texture properties (apple) MT firmness (kg) 9 7 Stiffness index (s^-*kg^/) Delbard Estival Roth, E. () PhD thesis Relation between texture properties (apple) MT firmness (kg) 9 7 Stiffness index (s^-*kg^/) Delbard Estival Jonagored Roth, E. () PhD thesis Relation between texture properties (apple) MT firmness (kg) 9 7 Stiffness index (s^-*kg^/) Delbard Estival Jonagored Jonagold Roth, E. () PhD thesis Impact measurements, e.g., Sinclair IQ tester o Measures acceleration / deceleration o Essentially E-modulus, but other units Calibration Validation Peaches All c.v. together % 7% Flavorcrest 9% 7% Ivory Princess % 7% Summer Lady % % O Henry % % Nectarines All c.v. together 9% 9% Spring Bright 7% 7% Red Diamond % % Summer Bright % % Ruby Diamond 97% 9% Plums All c.v. together % 7% Blackamber 77% 77% Royal Diamond 9% 79% Rosemary 9% % Classification accuracy into three groups ( ready to eat, ready to buy, and others ) using the Sinclair iqtm firmness tester value (SFI) Valero, C., Crisosto, C., and D. Slaughter (7) Postharvest Biol. Technol. :

Advantages Disadvantages o Fast o Moderately expensive o Nondestructive o Poor

Not very dependent on spherical fruit size o Units depend on o Can be mounted on

microextraction mass spectrometry (SPME- GCMS) Plunger Gauge Barrel SPME fiber Water

diameter Abundance x Mach-System (Gerstel) Black: GC Time (min) Red: Fast GC Ion

6 Advantages Disadvantages o Fast o Moderately expensive o Nondestructive o Poor relation with o Some measure of penetrometer crispiness o Some methods limited to o Not very dependent on spherical fruit size o Units depend on o Can be mounted on grading line manufacturer o Different manufacturers Mass spectrometry Solid phase microextraction mass spectrometry (SPME- GCMS) Plunger Gauge Barrel SPME fiber Water bath Fast GC-MS o External column o Resistive heating o Increased pressure o Small diameter Abundance x Mach-System (Gerstel) Black: GC Time (min) Red: Fast GC Ion mobility mass spectrometry Nondestructive detection of Botrytis Vandendriessche et al. () Food Microbiology, :

A new paradigm Electronic noses Quartz Sensitive layers

measurements Multivariate analysis Classification Sweet Sour

(Hz) - - - - Cleaning Delta F Measurement - 7 9 Time (s)

- - - - - - - - - CV DAY Ripesense fruit ripeness sensor

X-ray tomography Detection of brown and cavities in pear

7 A new paradigm Electronic noses Quartz Sensitive layers Electrodes Sensor array 7 Signal Quality attributes measurements Multivariate analysis Classification Sweet Sour Bitter Salty umamy Taste profile Mathematical model Delta F (Hz) Cleaning Delta F Measurement Time (s) Changes in apple aroma during shelf-life DAY DAY DAY DAY CV CV DAY Ripesense fruit ripeness sensor Saevels et al.,. Postharvest Biol. Technol.,, 9-9. X-ray tomography Detection of brown and cavities in pear fruit X-Ray CT scan Real slices Lammertyn, J. et al. (). Postharvest biology and technology, 9: 9-. 7

Magnetic resonance imaging Based on response of nuclei to externally applied magnetic fields Most commonly applied to H and C nuclei Magnetic

magnetic moment o Static external magnetic field B alignment with B B z y x Parallel z y x Antiparallel o Excess of parallel spins net

field B B M tips over component in x-y plane B M z y x B o Radio pulse turned off precession of M around z realignment of M to z axis decaying AC

: 79-) Acknowledgements Online detection of core breakdown in pear by MRI at mm/s belt speed Amalia Berna Els Bobelyn Maarten Hertog Jeroen

8 Magnetic resonance imaging Based on response of nuclei to externally applied magnetic fields Most commonly applied to H and C nuclei Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) = NMR spectroscopy + spatial encoding by magnetic field gradient Principle o Hydrogen protons: charge spinning around axis magnetic moment o Static external magnetic field B alignment with B B z y x Parallel z y x Antiparallel o Excess of parallel spins net magnetization M parallel to B B M z y x o Sample is placed within coil Application: detection of internal defects o Radio frequency pulse magnetic field B B M tips over component in x-y plane B M z y x B o Radio pulse turned off precession of M around z realignment of M to z axis decaying AC current in coil ( relaxation ) Gonzalez J., Valle, R.C., Bobroff S., Biasi, W.V., Mitcham, E.J., McCarthy, M.J. (), Postharvest Biol. Technol. : 79-) Acknowledgements Online detection of core breakdown in pear by MRI at mm/s belt speed Amalia Berna Els Bobelyn Maarten Hertog Jeroen Lammertyn Ann Peirs Stijn Saevels Ann Schenk Alessandro Torricelli Thomas Vandendriessche Pieter Verboven Bert Verlinden N. Hernandez-Sanchez et al. (7) Postharvest Biol. Technol. : 7

Fundamental MRI Principles Module Two

Fundamental MRI Principles Module Two 1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance There are three main subatomic particles: protons neutrons electrons positively charged no significant charge negatively charged Protons