The Chemical Context of Life

Transcription

1 CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS URRY CAIN WASSERMAN MINORSKY REECE 2 The Chemical Context of Life Questions prepared by Douglas Darnowski, Indiana University Southeast James Langeland, Kalamazoo College Murty S. Kambhampati, Southern University at New Orleans Roberta Batorsky, Temple University SECOND EDITION

2 Based on the periodic table shown here, which elements will most likely form an ionic bond? A. Na and Cl B. C and O C. N and O D. Si and Cl E. all of the above

3 Based on the periodic table shown here, which elements will most likely form an ionic bond? A. Na and Cl B. C and O C. N and O D. Si and Cl E. all of the above

4 Based on the periodic table shown here, which elements will most likely form a covalent bond? A. Na and Cl B. C and O C. N and O D. Si and Cl E. H and H

5 Based on the periodic table shown here, which elements will most likely form a covalent bond? A. Na and Cl B. C and O C. N and O D. Si and Cl E. H and H

6 What do elements with atomic numbers 6, 14, and 22 have in common? A. same number of electrons B. same atomic mass C. same valence and will form the same number of covalent bonds D. all of the above E. none of the above

7 What do elements with atomic numbers 6, 14, and 22 have in common? A. same number of electrons B. same atomic mass C. same valence and will form the same number of covalent bonds D. all of the above E. none of the above

8 The gecko can climb smooth walls due to one type of bond or interaction, while a spider can walk on water due to a different kind. Identify each type of bond. A. polar covalent, van der Waals B. nonpolar covalent, polar covalent C. strong ionic bond, hydrogen bond D. weak ionic bond, polar covalent E. van der Waals, hydrogen bond

9 The gecko can climb smooth walls due to one type of bond or interaction, while a spider can walk on water due to a different kind. Identify each type of bond. A. polar covalent, van der Waals B. nonpolar covalent, polar covalent C. strong ionic bond, hydrogen bond D. weak ionic bond, polar covalent E. van der Waals, hydrogen bond

10 Buffers will bind to one of the chemicals shown in the reaction below. How will that change this reversible reaction? H 2 CO 3 HCO 3 + H + A. The reaction will stop. B. HCO 3 will release carbonate ions. C. H 2 CO 3 will precipitate from solution. D. H 2 CO 3 concentration will not change. E. HCO 3 concentration will increase.

11 Buffers will bind to one of the chemicals shown in the reaction below. How will that change this reversible reaction? H 2 CO 3 HCO 3 + H + A. The reaction will stop. B. HCO 3 will release carbonate ions. C. H 2 CO 3 will precipitate from solution. D. H 2 CO 3 concentration will not change. E. HCO 3 concentration will increase.

12 Water has special properties, including high cohesion, high surface tension, and the ability to absorb large amounts of heat. What kind of bond between water molecules gives water these special properties? A. strong ionic bonds B. nonpolar covalent bonds C. polar covalent bonds D. hydrogen bonds E. weak ionic bonds

13 Water has special properties, including high cohesion, high surface tension, and the ability to absorb large amounts of heat. What kind of bond between water molecules gives water these special properties? A. strong ionic bonds B. nonpolar covalent bonds C. polar covalent bonds D. hydrogen bonds E. weak ionic bonds

14 Which observation would determine whether geckos walk on vertical surfaces using (1) hydrogen bonding or (2) van der Waals interactions? A. Geckos can walk up dry surfaces, and glass and plastic are normally dry. B. Geckos can walk up smooth glass surfaces, and glass is a polar, hydrophilic compound. C. Geckos can walk up smooth plastic surfaces, and plastics are hydrophobic.

15 Which observation would determine whether geckos walk on vertical surfaces using (1) hydrogen bonding or (2) van der Waals interactions? A. Geckos can walk up dry surfaces, and glass and plastic are normally dry. B. Geckos can walk up smooth glass surfaces, and glass is a polar, hydrophilic compound. C. Geckos can walk up smooth plastic surfaces, and plastics are hydrophobic.

16 What are the four emergent properties of water that are important for life? A. cohesion, expansion upon freezing, high heat of evaporation, capillarity B. cohesion, moderation of temperature, expansion upon freezing, solvent properties C. moderation of temperature, solvent properties, high surface tension, capillarity D. heat of vaporization, high specific heat, high surface tension, capillarity E. polarity, hydrogen bonding, high specific heat, high surface tension

17 What are the four emergent properties of water that are important for life? A. cohesion, expansion upon freezing, high heat of evaporation, capillarity B. cohesion, moderation of temperature, expansion upon freezing, solvent properties C. moderation of temperature, solvent properties, high surface tension, capillarity D. heat of vaporization, high specific heat, high surface tension, capillarity E. polarity, hydrogen bonding, high specific heat, high surface tension

18 Water has an unusually high specific heat. This is directly related to which of the following? A. At its boiling point, water changes from liquid to vapor. B. More heat is required to raise the temperature of water. C. Ice floats in liquid water. D. Salt water freezes at a lower temperature than pure water. E. Floating ice can insulate bodies of water.

19 Water has an unusually high specific heat. This is directly related to which of the following? A. At its boiling point, water changes from liquid to vapor. B. More heat is required to raise the temperature of water. C. Ice floats in liquid water. D. Salt water freezes at a lower temperature than pure water. E. Floating ice can insulate bodies of water.

20 Which of the following will result when water is treated with chemicals to reduce its surface tension? A. Surfactant-treated water droplets will form a thin film instead of beading on a waxed surface. B. Surfactant-treated water will form smaller droplets when dripping from a sink. C. Water striders will sink. D. All of the above will occur. E. Only A and C will occur.

21 Which of the following will result when water is treated with chemicals to reduce its surface tension? A. Surfactant-treated water droplets will form a thin film instead of beading on a waxed surface. B. Surfactant-treated water will form smaller droplets when dripping from a sink. C. Water striders will sink. D. All of the above will occur. E. Only A and C will occur.

22 Temperatures depend on local geographic conditions. Why is the temperature much cooler in Los Angeles than in San Bernardino? A. The cool ocean water buffers temperatures by cooling winds moving inland. B. The high specific heat of water helps keep ocean water cooler than land. C. Los Angeles is closer to the ocean than San Bernardino. D. A and B E. A C

23 Temperatures depend on local geographic conditions. Why is the temperature much cooler in Los Angeles than in San Bernardino? A. The cool ocean water buffers temperatures by cooling winds moving inland. B. The high specific heat of water helps keep ocean water cooler than land. C. Los Angeles is closer to the ocean than San Bernardino. D. A and B E. A C

24 Which is a compound? A. gold B. nitrogen C. carbon D. phosphorus E. none of the above

25 Which is a compound? A. gold B. nitrogen C. carbon D. phosphorus E. none of the above

26 You are asked whether a sample came from a living thing. Chemical analysis shows that it consists mostly of calcium and sulfur, so you say that A. it did, since living things contain calcium and sulfur. B. it did not, since living things contain calcium, but not sulfur. C. it did, since living things usually contain mostly phosphorus. D. it did not, since sulfur is toxic. E. it did not, since living things contain more carbon and oxygen than most other elements.

27 You are asked whether a sample came from a living thing. Chemical analysis shows that it consists mostly of calcium and sulfur, so you say that A. it did, since living things contain calcium and sulfur. B. it did not, since living things contain calcium, but not sulfur. C. it did, since living things usually contain mostly phosphorus. D. it did not, since sulfur is toxic. E. it did not, since living things contain more carbon and oxygen than most other elements.

28 If you see radioactive isotopes in a laboratory that deals with biological samples, what could you be sure is not the reason for their presence? A. medical imaging B. tracing movements in cells C. dating fossils D. disinfecting wounds E. B and C

29 If you see radioactive isotopes in a laboratory that deals with biological samples, what could you be sure is not the reason for their presence? A. medical imaging B. tracing movements in cells C. dating fossils D. disinfecting wounds E. B and C

30 Complete the analogy: covalent bonds are to ionic bonds as a wooden board is to A. paper. B. egg shells. C. a tree trunk. D. a mosquito. E. a leaf.

31 Complete the analogy: covalent bonds are to ionic bonds as a wooden board is to A. paper. B. egg shells. C. a tree trunk. D. a mosquito. E. a leaf.

32 Correct the following statement: A double ionic bond can occur if the valence shells of the two participants allow for sharing two electrons. A. A double hydrogen bond can occur if the valence shells of the two participants allow for sharing two electrons. B. A double covalent bond can occur if the valence shells of the two participants allow for sharing two electrons. C. A double ionic bond can occur if the valence shells of the two participants allow for sharing three electrons. D. A double covalent bond can occur if the valence shells of the two participants allow for sharing four electrons. E. A double ionic bond can occur if the valence shells of the two participants allow for sharing four electrons.

33 Correct the following statement: A double ionic bond can occur if the valence shells of the two participants allow for sharing two electrons. A. A double hydrogen bond can occur if the valence shells of the two participants allow for sharing two electrons. B. A double covalent bond can occur if the valence shells of the two participants allow for sharing two electrons. C. A double ionic bond can occur if the valence shells of the two participants allow for sharing three electrons. D. A double covalent bond can occur if the valence shells of the two participants allow for sharing four electrons. E. A double ionic bond can occur if the valence shells of the two participants allow for sharing four electrons.

34 Which of the following is a nonpolar covalent bond? A. Na Na B. Ca Ca C. C C D. C H E. Ca C

35 Which of the following is a nonpolar covalent bond? A. Na Na B. Ca Ca C. C C D. C H E. Ca C

36 The chemicals on the left are, the arrow shows the, and the chemical on the right is the. A. products, reaction, reactant B. reactants, progress, product C. reactants, reaction, product D. products, reaction, reactant E. None of the choices is correct.

37 The chemicals on the left are, the arrow shows the, and the chemical on the right is the. A. products, reaction, reactant B. reactants, progress, product C. reactants, reaction, product D. products, reaction, reactant E. None of the choices is correct.

38 What do the bubbles shown on these leaves indicate? A. formation of covalent bonds B. formation of ionic bonds C. formation of radioactive isotopes D. formation of new elements E. formation of ice crystals

39 What do the bubbles shown on these leaves indicate? A. formation of covalent bonds B. formation of ionic bonds C. formation of radioactive isotopes D. formation of new elements E. formation of ice crystals

40 Which properties of water are most important for the movement of water up the tree? A. cohesion and specific heat B. cohesion and adhesion C. adhesion and specific heat D. adhesion and heat of vaporization E. heat of vaporization and specific heat

41 Which properties of water are most important for the movement of water up the tree? A. cohesion and specific heat B. cohesion and adhesion C. adhesion and specific heat D. adhesion and heat of vaporization E. heat of vaporization and specific heat

42 If you observed an extraterrestrial organism that was mostly composed of water, and you saw that it gradually lost water during warmer weather, you would guess that the function of the water loss was to A. reduce temperature. B. eliminate waste. C. transmit signals. D. reduce weight. E. attract prey.

43 If you observed an extraterrestrial organism that was mostly composed of water, and you saw that it gradually lost water during warmer weather, you would guess that the function of the water loss was to A. reduce temperature. B. eliminate waste. C. transmit signals. D. reduce weight. E. attract prey.

44 If you were a fish in Minnesota, for which property of water would you be most grateful? A. specific heat B. heat of vaporization C. adhesion D. low density when frozen E. odorlessness

45 If you were a fish in Minnesota, for which property of water would you be most grateful? A. specific heat B. heat of vaporization C. adhesion D. low density when frozen E. odorlessness

46 Water becomes less dense when it freezes due to A. hydrogen bonds. B. polar covalent bonds. C. ionic bonds. D. nonpolar covalent bonds. E. double bonds.

47 Water becomes less dense when it freezes due to A. hydrogen bonds. B. polar covalent bonds. C. ionic bonds. D. nonpolar covalent bonds. E. double bonds.

48 Imagine that you are examining the structure of an extraterrestrial organism s cells. You separate various components, finding one that mixes poorly with water. This is probably from the organism s A. membranes. B. cell wall. C. DNA. D. reserve of salts. E. skeleton.

49 Imagine that you are examining the structure of an extraterrestrial organism s cells. You separate various components, finding one that mixes poorly with water. This is probably from the organism s A. membranes. B. cell wall. C. DNA. D. reserve of salts. E. skeleton.