How Can 2D Materials Advance Energy Storage?
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1 How Can 2D Materials Advance Energy Storage? 15th Anniversary High Value Manufacturing & 4th New Materials & Graphene Conference November Dr M. J. Loveridge, Warwick University
2 Energy Storage Challenges - A QUADRILEMMA BaDery uptake for grid, vehicles and beyond has major challenges to overcome > 2025 $150/KWh 550 Wh/L
3 Li ions have perpetually tortuous, repeated voyages. Discharge: The Odyssey ANODE CATHODE Li s Troy Li s Ithaca Charge: The Iliad
4 BaDery Innova[ons - Evolu[on Not Revolu[on Li-ion anode & cathode chemistry C LiCoO 2 More cathode material developments have been commercially successful (compared with anodes)
5 Material Dimensional Considera[ons and the ra[onale behind bio-inspira[on.
6 Why bio-inspired? Biological microstructures are the most op[mised and func[onal microstructures that exist. Mineral crystals Fibril Fiber Lamella Osteon Compact macrostructure 1nm 5-20 nm nm 3 7 µm µm >1 cm There are many opportuni6es to apply such structural arrangements in ba:ery components
7 Nano-structured materials for energy storage: 2D or Not 2D? That is the ques[on.. Intense research on nanomaterials due to desirable proper6es : SURFACE AREA NOVEL SIZE EFFECTS ENHANCED KINETICS MANY TAILORABLE PROPERTIES 0D 1D 2D 3D Advantages Short diffusion pathways, good rate capability High capacity, strain relaxa6on, rate, electrical connec6vity Small crystalline size, high surface area, large SA:V, ease of synthesis Large SA:V, high capacity, structural stability Disadvantages Nano Arrays Unstable and difficult to make Low surface area & diffusion rate, scalable manufacture Energy density limits, SEI SEI
8 Property Advantages of 2D Materials Large surface areas and interlayer spaces of 2D materials e.g. graphene & transi6on metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) provide an ideal framework to store lithium (or sodium) ions electrochemically Layered transi6on metal sulphides e.g. MoS 2 have weak interplanar bonding (van der Waals interac6ons) Li ions can be inserted and accommodated with less severe volume expansion
9 2D into 3D Energy Innova[on Centre Materials & Electrochemistry Group
10 2D-3D Anode Developments for Li & Na-ion Energy Storage AMorpheus (EPSRC) 2D Alloys Amorphous Si-Sn anodes AtMoS 2 pheric (EPSRC) 2D Graphene Composites MoS 2 -graphene hybrids
11 AMorpheus Plasma enhanced CVD SnSi NWs Metal current collector Vapour-Liquid-Solid Growth Mechanism Silane 2D Sn-Si hybrid NW BoDom-up NW growth
12 Versa[lity of Coa[ng 3d Substrate Current Collectors Uniform thickness for Li-diffusion SnSi-NWs on copper foil SnSi-NWs on carbon fibres Prac[cal Film Thickness for energy density
13 Crystalline & Amorphous 2D Nanowires Intensity (a.u.) 10k 8k 6k (111) Cubic & Tetragonal phases (020) 4k (011) (220) (422) 2k (333) (220) (031) (112) (132) θ (deg)
14 Integra6ng 2D Materials Fellowship: AtMoS 2 pheric
15 Method 1 Basal plane Edge plane (110) Ammonium molybdate & Thiourea 220 o C, 40 bar
16 Li-ion Energy Storage Na-ion Energy Storage
17 Method 2 2 µm Few Layer 300 nm 1 µm Uniform & Graphene MoS With stable MoS 2 on graphene hydrothermally coverage 002 MoS grown MoS2 platelets 101 MoS 2 Intensity Graphene 103 MoS MoS θ
18 2D Material as mul6-func6onal Enhancing Addi6ve Silicon Anode Research
19 Si-graphene Composite Microstructures Few-layer graphene Si Si Specific Capacity (mah/g) Charge-discharge Electrochemical Cycling Cu foil current collector Cu foil Cycle Number
20 Graphene: Holis[c Performance-enhancing Substance! GRAPHENE In-plane thermal conduc[on Improves structural stability Tensile Proper[es Maintains low series resistance Wide spectrum of chemical func[onalisa[on X-Y Electrical conduc[vity Reversible Li + Intercala[on
21 Conclusions Integra6ng select 2D Li host materials into 3D morphologies is beneficial to electrochemical performance (surface area, diffusion paths ) Composite 2D-3D microstructures incorpora6ng graphene offer mul6ple func6ons in energy storage systems Recommenda[on: There is a need to explore advanced manufacturing methodology for nanostructured materials.
22 Thank you for listening.. Any Ques[ons? The Medici Effect (relevant to energy storage innova[ons) When you step into an intersection of fields, disciplines, or cultures, you can combine existing concepts into a large number of extraordinary new ideas. POSSIBILITY ZONE RISK ZONE COMFORT ZONE Change perspec6ve The Medici Effect Learning Possibili6es Assump6on reversal Chain of Dependence Field value networks
23 Mul[-scale materials for op[mised microstructures (1) Ac[ve Materials (2) Matrix of Conduc[ve Addi[ves (3) Polymer Func[onality & Hybrids µm clusters of nm par[cles Carbon black Configura[on / Property combina[ons Hybrid combina[ons CNTs VGCF Branching + chemistry modifica[ons for max. interac[ons Composites FLG Cross-linking with M x+ ions
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