Application of passive sampling techniques as an usable tool in the field of environmental quality monitoring

Transcription

1 Application of passive sampling techniques as an usable tool in the field of environmental quality monitoring Mariusz Marć, Bożena Zabiegała, Jacek Namieśnik Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology Narutowicza 11/12 str Gdansk, Poland 1 APPLICATION AREAS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS AND MONITORING W. Wardencki, R. J. Katulski, J. Stefański, J. Namieśnik, Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 38 (2008)

2 APPLICATION AREAS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS AND MONITORING Direct and continuous measurements of the concentration level for organic and inorganic compounds as a result of applying relevant automatic monitors and analysers in the form of : stationary devices (measuring sets installed on monitoring stations), mobile appliances (portable and transportable). 3 APPLICATION AREAS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS AND MONITORING M. Michulec, W. Wardencki, M. Partyka, J. Namieśnik, Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 35 (2005)

3 APPLICATION AREAS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS AND MONITORING Collection of air samples to applicable containers: owith a constant volume stainless steel containers SUMMA, owith variable volume containers made of such materials as: Tedlar, Teflon, Nalofan. The containers should be transported to a suitably equipped laboratories. 5 APPLICATION AREAS OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS AND MONITORING The classification of sampling methods, including simultaneous analyte enrichment based on the phenomena utilized for the analyte enrichment 6 3

4 DENUDATION A CONVENIENT METHOD OF ISOLATION/ENRICHMENT OF ANALYTES The principle of separation of molecules of gases and vapors from solid particles in a cylindrical denuder: 1 solid particles, 2 gas molecules, 3 film of the retaining medium, 4 walls (F-force; indices: g gas, p particulate matter, d diffusion, f gas flow). A. Kloskowski, M. Pilarczyk, J. Namieśnik, Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 32 (2002) PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF SAMPLING DEVICES USING DYNAMIC AND DENUDER TECHNIQUE DYNAMIC TECHNIQUE PUMP DENUDER TECHNIQUE PUMP FILTER FILTER SORPTION MEDIUM DENUDER Tube wall covered with thin film of sorbent STREAM OF GASEOUS MEDIUM PASSED THROUGH A TRAP 8 4

5 PASSIVE SAMPLING TECHNIQUE FOR COLLECTING ANALYTES SAMPLES FROM GASEOUS MEDIUM DIFFUSIVE PASSIVE SAMPLER PERMEATION PASSIVE SAMPLER medium trapping analytes layer of still air L c 0 c c 0 L M MEMBRANE medium trapping analytes c 0 x L molecule analytes A. Kot-Wasik, B. Zabiegała, M. Urbanowicz, E. Dominiak, A. Wasik, J. Namieśnik, Anal. Chim. Acta, 602 (2007) THE THEORY OF PASSIVE SAMPLING TECHNIQUE FICK S FIRST LAW OF DIFFUSION DIFFUSIVE PASSIVE SAMPLER PERMEATION PASSIVE SAMPLER U DA L = 0 ( C C) U = ( p p SA ) 1 2 L p SA m L m U - the diffusional mass-transfer rate of analyte [mol/s] A - the cross section of diffusion zone [cm 2 ] D - diffusion coefficient of analyte [cm 2 /s] C - the analyte concentration inside diffusion zone of a sampler [mol/cm] C 0 the ambient concentration of analyte [mol/cm] (p 1 -p 2 ) the difference in partial pressure of the analyte on both sides of the membrane S - the analyte permeability coefficient dependent on the membrane material [cm 2 /min] L - length of diffusion zone [cm] L m the membrane thickness [cm] A. Kot-Wasik, B. Zabiegała, M. Urbanowicz, E. Dominiak, A. Wasik, J. Namieśnik, Anal. Chim. Acta, 602 (2007)

6 WHICH PARAMETER IS NEED TO BE DEFINED BEFORE THE EXPOSURE STAGE OF PASSIVE SAMPLER DIFFUSIVE PASSIVE SAMPLER: sampling rate: SR [ml/min] PERMEATION PASSIVE SAMPLER: calibration constant: k [min/ml] 11 GENERAL ANALYTICAL PROTOCOL Passive devices Dynamic and denuder devices Exposure Collecting of analyte samples Transport and storage Liberation of analytes Identification and determination of analytes 12 6

7 MILESTONES IN THE FIELD OF PASSIVE SAMPLING TECHNIQUE QUANTITATIVE APPROACH 1973 Determination of nitrogen dioxide using tubular diffusion passive sampler (Palms Tube) E. D. Palmes, A. F. Gunnison, Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J., 34 (1973) MILESTONES IN THE FIELD OF PASSIVE SAMPLING TECHNIQUE QUANTITATIVE APPROACH 1973 Determination of sulfur fioxide using a box-type permeation passive sampler K. D. Reiszner, P. W. West, Environ. Sci. Technol., 7 (1973)

8 WHY PASSIVE SAMPLING TECHNIQUE? Simplicity of construction of devices, Elimination of pumps and power supplies, Possibility of determination of time-weighted average concentration based only upon exposure time, without knowledge of sample volume, Suitability for long-term collection of samples of analytes, The possibility of collecting analytes samples in a confined places without supervision of qualified staff A. Kot-Wasik, B. Zabiegała, M. Urbanowicz, E. Dominiak, A. Wasik, J. Namieśnik, Anal. Chim. Acta, 602 (2007) GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF PASSIVE SAMPLERS APPLIED IN AIR MONITORING M. Michulec, W. Wardencki, M. Partyka, J. Namieśnik, Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 35 (2005)

9 APPLICATION AREAS OF PASSIVE SAMPLING USED TO MONITOR THE QUALITY OF DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENT COMPARTMENTS AIR 32% WATER 37% SOIL 7% OTHER 10% PORE WATER 4% GROUND WATER 10% HYDROSPHERE B. Zabiegała, A. Kot-Wasik, M. Urbanowicz, J. Namieśnik, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 396 (2010) Diffusion-type passive sampler IDEAL CONCENTRATION PROFILES FOR TWO TYPES OF PASSIVE SAMPLERS Concentration Permeation-type passive sampler Concentration Atmospheric air Concentration of analyte Atmospheric air Concentration of analyte Diffusion path Membrane thickness Zero sink sorption medium Distance Zero sink sorption medium GASEOUS MEDIUM Distance S. Seethapathy, T. Górecki, X. Li, J. Chromatogr. A, 1184 (2008)

10 THE CRITERIA OF PASSIVE SAMPLING TECHNIQUE SELECTION Type of medium in which samples of analytes will be collected (indoor air, atmospheric air, ground water, soil etc.), The nature of analytes (organic compounds, inorganic compounds), Exposure time (8 hours, 24 hours, 7 days, 14 days, month, year), The place of passive samplers installation (background, hot spots ), Metrological characteristics of passive sampler (sampling rate, sampler dimentions), Liberation technique of analytes retained on a sorption medium The maintenance costs 19 PRACTICAL AREAS WHERE PASSIVE SAMPLING TECHNIQUE CAN BE USED Assessment of the quality of the atmosphere at the workplace, Collecting of analytes samples from the human's breathing zone, Evaluation of indoor air quality (atmosphere at the indoor environment), Estimation of atmospheric air quality (concentration levels of air pollutants) Assessment of personal exposure (personal/individual samplers), Estimation of air quality exhaled by human, Evaluation of emission rate of chemical compounds emitted from various types of indoor materials, Estimation of emission rate of chemical compounds emitted from the surface of human skin, Assessment of the pollutants levels present in ground and surface water, Evaluation of pollutants levels present in solid matrices (such as soil, sediment, and compost) 20 10

11 TWO DIFFERENT ACCUMULATION REGIMES OF PASSIVE SAMPLING DEVICES EQUILIBRIUM UPTAKE REGION Mass of analyte collected on a sorption medium PASSIVE SAMPLERS WORKING IN A KINETIC AREA PASSIVE SAMPLERS WORKING IN AN EQULIBRIUM AREA B. Zabiegała, A. Kot-Wasik, M. Urbanowicz, J. Namieśnik, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 396 (2010) Time 21 PASSIVE VS DYNAMIC SAMPLERS Passive Sampling ADVANTAGES Active Sampling Relatively small, simple and light devices Elimination of pumps and power supplies Low-cost sampling Possibility of determination of time-weighted average concentration based only upon exposure time, without knowledge of sample volume Suitability for long-term collection of samples of analytes Flexible time resolution Ease of calibration Large-volume samples can be collected Very effective enrichment Use of multisorbent sorption tubs allows to sampling wide spectrum of analytes with different volatility S. Król, B. Zabiegała, J. Namieśnik, Trends Anal Chem., 29 (2010)

12 Passive Sampling Unsuitable for monitoring of short-term variations in analyte concentration Lower enrichment efficiency compared to other techniques Sensitivity of enrichment efficiency to temperature fluctuations and air movement in the vicinity of a sampler Historical nature of results do not provide direct or real-time data DRAWBACKS PASSIVE VS DYNAMIC SAMPLERS Active Sampling High cost of a single measurement Strongly labour-demanding Calibrated pumps are needed (equipment needs regular servicing) Energy is consumed Impossible or very hard to automate The need to determine enrichment factors for individual analytes A trap containing a desiccant has to be used Transport of power equipment (pumps, ventilators) to the sampling site is troublesome S. Król, B. Zabiegała, J. Namieśnik, Trends Anal Chem., 29 (2010) CONSTRUCTION SOLUTIONS IN THE FIELD OF PASSIVE SAMPLERS DEVELOPED AT OUR DEPARTMENT Passive sampling using badge type permeation passive samplers with silicone membranes recommended for long-term monitoring of volatile organic compounds in indoor environment, Passive sampler in which a membrane and an organic solvent as a sorption medium (typically iso-octane or cyclohexane) were applied to transfer and isolate organic compounds like PAHs and chlorophenols from water

13 Determination of the concentration level of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes) compounds in ambient air in the Tri-City agglomeration area using passive samplers at the step of handling of representative samples of analytes 25 ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF BTEX COMPOUNDS IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR 26 13

14 TIME-WEIGHT AVERAGE CONCENTRATION OF BENZENE MEASURED IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR IN TRI-CITY AREA IN 2012 M. Marć, J. Namieśnik, B. Zabiegała, Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, doi: /s x, CONCENTRATION PROFILE OF TOLUENE, ETHYLBENZENE AND XYLENES MEASURED IN ATMOSPHERIC AIR IN TRI-CITY AREA IN 2012 M. Marć, J. Namieśnik, B. Zabiegała, Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, doi: /s x,

15 COMPARISON OF THE SEASONAL BENZENE CONCENTRATION PROFILES OBTAINED BY PASSIVE SANMPLING AND ON-LINE MONITORING Benzene concnetration [µg/m 3 ] Direct measurement using an automatic analyzer (on-line monitoring) Analytical procedure based on the use of passive sampling technique 0 S. Król, B. Zabiegała, J. Namieśnik, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 403 (2012) The study of the indoor air quality (IAQ) in using passive samplers

16 ANALYSIS AND MONITORING OF INDOOR AIR POLLUTION - ISSUES AND CHALLENGES Concentration of analytes present in indoor air may be at much higher concentration level than in atmospheric air due to endemic emission sources Large variety of pollutants, Possibility of occurance of the same compound in a different concentration levels in the enclosed spaces characterized be similar dimetions and purpose The need to conduct research during the normal exploitation of enclosed spaces Lack of appropriate standards and reference materials. 31 CONCENTRATION LEVELS OF MONOTERPENES BEFORE AND AFTER FURNISHING M. Marć, J. Namieśnik, B. Zabiegała, Sci. Total Environ., 481 (2014)

17 TOTAL VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (TVOC) MEASURED IN INDOOR AIR 4 3,5 Passive samplig technique Dynamic sampling technique 3 Concentration [mg/m 3 ] 2,5 2 1,5 1 0, Dwelling No. 33 Study on the organic compounds emission rate (emitted from the surface of the indoor materials) using small-scale passive emission chambers 34 17

18 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS EMITTED FROM INDOOR EQUIPMENT MATERIALS Terpenes Aliphatic hydrocarbons Aldehydes and Ketones (formaldehyd) Organic acids Aromatic hydrocarbons Alcohols, phenols 35 PASSIVE FLUX SAMPLERS (PFS) The principal advantages of passive flux samplers are: in-situ operation, no power source required, no inert gas line needed, contaminant emission flux(es) measured under real conditions (as regards temperature, pressure, air humidity, ventilation rate and the furnishing of the room in question), simplicity of operation, cheap to operate, installation possible at any point in the room without affecting its functioning or disturbing its users. M. Marć, B. Zabiegała, J. Namieśnik, Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 43 (2013)

19 SMALL-SCALE PASSIVE EMISSION CHAMBER (SSPEC) M. Marć, J. Namieśnik, B. Zabiegała, Sci. Total Environ., 481 (2014) a weight (0.5 kg) placed on top of instrument to improve the tightness during use a stainless steel container: area of opening: 452 cm 2, height: 12 cm, volume of inner space: 3.65 dm 3, a handle, which facilitates transport and installation of device anywhere in enclosed spaces silicon seal in order to prevent airleakage, Radiello diffusive passive sampler placed inside in central point of chamber (graphitized carbon Carbograph 4 as a sorption medium) 37 EMISSION FLUX PROFILE OF MONOTERPENES EMITTED FORM INDOOR WOOD-BASED FURNITURE Emission rate of 3-Carene [µg/m 2. h] Emission rate of α-pinene [µg/ 2. h] Emission rate of D-Limonene [µg/m 2. h] M. Marć, J. Namieśnik, B. Zabiegała, Sci. Total Environ., 481 (2014)

20 HOUSE DUST A SPECIFIC TYPE OF PASSIVE SAMPLER PDBE COMPOUNDS (flame retardants) PAH AND PCB COMPOUNDS INDOOR ENVIRONMENT INDOOR ENVIRONMENT PESTICIDES ORGANIC COMPOUNDS FROM VOC AND SVOC GROUP 39 THE PROPOSED ANALYTICAL PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING PBDEs IN DUST SAMPLES S. Król, J. Namieśnik, B. Zabiegała, J. Chromatogr. A, 1294 (2012)

21 THE PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF PBDEs CONGENERS IN DUST S. Król, J. Namieśnik, B. Zabiegała, Chemosphere, 110 (2014) CONCENTRATIONS OF BDE-47, BDE- 153 AND BDE-209 REPORTED IN HAUSE DUST AND ELECTRONIC DUST HOUSE DUST ELECTRONIC DUST Concentration [ng/g] S. Król, B. Zabiegała, J. Namieśnik, J. Chromatogr. A, 1294 (2012)

22 AN OVERVIEW OF OUR ORIGINAL PAPERS IN THE FIELD OF APPLICATION OF PASSIVE SAMPLING TECHNIQUE IN ENVIRONEMNTAL STUDIES 1. B. Zabiegała, M. Urbanowicz, K. Szymanska, J. Namiesnik, Application of passive sampling technique for monitoring of BTEX concentration in urban air: Field comparison of different types of passive samplers, J Chromatogr Sci, 48 (2010) , 2. B. Zabiegała, M. Urbanowicz, J. Namieśnik, T. Górecki, Spatial and seasonal patterns of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes in the Gdańsk, Poland and surrounding areas determined using Radiello passive samplers, J Environ Qual, 39 (2010) , 3. B. Zabiegała, C. Sǎrbu, M. Urbanowicz, J. Namieśnik, A comparative study of the performance of passive samplers, J Air Waste Manag Assoc, 61 (2011) , 4. S. Król, B. Zabiegała, J. Namieśnik, Measurement of benzene concentration in urban air using passive sampling, Anal Bioanal Chem, 403 (2012) , 5. S. Król, J. Namiesnik, B. Zabiegała, α-pinene, 3-carene and d-limonene in indoor air of Polish apartments: The impact on air quality and human exposure, Sci Total Environ, (2014) , 6. S. Król, B. Zabiegała, J. Namieśnik, Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in house dust using standard addition method and gas chromatography with electron capture and mass spectrometric detection, J Chromatogr A, 1249 (2012) , 7. M. Marć, B. Zabiegała, J. Namieśnik, Application of passive sampling technique in monitoring research on quality of atmospheric air in the area of Tczew, Poland, Inter J Environ Anal Chem, 94 (2014) , 8. M. Marć, J. Namieśnik, B. Zabiegała, Small-scale passive emission chamber for screening studies on monoterpene emission flux from the surface of wood-based indoor elements, Sci Total Environ, 481 (2014) 35-46, 9. M. Marć, J. Namieśnik, B. Zabiegała, BTEX concentration levels in urban air in the area of the Tri-City agglomeration (Gdansk, Gdynia, Sopot), Poland, Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, DOI: /s x, 2014, 10. M. Marć, B. Zabiegała, V. Siemonov, J. Namieśnik, The relationships between BTEX, NO x and O 3 concentrations in urban air in Gdansk and Gdynia, Poland, Clean Soil, Air, Water, DOI: /clen , DEPARTMENT OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY CHEMICAL FACULTY GDANSK UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY This lecture can also be found on the homepage of the Department of Analytical Chemistry

23 MODAS Production and attestation of new types of reference materials crucial for achieving European accreditation for polish industrial laboratories - MODAS 45 TraceSpec, th Workshop on Progress in Trace Metal Speciation for Environmental Analytical Chemistry Gdansk, Poland, September 04-07, 2016 Info: Contact: chemanal@pg.gda.pl 46 23

24 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION! 47 MEMBERS OF MY RESEARCH GROUP 48 24