1920 s Charge Cloud Model (developed by Louis debroglie, Erwin Schrodinger, Werner Heisenberg and others)
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1 1920 s Charge Cloud Model (developed by Louis debroglie, Erwin Schrodinger, Werner Heisenberg and others) A new model was developed through complex mathematical equations which predicted the The Schrodinger Equation: Yikes! What does all of THAT mean? Don t worry. Just know that mathematics has helped us come up with charge cloud pictures for each atom. For example, a hydrogen atom can be symbolized by the following charge cloud picture: Each dot represents where a hydrogen atom s ONE electron has been. Over time, a map can be developed to show the most likely location of that one electron. The important thing about the equation (and the picture) is we can only by 90% certain of the location of the electrons within an atom! Summary of What We Know about the Charge-Cloud (or Quantum) Model of the Atom An orbital is a picture that represents where you can find or electrons 90% of the time. orbital can always hold a maximum of 2 electrons. But I thought elcctrons were negative. How could 2 of them exist in the same space? Good question, Johnny! Hereʼs the answer: What types of orbitals can exist? What do they look like? The s sublevel has kind of orbital for electrons to move in. It looks like:
2 The p sublevel has kinds of orbitals for electrons to move in. They look like: The d sublevel has kinds of orbitals for electrons to move in. They look like: The f sublevel has kinds of orbitals for electrons to move in. They look like: What is the difference between an electron existing in the following orbitals? looks like distance of e- from nucleus amount of energy for e- in this orbital
3 What is the difference between electrons in the following orbitals? looks like 4s 4p 4d 4f distance of e- from nucleus amount of energy for e- in this orbital What is the order of the sublevels arranged from lowest energy to higher energy? 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p + more Yikes, do I have to memorize that?!? What is the maximum number of electrons that can fit in each sublevel? 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p + more Be aware - there ARE exceptions sometimes to this pattern (although they are rare). (You will learn about them if you take AP Chemistry.) Accounting for Electrons: Where do Electrons Live and How Do We Keep Track of Them? Orbital Diagrams (very specific) What is the orbital diagram for an atom of sodium in the ground state? 1s 2s 2p 3s Rules: An up arrow is used for an electron with a clockwise spin. Fill in all possible up arrows in a sublevel. Keep up arrows separate if the sublevel has more than one orbital (like 2p). A down arrow is used for an electron with a counter-clockwise spin. Pair up down arrows with existing up arrows. Move on to the next sublevel until all of the electrons are accounted for.
4 Electron Configurations - Long Form (more general) What is the electron configuration (long form) for a ground state sodium atom? 1s 2 Electron Configurations - Short Form (most general - but still useful) Symbol replaces this part of the configuration. [He] 1s 2 [Ne] 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 [Ar] 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 [Kr] 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 [Xe] 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 10 5p 6 [Rn] 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 10 5p 6 6s 2 4f 14 5d 10 6p 6 What is the electron configuration (short form) for a ground state sodium atom? What are valence electrons? How do you determine how many valence electrons an atom has? How many valence electrons does an atom of sodium in the ground state have? What is the Lewis Dot Symbol for an atom of sodium in the ground state? Number of Valence Electrons Generic Lewis Dot Symbol Number of Valence Electrons Generic Lewis Dot Symbol
5 PRACTICE (Assume that all atoms are in the ground state.) 1. What is the orbital diagram for an atom of chlorine? 2. What is the long form electron configuration for an atom of chlorine? 3. What is the short form electron configuration for an atom of chlorine? 4. How many valence electrons does an atom of chlorine have? 5. What is the Lewis Dot Symbol for chlorine? 6. What is the orbital diagram for an atom of gold? 7. What is the long form electron configuration for an atom of gold? 8. What is the short form electron configuration for an atom of gold? 9. How many valence electrons does an atom of gold have? 10. What is the Lewis Dot Symbol for gold?
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