Electrons in Atoms Quantum Theory

Transcription

1 Electrons in Atoms Quantum Theory EQ: What is the relationship between energy levels and sublevels? A. Vocabulary. Principal Quantum Number (n) = major energy level (rows in P-Table). Sublevels: Electron energy levels within a principal energy level (aka: Shapes). The n number also tells you how many shapes are held in that principal energy level A. Vocabulary. Atomic Orbital (electron cloud): Region in space where there is 90% probability of finding an e - a) each orbital can hold electrons Radial Distribution Curve S orbital B. Sublevel Shapes sublevel Shape # of orbitals # of e- s p d f sphere

2 P orbitals B. Sublevel Shapes sublevel Shape # of orbitals # of e- s sphere p d peanut f D orbitals B. Sublevel Shapes sublevel Shape # of orbitals # of e- s sphere p peanut d f Double peanut 0 F orbitals B. Sublevel Shapes sublevel Shape # of orbitals # of e- s sphere p peanut d Double peanut 0 f flower

3 C. Sublevels and n The # of energy levels tells you how many sublevels (shapes) you have n # of sublevels Which sublevels? s s p s p d s p d f D. Questions Sublevel Shape #orbitals # of e- s sphere p peanut d Double peanut 0 f flower n #suble vels s s p s p d which sublevels s p d f. How many electrons can go in the rd principle energy level? = 8.How many orbitals are there in the d? D. Questions Sublevel Shape #orbitals # of e- s sphere p peanut d daisy 0 f flower n #suble vels s s p s p d which sublevels s p d f. How many orbitals are there in the nd principle energy level? + =. How many electrons can go in the s sublevel? Sublevel Shape #orbitals # of e- s sphere p peanut d daisy 0 f flower n #suble vels s s p s p d which sublevels s p d f. How many electrons can go in a single orbital?. List the sublevels in the th principle quantum energy level? s, p, d, f Hog Hilton You are the manager of a prestigious new hotel in downtown Lodi the Hog Hilton. It s just the snort of the town and you want to keep its reputation a cut above all the other hotels. Your problem is your clientele. They are hogs in the truest sense. Your major task is to fill rooms in your hotel. The Hog Hilton only has stairs. You must fill up your hotel keeping the following rules in mind: ) Hogs are lazy, they don t want to walk up stairs! ) Hogs want to room by themselves, but they would rather room with another hog than walk up more stairs. ) If hogs are in the same room they will face in opposite directions. ) They stink, so you can t put more than two hogs in each room. Hog Hilton Your hotel looks like the diagram below: th floor th floor th floor rd floor nd floor st floor Book 9 hogs into the rooms

4 Hog Hilton Your hotel looks like the diagram below: th floor th floor th floor rd floor nd floor st floor Book hogs into the rooms Your Turn: Hog Hilton = = th floor th floor th floor rd floor nd floor st floor Now you will relate the Hog Hilton to electron orbitals. Electron orbitals are modeled by the picture on the left and are grouped into principal energy levels. d n= s n= p n= s n= p n= s n= s n= th floor th floor th floor rd floor nd floor st floor p d s p s p s s electrons - - Sulfur p atomic number- d s p s - p s - s - - Orbital Diagrams How do you write electron configurations?

5 Electron Filling Order B. Rules. Aufbau (Build up) Principle Electrons fill the lowest energy orbitals first. Hog Hilton: Hogs are Lazy! B. Rules. Pauli Exclusion Principle Each orbital can hold TWO electrons with opposite spins. Draw up arrow first! Hog Hilton: They stink! And They must face opposite directions. B. Rules. Hund s Rule Within a sublevel, place one e - per orbital before pairing them. WRONG RIGHT B. Rules. Hund s Rule Within a sublevel, place one e - per orbital before pairing them. Hog Hilton: Hogs can t stand each other

6 III. Ground State Electron Configuration Ground State Ground state: lowest possible energy state. Fills up electrons according to the rules. A. Electron Configuration from orbital diagram Orbital Diagram O 8e - s s p Ground State Electron Configuration s s p s s p sp s d0 B. Electron config from P-table n = s f (n-) Color your periodic table d (n-) p 998 by Harcourt Brace & Company B. Electron config from P-table 998 by Harcourt Brace & Company

7 Meaning: Energy level (n) = s electron in that sublevel s-sublevel On Periodic Table: st Period (Row #) s s-block st column of s-block B. Periodic Patterns Example: S s s p s p What is the electron configuration for Titanium (Ti)? s s p s p s d Ti What is the electron configuration for Br? s s p s p s d 0 p Br Using electron configuration to draw orbital diagrams Shape # orbitals s p d f Write in Your notebook at the bottom Ti: s s p s p s d s s p p s s d

8 If you insist Electron Configuration. Electron configuration & orbital diagram A. Phosphorus (P) B. Aluminum (Al) Electron Configuration A. Phosphorus (P): s s p s p B. Aluminum (Al): s s p s p D. Noble Gas Notation *Use a Noble gas with less electrons than the element you need (Row above) Noble Gases 8A He Ne Ar Kr Xe Rn Noble Gas Shorthand Ex Silicon [Ne] s p Noble Gas Shorthand Ex - Germanium [Ar] s d 0 p 8

9 Noble Gas Shorthand Ex - Cesium [Xe] s Electron Configuration. Noble Gas Notation a) Zirconium (Zr) b) Selenium (Se) c) Lanthanum (La) Electron Configuration. Noble Gas Notation a) Zirconium (Zr): [Kr] s d b) Selenium (Se): [Ar] s d 0 p c) Lanthanum (La): [Xe] s d E. Going through the F-block Ce: [Xe] s d f E. Going through the F-block U: [Rn] s d f E. Going through the F-block Ta: [Xe] s d f d Ta: [Xe] s f d 9

10 Electron Configuration D. Neptunium (Np) E. Osmium (Os) Electron Configuration D. Neptunium (Np): [Rn] s d f E. Osmium (Os): [Xe] s f d Core electrons Valence electrons F. Electron Dot Structures Show # valence electrons (e- in outermost/highest energy level) No element has more than 8 valence electrons (only use s and p orbitals) s f (n-) d (n-) p F. Electron Dot Structures Show # valence electrons (e- in outermost/highest energy level) Ex: Sulfur = [Ne] s p It has valence electrons S 998 by Harcourt Brace & Company 0

11 F. Electron Dot Structures Group Work Ex: Zr= [Kr] s d Zr Write the noble gas notation shortcut and the Lewis dot diagram for every atom in the following groups Table A A A A Group Table A A A 8 8A Group N Se Sr N Se Sr Nd Pu Re xxxxxxxx xxxxxxxx N Se Sr Nd Pu Re H He Be F S Cl Mg Si

12 Electron Configuration A. Iron (Fe): s s p s p s d