PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS IN IMP A TIENS PAR VIFLORA AND OTHER PLANT SPECIES UNDER SIMULATED NATURAL CANOPY RADIATIONS
|
|
- David Fitzgerald
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 New Phytol. (1982) 90, fill 618 PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS IN IMP A TIENS PAR VIFLORA AND OTHER PLANT SPECIES UNDER SIMULATED NATURAL CANOPY RADIATIONS Department BY G. C. WHITELAM* AND C. B. JOHNSON of Botany, Plant Science Laboratories, University of Reading, Whlteknights, Reading RG6 2AS, U.K. (Accepted 19 October 1981) SUMMARY Nitrate reductase activity in the leaves of Si/tapis alba L. and Chenopodium album L. was found to be related to the photoequilibrium of phytochrome established under simulated natural canopy radiation (fluorescent white light with added far-red light) of a relatively high photon Huence rate. Under simulated canopy radiation of low photon Huence rate, more characteristic of 'shade' light, the degree of responsiveness of S. alba nitrate reductase has been seen to be reduced. However, in the leaves of Impatiens parviflora L., a species frequently occurring in dense canopy shade, nitrate reductase activity showed a rapid and marked response to changes in phytochrome photoequilibrium with the low-fluence rate sources. Under these same conditions the elongation growth of /. parviflora internodes also showed a marked and rapid response to changes in the phytochrome system, rather than displaying a reduced response as has been proposed for shade tolerating species. INTRODUCTION It has been proposed that a central function of phytochrome, the red/far-red (R/FR) photoreversible plant photoreceptor, is the detection of mutual shading and the subsequent redirection of development of plants in the natural environment (e.g. Morgan and Smith, 1976, 1978, 1979; Holmes and Smith, 1977). This suggestion has been supported by numerous observations that changes in light quality in the R and FR regions of the visible spectrum, characteristic of those resulting from the attenuation of polychromatic light by a vegetation canopy, effect major alterations in the growth and development of a number of plant species (e.g. McLaren and Smith, 1978; Morgan and Smith, 1979; Morgan, O'Brien and Smith, 1980). The responses reported by Smith and his co-workers have been observed under simulated natural radiation whereby increased canopy shade is mimicked by the addition of increased amounts of supplementary FR light to a constant source of white fluorescent light, such that the R: P"R ratio is significantly decreased, resulting in a decrease in the photoequilibrium of phytochrome (Holmes and Smith, 1977). The photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) provided by these sources is uncharacteristic of shade light, however, being typically in the region of 130 /*mol m ' ^ s~^. Consequently, very high fluence rates of FR light (up to as much as 500 //mol m"'' s~'; even more atypical of shade light) are required in Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DDl 4HN, U.K. Abbreviations: PAR, photosynthetically active radiation; R, red light; FR, far-red light; (p,,, phytochrome photoequilibrium, estimated from the ratio of the photon Huence rates at 6fiO:73O nni; (^j^, phytochrome photoequilibrium (= [Pi,]/[Pr] + [Ptr]) measured in etiolated mung bean hypocotyl hooks X/82/ $03.00/ The New Phytologist 21 ANI'9O
2 6i2 G. C. WHITELAM AND C. B. JOHNSON order to reduce phytochrome photoequilibria to values which are characteristic of those obtaining in shade light. Nevertheless, using these sources many growth responses have been found to be related to (j)^. Furthermore, Morgan and Smith (1979) have proposed that a systematic relationship exists between responsiveness to reduced (j)^ and species habitat based upon the observation that shade-tolerant woodland species show little or no response to a decrease in R:F'R ratio. Firm conclusions regarding the reduced responsiveness of woodland species are difficult to draw, however, because of the considerably lower growth rates of such species compared with those from more open habitats. We have recently described a novel approach to the design of polychromatic light sources which simulate canopy light (Wall and Johnson, 1981). The light provided by these sources is significantly depleted in the blue and R regions of the spectrum, a characteristic of shade light, and is of only 13/^mol m"^ s~i PAR, again characteristic of woodland shade on a sunny day. For this reason, significantly lower fluence rates of FR light (up to 50 //mol m"'^ s^*) are required to reduce phytochrome photoequilibria to values typical of dense shade. Employing these sources Wall and Johnson (1981) have observed relationships between (j) and elongation growth of the mustard seedling, similar to those reported by Smith's group. However, the low PAR provided by these sources poses problems when responses such as nitrate reductase activity are observed in such shade-intolerant species as 5. alba (Johnson and Whitelam, 1982). The 13 /imox m"^ s^i provided by the sources is likely to be below the light compensation point for photosynthesis and hence the capacity of the plant to respond to changes in the phytochrome system may be limited by the supply of photosynthetic products. Hence, these sources are unsuitable for long-term experimentation with shade-intolerant species. This problem may be expected to be particularly serious with respect to the photocontrol of nitrate reductase since this enzyme requires a source of photosynthetically-derived reducing power for its catalytic activity (Beevers and Hageman, 1972). For these reasons we have investigated the responses of Impatiens parviflora to simulated canopy light at low fluences of PAR. Although /. parviflora is a shade-tolerant woodland species per se and is frequently found growing under dense canopies, it is nevertheless of extremely wide distribution and it does retain the capacity for a high growth rate. There is a considerable body of published work pertaining to the effects of quantitative change in the radiation environment on Impatiens, involving both artificial controlled environments (e.g. Hughes, 1965) and under neutral screens in the field (e.g. Evans and Hughes, 1961) but only relatively little analysis of the effects of light quality on its growth and development (see Young, 1975 for a review). Thus it seemed appropriate to extend these observations with an examination of the effects of shade light quality on this remarkable woodland annual. The seedlings used in this investigation were collected from a densely shaded habitat where PAR was typically below 20 fimol m^ s~i; nevertheless the seedlings' responses were found to be more characteristic of those of species from more open habitats as defined by Morgan and Smith (1979). We report here some studies of the responses of /. parvifiora to added FR light and have compared them with those of Chenopodium album, an arable weed, and Sinapis alba, a vigorous shade-avoider, under simulated canopy radiations with high fluence rates.
3 Photomorphogenesis under natural canopy 613 MATERIALS AND METHODS Plant material and growth conditions Uniform seedlings oi Impatiens parviflora L., at the first leaf pair stage, were collected from dense shade cast by Aesculus hippocastum in the 'Wilderness' at Reading University campus. Seedlings were transplanted to pots of peat and maintained in a controlled environment growth room prior to use. Mature seedlings of Chenopodium alhutn L. were obtained by germinating seeds, originally collected from Field 12 on the Experimental Farm, Sutton Bonington, Leics., in sandwich boxes on moist blotting paper. After 14 days seedlings were transplanted to pots containing a potting compost (John Innes, No. 1.) The seedlings were grown up until 28 days old before treatment for a further 14 days. Light-grown Sinapis alba L. plants were obtained by germinating seeds (Agrow, Freiburg- Ebnet), which had previously been imbibed for 6 h with distilled water, on the surface of moist peat in 5 cm pots. Seedlings were grown up under controlled conditions for 14 days prior to treatment for 2 days. Light sources The broad band light sources of high PAR (130//mol m"^ s"') were those described by McLaren and Smith (1978) and the broad band sources of low PAR (13 fimol m~^ s"') have been described in detail by Wall and Johnson (1981). Assay of nitrate reductase Nitrate reductase was determined either by the in situ method described by Whitelam and Johnson (1980) or by the in vitro method also previously described (Whitelann, Johnson and Smith, 1979). In each case, qualitatively similar results were obtained if the alternative assay was used. The results are typically the mean of six replicates, the bar lengths being equivalent to twice the standard error. Phytochrofne photoequilibria The values given were either estimated from the R:FR photon fluence rate ratios at 660 and 730 nm (cf. Morgan and Smith, 1976) and designated ^5^, or were based on nneasurements of the phytochrome photoequilibria obtained in etiolated mung bean hooks irradiated at 0 C {ipm)- Because of selective screening by chlorophyll they are not necessarily an accurate reflection of the values obtaining in the green plant tissues but are systematically related to these (see Morgan and Smith, 1978). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The growth responses of a range of plant species to simulated shade light of a high fluence rate have been well documented (e.g. Morgan and Smith, 1978, 1979). A general feature of the responses, reported by Smith and co-workers, is an apparent linear relationship between elongation growth rate and phytochrome photoequilibrium in the range (j)^ 0-20 to ^p 0'70. Similar results are often obtained also with nitrate reductase: the data in Figure 1 for C. album and in Figure 2 for S. alba are typical of those obtained in the high fluence rate sources employed by Smith's group. In both cases the relationship approaches linearity, as for the growth responses, and as observed for nitrate reductase activity in light-grown cauliflower curd (Whitelam, Johnson and Smith, 1979). Indeed, a relationship between photoequilibrium and nitrate reductase activity with greater enzyme activities at
4 G. C. WHITELAM AND C. B. JOHNSON 0-7 Fig. 1. The relationship between estimated phytochrome photoequilibrium {(^,.) and nitrate reductase activity, assayed in vitro, from the third leaves of 42-day-old Chenopodium album seedlings. The seedlings were grown in a standard pre-treatment controlled environment for 28 days before treatment. PAR during the treatment was 130//mol m"'' s~'. 0-7 Fig. 2. The relationship between estimated phytochrome photoequilibrium ((ij.) and nitrate reductase activity, assayed in vitro from the second leaves of 16-day-old Sinapis alba seedlings (PAR = 130/ymol m^'s-'). The seedlings were grown in a standard pre-treatment controlled environment for 12 days before treatment. higher photoequilibria seems to be a characteristic feature in many i\x\\ de-etiolated light-grown plants under these conditions. Under simulated shade light quality and low fluence rate, Wall and Johnsoi (1981) have shown that the growth responses of S. alba are broadly comparabl with those observed under higher fluence rates. However, we find that at lo\^, fluence rates the responsiveness of nitrate reductase activity from 5. alba leaves appears to be reduced as compared with the data in Figure 2, for the higher fluenc rate sources (Fig. 3). It is possible that a limitation of the capacity to respond is the result of the reduced rate of photosynthesis under the low fluence rate sources When seedlings of /. parviflora, a shade tolerating species, at the second leaf
5 Photomorphogenesis under natural canopy Fig. 3. The relationship between phytochrome photoequilibrium (^i,,,) and nitrate roductase activity, assayed in situ, from the second leaf of 16-day-old light-grown Siiia/iis alba seedlings. Added FR light was provided by an Oriel RG N9 colour glass filter: PAR was 13 /;mol m"'^ s~'. Seedlings were grown for 14 days in pre-treatment controlled conditions prior to treatment. Fig. 4. The relationship between phytochrome photoequilibrium (^i,,,) and the linear growth, over 72 h, of the first internode of Impaliensparviflora seedlings: PAR was 13/;mol m""- s~'. Added FR light was provided by an Oriel RG 715 colour glass filter. pair stage are treated under simulated shade light and low fluence rate, there is a marked and rapid photomodulation of elongation growth. It can be seen from Figure 4 that after only 3 days of treatment there is a ninefold increase in elongation of the first internode when sufficient FR light is added to reduced phytochrome photoequilibrium to <j) 010. In Figure 5 a typical batch of such seedlings is shown following 3 days treatment. The increased elongation of the internodes is the most dramatic of the observed responses but a number of other light quality effects are apparent. For example, petiolar elongation and the angle at which the
6 6i6 G. C. WHITELAM AND C. B. JOHNSON Fig. 5. Impatiens parviflora seedlings treated for 3 days under polychromatic radiations of equal PAR (13 /tmol m~^ s~'), but with diflerent amounts of added FR light, establishing different phytochrome photoequilibria. The phytochrome photoequilibria (^6,,,) were, from left to right, 010, 0-25, 0-40, 0-55 and fresti wt) 160 en 140 / o' / 1ie activ Nitrate I'ig. 6. The relationship between phytochrome photoequilibrium (96,,,) and nitrate reductase activity, assayed in situ, from the third leaf of Impatiens parviflora seedlings: PAR was 13 /ymol m~^ s"'. The seedlings, which were collected from a densely shaded habitat, were kept in a controlled environment growth room prior to treatment for 3 days.
7 Photoniorphogenesis under natural canopy 617 petiole is held are also modulated by added FR light. The extent and rapidity of this growth response is as great as the responses of many shade-intolerent species from more open habitats as reported by Morgan and Smith (1979) employing higher fluence rate sources. A similarly marked and rapid response to shade light quality is observed with nitrate reductase activity is determined in the third leaf of /. parviflora seedlings after 3 days of treatment (Fig. 6). The results obtained represent the greatest degree of responsiveness that we have yet observed between nitrate reductase activity and photoequilibrium in the range (j)^ 0-10 to ^i,,, 0-67, there being a fivefold difference in enzyme activity as compared with a 30 to 40% difference observed in C. album and S. alba (Figs 1 and 2). The relationship obtained in Figure 6 is not the characteristically linear correlation as previously observed. One reason for this might be that differential attenuation of the fluorescent and the FR light within the leaf results in a shifting of photoequilibria to lower values when the leaf is irradiated with such mixtures (the (j) = 0-67 value is obtained with the PAR source alone and no added FR). The ability of seedlings of I. parviflora to display such marked responses to added FR light is possibly a consequence of their ability to tolerate the very reduced fluence rates of PAR often found in their natural habitats. Despite the low fluence rates the seedlings maintain the capacity for rapid growth rate, and can effect modulations in nitrate reductase activity as a result of changes in the phytochrome systenn. It may be suggested, therefore, that the lack of capacity to respond quickly to added FR light, for example the reduced responsiveness of S. alba leaf-nitrate reductase under low fluences and the apparent reduced responsiveness of some woodland species to added FR light is due either to a limitation in the availability of some photosynthetically derived substrate(s) or to an inherently low growth rate. Care should therefore be taken when categorizing plant species on the basis of their responsiveness to lowered photoequilibrium. A species able to tolerate dense shade, such as /. parviflora, has been found to be as responsive to added FR light as any 'open-habitat' species. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This Avork was supported by an N.E.R.C. studentship to G.C.W. We thank Professor H. Smith for the provision of some of the light sources used here. REFERENCES BEEVERS, L. & HAGEMAN, R. H. (1972). The role of light in nitrate metabolism in higher plants. Photophysiology, 7, EVANS, G. C. & HUGHES, A. P. (1961). Plant growth and the aerial environment. L Effect of artificial shading on Impatiens parviflora. New Phytotngist, 60, HOLMES, M. G. & SMITH, II. (1977). The function of phytochrome in the natural environment. IV. Light quality and plant development. Pholochcmistry and Photobiology, 25, HUGHES, A. P. (1965). Plant growth and the aerial environment. IX. A synopsis of the autecology of/;«/)o/;>hs parviflora. New Pliytotogisl, 64, JOHNSON, C. B. & WHITEI.AM, G. C. (1982). Phytochrome action in light-grown plants: the control of nitrate reduction as a model response. Photochemistry and Photohiotogy, 35, MCLAKEN, J. S. & SMITH, H. (1978) The function of phytochrome in the natural environment. VI. The growth and development of Rumex ohtensifotius under simulated canopy light environments. Ptant, Celt and EriTtirowfient, 1,
8 6i8 G.C.WHITELAMANDC. B.JOHNSON MORGAN, D. C, O'BKIEN, T. & SMITH, H. (1980). Rapid photomodulation of stem extension in light-grown Sinapis alba L. Planta, 150, MORGAN, D. C. & SMITH, H. (1976). Linear relationship hetween phytochrome photoequilibrium and growth in plants under simulated natural radiation. Nature, 262, MORGAN, D. C. & SMITH, H. (1978). The relationship between phytochrome photoequilibrium and development in light-grown Chenopodium album. Planta, 142, MORGAN, D. C. & SMITH, H.( 1979). A systematic relationship between phytochrome-controued development and species habitat, for plants grown in simulated natural radiation. Planta, 145, WALL, J. K. & JOHNSON, C. B. (1981). The influence of light quality and light quantity in the control of extension growth in light-grown Sinapis alba L. Planta, 153, WHITELAM, G. C. & JOHNSON, C. B. (1980). Phytoehrome control of nitrate reductase activity and anthocyanin synthesis in light-brown Sinapis alba (L.). Differential responses of cotyledons and hypocotyls. New Phytologist, 85, WHITELAM, G. C, JOHNSON, C. B. & SMITH, H. (1979). The control by phytochrome of nitrate reductase in the curd of light-grown cauliflower. Photochemistry and Photobiologv, 30, YOUNG, J. E. (1975). Effects of the spectral composition of light sources on the growth of a higher plant In: Light as an Ecological Factor II, Symposia of the British Ecological Society, vol. 16, pp Blackwell, Oxford.
9
CONTROL OF DEVELOPMENT IN CHENOPODIUM ALBUM L. BY SHADELIGHT: THE EFFECT OF LIGHT QUANTITY (TOTAL FLUENCE RATE) AND LIGHT QUALITY (RED.
New Phytol. {\98l) S8, 229-24S 239 CONTROL OF DEVELOPMENT IN CHENOPODIUM ALBUM L. BY SHADELIGHT: THE EFFECT OF LIGHT QUANTITY (TOTAL FLUENCE RATE) AND LIGHT QUALITY (RED.FAR-RED RATIO) BY D. C. MORGAN
More informationThe shade avoidance syndrome: multiple responses mediated by multiple phytochromes
Plant, Cell and Environment (1997) 20, 840 844 TECHNICAL REPORT (white this line if not required) The shade avoidance syndrome: multiple responses mediated by multiple phytochromes H. SMITH & G. C. WHITELAM
More informationElectromagenetic spectrum
Light Controls of Plant Development 1 Electromagenetic spectrum 2 Light It is vital for photosynthesis and is also necessary to direct plant growth and development. It acts as a signal to initiate and
More informationCBMG688R. ADVANCED PLANT DEVELOPMENT AND PHYSIOLOGY II G. Deitzer Spring 2006 LECTURE
1 CBMG688R. ADVANCED PLANT DEVELOPMENT AND PHYSIOLOGY II G. Deitzer Spring 2006 LECTURE Photomorphogenesis and Light Signaling Photoregulation 1. Light Quantity 2. Light Quality 3. Light Duration 4. Light
More informationLight Quality. Light Quality. Light Quality. Light Quality. Roberto Lopez, Purdue Univ. Review of Light Concepts
Effects of & Duration Review of Light Concepts Effects of and Duration on Greenhouse Crops Roberto Lopez Light is a form of energy referred to as electromagnetic radiation. The amount of energy of each
More informationCONTROL OF PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT BI-2232 RIZKITA R E
CONTROL OF PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT BI-2232 RIZKITA R E The development of a plant the series of progressive changes that take place throughout its life is regulated in complex ways. Factors take part
More informationGERMINATION OF THE LIGHT-SENSITIVE SEEDS OF OCIMUM AMERICANUM LINN.
New Phytol. (1968) 67, 125-129. GERMINATION OF THE LIGHT-SENSITIVE SEEDS OF OCIMUM AMERICANUM LINN. BY C. K. VARSHNEY Department of Botany, University of Delhi {Received 30 June 1967) SUMIVT.'\RY A brief
More informationGreenhouse Supplemental Light Quality for Vegetable Nurseries
Greenhouse Supplemental Light Quality for Vegetable Nurseries Chieri Kubota and Ricardo Hernández The University of Arizona LED Symposium (Feb 20, 2015) Supplemental lighting from late fall to early spring
More informationControl of Plant Height and Branching in Ornamentals. Ep Heuvelink. Horticulture and Product Physiology group, Wageningen University, the Netherlands
Control of Plant Height and Branching in Ornamentals Ep Heuvelink Horticulture and Product Physiology group, Wageningen University, the Netherlands Compact plants = desired external quality Currently often
More informationThe significance of changes in the red/farred ratio, associated with either neighbour plants or twihght, for tillering in Lolium multiflorum Lam.
New Phytol (990), 6, 565572 The significance of changes in the red/farred ratio, associated with either neighbour plants or twihght, for tillering in Lolium multiflorum Lam. BYJ.J. CASAL, R. A. SANCHEZ
More informationEffects of Blue Light and Red Light on Kidney Bean Plants Grown under Combined Radiation from Narrow-Band Light Sources
Original Paper Environ. Control in Biol., 38(1), 1324, 2000 Effects of Blue Light and Red Light on Kidney Bean Plants Grown under Combined Radiation from Narrow-Band Light Sources Hiromichi HANYU and Kazuhiro
More informationPhotomorphogenesis. Edited by W. Shropshire, Jr. and H. Mohr
Photomorphogenesis Edited by W. Shropshire, Jr. and H. Mohr Contributors K. Apel M. Black A.E. Canham J.A. De Greef M.J. Dring H. Egneus B. Frankland H. Fredericq L. Fukshansky M. Furuya V. Gaba A.W. Galston
More informationFigure 1. Identification of UGT74E2 as an IBA glycosyltransferase. (A) Relative conversion rates of different plant hormones to their glucosylated
Figure 1. Identification of UGT74E2 as an IBA glycosyltransferase. (A) Relative conversion rates of different plant hormones to their glucosylated form by recombinant UGT74E2. The naturally occurring auxin
More informationMY BACKGROUND. Saeid since 1998
Plant Productivity in Response to LEDs Light Quality Saeid H. Mobini, Ph.D. (saeid.mobini@gov.ab.ca) Greenhouse Research Scientist, Crop Research and Extension Branch, AF MY BACKGROUND Saeid since 1998
More informationGrowth and development of Arabidopsis thaliana under single-wavelength red
1 Supplementary Information 2 3 4 Growth and development of Arabidopsis thaliana under single-wavelength red and blue laser light 5 6 7 8 Authors Amanda Ooi 1 *, Aloysius Wong 1 *, Tien Khee Ng 2, Claudius
More informationHaustoria of Cuscuta japonica, a Holoparasitic Flowering Plant, Are Induced by the Cooperative Effects of Far-Red Light and Tactile Stimuli
Plant CellPhysiol. 37(8): 149-153 (1996) JSPP 1996 Haustoria of Cuscuta japonica, a Holoparasitic Flowering Plant, Are Induced by the Cooperative Effects of Far-Red Light and Tactile Stimuli Yoshifumi
More informationLight and Photosynthesis. Supplemental notes Lab 4 Horticultural Therapy
Light and Photosynthesis Supplemental notes Lab 4 Horticultural Therapy Light The Electromagnetic Spectrum is a continuum of all electromagnetic waves arranged according to frequency and wavelength, the
More informationTREES. Functions, structure, physiology
TREES Functions, structure, physiology Trees in Agroecosystems - 1 Microclimate effects lower soil temperature alter soil moisture reduce temperature fluctuations Maintain or increase soil fertility biological
More informationPlant plant signalling, the shade-avoidance response and competition
Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 50, No. 340, pp. 1629 1634, November 1999 Plant plant signalling, the shade-avoidance response and competition Pedro J. Aphalo1,3, Carlos L. Ballaré2 and Ana L. Scopel2
More informationGRADE 7: Life science 4. UNIT 7L.4 7 hours. Growing plants. Resources. About this unit. Previous learning. Expectations
GRADE 7: Life science 4 Growing plants UNIT 7L.4 7 hours About this unit This unit is the fourth of six units on life science for Grade 7. This unit is designed to guide your planning and teaching of lessons
More informationTHE BLUE LIGHT EFFECT AND ITS INTERACTION WITH PHYTOCHROME IN THE CONTROL OF NITRITE REDUCTASE ACTIVITY IN SORGHUM BICOLOR WILLD.
New Phytol (1985) 101, 251-258 35 I THE BLUE LIGHT EFFECT AND ITS INTERACTION WITH PHYTOCHROME IN THE CONTROL OF NITRITE REDUCTASE ACTIVITY IN SORGHUM BICOLOR WILLD. BY V. K. RAJASEKHAR* AND S U D H I
More informationAnalysis of regulatory function of circadian clock. on photoreceptor gene expression
Thesis of Ph.D. dissertation Analysis of regulatory function of circadian clock on photoreceptor gene expression Tóth Réka Supervisor: Dr. Ferenc Nagy Biological Research Center of the Hungarian Academy
More informationPrimary Plant Body: Embryogenesis and the Seedling
BIOL 221 Concepts of Botany Primary Plant Body: Embryogenesis and the Seedling (Photo Atlas: Figures 1.29, 9.147, 9.148, 9.149, 9.150, 9.1, 9.2) A. Introduction Plants are composed of fewer cell types,
More informationFigure 18.1 Blue-light stimulated phototropism Blue light Inhibits seedling hypocotyl elongation
Blue Light and Photomorphogenesis Q: Figure 18.3 Blue light responses - phototropsim of growing Corn Coleoptile 1. How do we know plants respond to blue light? 2. What are the functions of multiple BL
More informationLEDStorm Grow Spectrum Light (with EMS Technology) Light Comparison Testing Spokane, WA. A New Natural Approach to Lighting.
Grow Spectrum Light 1.0 Light Comparison Testing Spokane, WA April 12-15th 2016 This was a test to show that the LEDStorm PL11, 75w (Grow Spectrum Light w/ems Technology), with its special array, can be
More informationLECTURE 4: PHOTOTROPISM
http://smtom.lecture.ub.ac.id/ Password: https://syukur16tom.wordpress.com/ LECTURE 4: PHOTOTROPISM LECTURE FLOW 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. INTRODUCTION DEFINITION INITIAL STUDY PHOTROPISM MECHANISM PHOTORECEPTORS
More informationNot only light quality but also mechanical stimuli are involved in height convergence in crowded Chenopodium album stands
Research Not only light quality but also mechanical stimuli are involved in height convergence in crowded Chenopodium album s Hisae Nagashima 1,2 and Kouki Hikosaka 2,3 1 Nikko Botanical Garden, Graduate
More informationFlower Development Pathways
Developmental Leading to Flowering Flower Development s meristem Inflorescence meristem meristems organ identity genes Flower development s to Flowering Multiple pathways ensures flowering will take place
More informationPlant Growth as a Function of LED Lights
Plant Growth as a Function of LED Lights Authors' Names Redacted Abstract: In most lab settings the Brassica Rapa plant can be efficiently grown under a 32-watt fluorescent light bulb. In this experiment
More informationApollo LED Grow Lights
Apollo LED Grow Lights UL APPROVED LED DRIVER Input Voltage Safety Low Temperature Modular Assembling IDS Colorful Outlook Lens LEDs 100-240V AC power input, 50/60HZ working frequency, suitable for global
More informationDeveloping LED Lighting Technologies and Practices for Greenhouse Crop Production
Developing LED Lighting Technologies and Practices for Greenhouse Crop Production C.A. Mitchell 1, A.J. Both 2, C.M. Bourget 3, J.F. Burr 1, C. Kubota 4, R.G. Lopez 1, G.D. Massa 1, R.C. Morrow 3, E.S.
More informationLight signals and the growth and development of plants a gentle introduction
The Plant Photobiology Notes 1 Light signals and the growth and development of plants a gentle introduction Pedro J. Aphalo Draft of May 21, 2001 Department of Biology and Faculty of Forestry University
More informationHow Much do Hanging Baskets Influence the Light Quality and Quantity for Crops Grown Below?
Volume 4, Number 21 March 2016 by Roberto Lopez rglopez@msu.edu and Joshua Craver jcraver@purdue.edu How Much do Hanging Baskets Influence the Light Quality and Quantity for Crops Grown Below? In this
More informationDormancy break in seeds of Impatiens glandulifera Royle
Dormancy break in seeds of Impatiens glandulifera Royle BY PAULINE M. MUMFORD* School of Biological Sciences, University of Birmingham, P.O. Box 363, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K. (Received 27 April 1989; accepted
More informationSeeing without eyes-how plants learn from light
Seeing without eyes-how plants learn from light by STEPHEN DAY 1. INTRODUCTION Plants detect the intensity, direction, colour, and duration of light and use this information to regulate their growth and
More informationGrowth and morphogenesis of sun. and shade plants. II. plant growth were ignored. Advances in the techniques of simulating natural
are the cta 801. Neerl. 32 (3), May 1983, p. 185-202 Growth and morphogenesis of sun and shade s. II. The influence of light quality W.J. orré VakgroepVegetatiekunde.Plantenoecologie en Onkruidkunde. Landbouwhogeschool.De
More informationYield Responses to Supplemental Lighting
Yield Responses to Supplemental Lighting Solar radiation Sunlight s full spectrum ranges from 3 to 3 nm Heat Light for plant growth and development Three dimensions Celina Gómez, PhD Environmental Horticulture
More informationEffects of Blue and Green Light on Plant Growth and Development at Low and High Photosynthetic Photon Flux
Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Graduate Studies 215 Effects of Blue and Green Light on Plant Growth and Development at Low and High Photosynthetic Photon
More informationRespiration and Carbon Partitioning. Thomas G Chastain CROP 200 Crop Ecology and Morphology
Respiration and Carbon Partitioning Thomas G Chastain CROP 200 Crop Ecology and Morphology Respiration Aerobic respiration is the controlled oxidation of reduced carbon substrates such as a carbohydrate
More informationHORTSCIENCE 45(4):
HORTSCIENCE 45(4):553 558. 2010. Potential Photosynthetic Advantages of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Seedlings Grown under Fluorescent Lamps with High Red:far-red Light Toshio Shibuya 1, Ryosuke Endo,
More informationChapter 39. Plant Reactions. Plant Hormones 2/25/2013. Plants Response. What mechanisms causes this response? Signal Transduction Pathway model
Chapter 39 Plants Response Plant Reactions Stimuli & a Stationary life Animals respond to stimuli by changing behavior Move toward positive stimuli Move away from negative stimuli Plants respond to stimuli
More informationLighting Solutions for Horticulture. The Light of Professional Knowledge
Lighting Solutions for Horticulture The Light of Professional Knowledge Hortiled Hortiled began its activity in 2006 promoting research in the field of plant illumination in collaboration with scientists
More informationAP Biology Plant Control and Coordination
AP Biology Plant Control and Coordination 1. What is the effect of the plant hormone ethylene on fruit ripening? 2. How does fruit change as it ripens? 3. What is the mechanism behind ripening? 4. Why
More information8 Reproduction in flowering plants
Self-assessment questions 8.01 8 Reproduction in flowering plants 1 Which is the most accurate statement? The principal role of a flower in the life cycle of a plant is: (a) attracting insects (b) producing
More informationChapter 39. Plant Response. AP Biology
Chapter 39. Plant Response 1 Plant Reactions Stimuli & a Stationary Life u animals respond to stimuli by changing behavior move toward positive stimuli move away from negative stimuli u plants respond
More informationPlants are sessile. 10d-17/giraffe-grazing.jpg
Plants are sessile www.mccullagh.org/db9/ 10d-17/giraffe-grazing.jpg Plants have distinct requirements because of their sessile nature Organism-level requirements Must adjust to environment at given location
More informationLight. Bedding Plants
Temperature and Light on Bedding Plants Michigan State University research shows what effects temperature and light intensity have on bedding plant production. By Lee Ann Pramuk and Erik Runkle Figure
More informationChapter 31 Active Reading Guide Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals
Name: AP Biology Mr. Croft Chapter 31 Active Reading Guide Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals This concept brings together the general ideas on cell communication from Chapter 5.6 with specific
More informationLearning the Lighting Lingo
Properties of Light Learning the Lighting Lingo Steve Szewczyk and Roberto Lopez Cultivate 2017 Light is a form of energy referred to as electromagnetic radiation. The amount of energy of each light particle
More informationSpectral Effects of Three Types of White Light- Emitting Diodes on Plant Growth and Development: Absolute Versus Relative Amounts of Blue Light
Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU Space Dynamics Lab Publications Space Dynamics Lab 1-1-2013 Spectral Effects of Three Types of White Light- Emitting Diodes on Plant Growth and Development: Absolute
More informationImproving Product Quality and Timing of Kalanchoe: Model Development and Validation
Improving Product Quality and Timing of Kalanchoe: Model Development and Validation Susana M.P. Carvalho, Menno J. Bakker and Ep Heuvelink Wageningen University Horticultural Production Chains group Marijkeweg
More informationhttps://syukur16tom.wordpress.com/ Password: LECTURE 02: PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT
http://smtom.lecture.ub.ac.id/ Password: https://syukur16tom.wordpress.com/ Password: LECTURE 02: PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT Plant and Environment drive plant growth that causes plant variation as the core
More information7/31/2014 WHAT IS LIGHT? SUPPLEMENTAL LIGHTING JOHANNA OOSTERWYK DC SMITH GREENHOUSE MANAGER UW-MADISON DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE
WHAT IS LIGHT? SUPPLEMENTAL LIGHTING JOHANNA OOSTERWYK DC SMITH GREENHOUSE MANAGER UW-MADISON DEPARTMENT OF HORTICULTURE Electromagnetic radiation Energy emitted by a light source Measured in watts Visible
More informationBreeding for Drought Resistance in Cacao Paul Hadley
Breeding for Drought Resistance in Cacao Paul Hadley University of Reading Second American Cocoa Breeders Meeting, El Salvador, 9-11 September 215 9 September 215 University of Reading 26 www.reading.ac.uk
More informationTHE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT THE INFLUENCE OF: LIGHT, WATER & TEMPERATURE ON PLANT GROWTH ACORN Presents: Organic Greenhouse Growers Conference Profiting From Your Greenhouse Effect: The Essentials Of Season
More informationPolytrichum psilocorys 153 A NOTE ON THE PERIODICITY OF LEAF- FORM IN TARAXACUM OFFICINALE
Polytrichum psilocorys 153 sterilized by boiling and kept in a glass box. They germinated abundantly and the culture remained pure. The young moss-plants appeared on the protonema, but they showed an extraordinarily
More informationPlant Growth and Development
Plant Growth and Development Concept 26.1 Plants Develop in Response to the Environment Factors involved in regulating plant growth and development: 1. Environmental cues (e.g., day length) 2. Receptors
More informationCONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF A FERTILIZER COMMONLY USED IN ALGERIA (NPK) ON GERMINATION AND RESPIRATORY METABOLISM OF TRITICUM DURUM
Proceedings of the 13 th International Conference of Environmental Science and Technology Athens, Greece, 5-7 September 2013 CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF A FERTILIZER COMMONLY USED IN ALGERIA
More informationSamsung Horticulture LEDs
Samsung Horticulture LEDs Nov. 8 Lighting for Horticulture The objective of artificial lighting is to efficiently deliver the proper type and appropriate amount of illumination for stimulating plant growth
More informationMinnesota Commercial Flower Growers Association Bulletin
Minnesota Commercial Flower Growers Association Bulletin Serving the Floriculture Industry in the Upper Midwest IN THIS ISSUE 1 Environmental Effects on Geranium Development 1 Research Update 16 Soil Test
More informationRESEARCH New Phytol. (2000), 146, 37 46
RESEARCH New Phytol. (), 14, 37 4 Does resource availability modulate shade avoidance responses to the ratio of red to far-red irradiation? An assessment of radiation quantity and soil volume THOMAS A.
More informationToward an optimal spectral quality for plant growth and development: Interactions among species and photon flux. Bruce Bugbee Utah State University
Toward an optimal spectral quality for plant growth and development: Interactions among species and photon flux Bruce Bugbee Utah State University Sun-free farming: Indoor crops under the spotlight New
More informationSupplementary Figure 1 Characterization of wild type (WT) and abci8 mutant in the paddy field.
Supplementary Figure 1 Characterization of wild type (WT) and abci8 mutant in the paddy field. A, Phenotypes of 30-day old wild-type (WT) and abci8 mutant plants grown in a paddy field under normal sunny
More informationElectro Transformación Industrial, S.A. José Ignacio Garreta José Leandro Leandro Boyano
Electro Transformación Industrial, S.A. José Ignacio Garreta José Leandro Leandro Boyano BACKGROUND LED in Public Lighting The key to savings and the improvement of efficiency, with regards to traditional
More informationSUBJECT: Integrated Science TEACHER: DATE: GRADE: 7 DURATION: 1 wk GENERAL TOPIC: Living Things Reproduce SPECIFIC TOPIC: Living Things and How They
SUBJECT: Integrated Science TEACHER: DATE: GRADE: 7 DURATION: 1 wk GENERAL TOPIC: Living Things Reproduce SPECIFIC TOPIC: Living Things and How They Reproduce Living Things and How They Reproduce Students
More informationPhytochrome E Influences Internode Elongation and Flowering Time in Arabidopsis
The Plant Cell, Vol. 10, 1479 1487, September 1998, www.plantcell.org 1998 American Society of Plant Physiologists Phytochrome E Influences Internode Elongation and Flowering Time in Arabidopsis Paul F.
More informationChromatic adaptation and photoreversal in blue-green alga Calothrix clavata West
J. Biosci., Vol. 2, Number 1, March 1980, pp. 63-68. Printed in India. Chromatic adaptation and photoreversal in blue-green alga Calothrix clavata West A. S. AHLUWALIA, R. K. RAI and H. D. KUMAR Department
More informationStress responses of terrestrial vegetation and their manifestation in fluorescence and GPP Jaume Flexas
Stress responses of terrestrial vegetation and their manifestation in fluorescence and GPP Jaume Flexas New Methods to Measure Photosynthesis from Space Workshop August,26-31, 2012 Stress responses of
More informationD.S. Bertaud Plant Physiology Division, DSIR, Palmerston North
THE EFFECTS OF LGHT ON BULBNG N ONONS D.S. Bertaud Plant Physiology Division, DSR, Palmerston North ABSTRACT Growth and development of onions bulbs is affected by daylength, light quality and light interception.
More informationseedlings, in relation to
with The influence of light of different spectral regions on the synthesis of phenolic compounds in gherkin seedlings, in relation to photomorphogenesis. V. The temperature dependence G. Engelsma Philips
More informationTemperature and light as ecological factors for plants
PLB/EVE 117 Plant Ecology Fall 2005 1 Temperature and light as ecological factors for plants I. Temperature as an environmental factor A. The influence of temperature as an environmental factor is pervasive
More informationLet light motivate your flowers
Let light motivate your flowers LightDec Horticulture Light recipes from LEDIG are the best in this market. Their recommendations increased my profits in year one by 23% LED Solutions from LEDIG LED Industrial
More informationPlant Development. Chapter 31 Part 1
Plant Development Chapter 31 Part 1 Impacts, Issues Foolish Seedlings, Gorgeous Grapes Gibberellin and other plant hormones control the growth and development of plants environmental cues influence hormone
More informationQ1. A class of students was set the task of estimating the number of dandelions on the school field.
Q. A class of students was set the task of estimating the number of dandelions on the school field. To do this, they decided to use sampling squares called quadrats. Each quadrat had an area of m. The
More informationName: B5 PLANT HORMONES. Class: Practice questions. Date: 53 minutes. Time: 53 marks. Marks: Biology Only. Comments: Page 1 of 25
B5 PLANT HORMONES Practice questions Name: Class: Date: Time: 53 minutes Marks: 53 marks Comments: Biology Only Page of 25 Hormones called auxins control plant growth. A student investigated plant growth
More informationLearning objectives: Gross morphology - terms you will be required to know and be able to use. shoot petiole compound leaf.
Topic 1. Plant Structure Introduction: Because of its history, several unrelated taxa have been grouped together with plants into the discipline of botany. Given this context, in this first lab we will
More information1. Climatic Factors. Light Water Temperature Wind Humidity
Plant Environment - Factors Affecting Plant Growth & Distribution 1. Climatic Factors Light Water Temperature Wind Humidity 1. Climatic factors (Light) Effect of light intensities, quality, and duration
More informationCh 25 - Plant Hormones and Plant Growth
Ch 25 - Plant Hormones and Plant Growth I. Patterns of plant growth A. Plant continue to grow, even in old age. i.e. new leaves, needles, new wood, new cones, new flowers, etc. B. Meristem continues to
More informationLEAF PHOTOSYNTHETIC CAPACITY, CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT, AND SPECIFIC LEAF NITROGEN RELATIONSHIPS IN SUNFLOWER CROPS PRIOR TO ANTHESIS
LEAF PHOTOSYNTHETIC CAPACITY, CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT, AND SPECIFIC LEAF NITROGEN RELATIONSHIPS IN SUNFLOWER CROPS PRIOR TO ANTHESIS M. Cecilia Rousseaux, IFEVA Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos
More informationLED vs HPS? Dr. Youbin Zheng
LED vs HPS? Dr. Youbin Zheng Contents 1. Light 2. Light & Plants 3. LEDs and HPS 4. How to decide which lights are the right choice for you? Light & Plants 1. Light & Assimilation 2. Light & Morphology
More informationAs negative mycorrhizal growth responses (MGR) have received more experimental attention
Supplemental Material: Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2011. 62:227-250 Supplementary A Negative mycorrhizal responses As negative mycorrhizal growth responses (MGR) have received more experimental attention it
More informationEffect of red, far-red radiations on germination of cotton seed
Plant & Cell Physiol. 12: 411-415 (1971) Effect of red, far-red radiations on germination of cotton seed GURBAKSH SINGH and O. P. GARG Department of Botany, Haryana Agricultural University, Hissar, India
More information7.1.2 Cell Functions. 104 minutes. 137 marks. Page 1 of 30
7.1.2 Cell Functions 104 minutes 137 marks Page 1 of 30 ## Most pollen grains are transferred from one flower to another either by wind or by insects. Look at the drawings below which show pollen grains
More informationBig Advantage!:Vegetative reproduction is a faster way to reproduce compared to sexual reproduction if the environment is favorable.
DAY 5 OF CHAPTER 25 NOTES http://www.toto.com/misha/mavica/folliage2.jpg Asexual reproduction in plants is also known as vegetative reproduction. Methods of vegetative reproduction include plant structures
More informationLecture 3. Photosynthesis 1
Lecture 3 Photosynthesis 1 Constituent of plant component Plants component: water (70%), organic matter (27%), mineral (3%) - dry matter Water eg. Tomato contain 42-93% water young shoot 90-95% water cereal/grain
More informationMegaman Horticulture Lighting
Megaman Horticulture Lighting Horticultural lighting is the LED industry s most explosive new market, revolutionizing the future of farming with technologies and innovations enabling year-round sustainable
More informationSnapdragon Lighting. Harrison Flint. Cornell University. ing mid-winter. Several good approaches to this problem
Snapdragon Lighting Harrison Flint Department of Floriculture Cornell University One of the greatest problems in the commercial pro duction of winter snapdragons has been the expense brought about by extremely
More informationWhich farm is likely to have been using too much fertiliser on its land? farm C. farm B
1 What is produced by anaerobic respiration in yeast? lactic acid carbon dioxide 2 What is the word equation for aerobic respiration in plants? carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen glucose + carbon
More informationIntroduction to Weed Science and Weed Identification
Introduction to Weed Science and Weed Identification Definition of a Weed A plant growing where it is not wanted (Oxford Dictionary) Any plant or vegetation, excluding fungi, interfering with the objectives
More informationCONTROL SYSTEMS IN PLANTS
AP BIOLOGY PLANTS FORM & FUNCTION ACTIVITY #5 NAME DATE HOUR CONTROL SYSTEMS IN PLANTS HORMONES MECHANISM FOR HORMONE ACTION Plant Form and Function Activity #5 page 1 CONTROL OF CELL ELONGATION Plant
More informationEFFECTS OF GIBBERELLIC ACID ON INTERNODE GROWTH AND STARCH CONTENTS OF EUCALYPTUS CAMALDULENSIS SEEDLINGS
New Phytol. {ig()) S, ioiyio22. EFFECTS OF GIBBERELLIC ACID ON INTERNODE GROWTH AND STARCH CONTENTS OF EUCALYPTUS CAMALDULENSIS SEEDLINGS BY E. P. BACHELARD Department of Forestry, Australian National
More informationSpectrum Conversion Film for Regulation of Plant Growth
九州大学学術情報リポジトリ Kyushu University Institutional Repository Spectrum Conversion Film for Regulation of Plant Growth Hidaka, Kota JSPS Research Fellow Yoshida, Katsuhira Faculty of Science, Kochi University
More informationPlants and photosynthesis/plants for food
Medway LEA Advisory Service Plants and photosynthesis/plants for food 9C & 9D 31 min 33 marks Q1-L4, Q2-L5, Q3-L5, Q4-L6, Q5-L6 1. The drawing shows a plant called Tillandsia. (a) (i) The leaves of this
More information15. PHOTOPERIODISM. 1. Short day plants
15. PHOTOPERIODISM Photoperiodism is the phenomenon of physiological changes that occur in plants in response to relative length of day and night (i.e. photoperiod). The response of the plants to the photoperiod,
More informationROLE OF THE ALLELOPATHY IN MIXED VEGETABLE CROPS IN THE ORGANIC FARMING
Abstract Scientific Papers. Series A. Agronomy, Vol. LVI, 2013 ISSN 2285-5785; ISSN CD-ROM 2285-5793; ISSN Online 2285-5807; ISSN-L 2285-5785 ROLE OF THE ALLELOPATHY IN MIXED VEGETABLE CROPS IN THE ORGANIC
More informationDIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE OF THE EDAPHIC ECOTYPES IN CYNODON DACTYLON (L)
DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE OF THE EDAPHIC ECOTYPES IN CYNODON DACTYLON (L) PERS. TO SOIL CALCIUM BY P. S. RAMAKRISHNAN* AND VIJAY K. SINGH Department of Botany, Panjab University, -^, India {Received 24 April
More informationThe Effect of Night Temperature on Cotton Reproductive Development
The Effect of Night Temperature on Cotton Reproductive Development Item Type text; Article Authors Zeiher, Carolyn A.; Brown, Paul W.; Silvertooth, Jeffrey C.; Matumba, Nkonko; Mitton, Nancy Publisher
More informationIntroduction. Populus trichocarpa TORR. and GRAY. By M. G. R. CANNELL and S. C. WILLETT
Shoot Growth Phenology, Dry Matter Distribution and Root: Shoot Ratios of Provenances of Populus trichocarpa, Picea sitchensis and Pinus contorta growing in Scotland By M. G. R. CANNELL and S. C. WILLETT
More information23-. Shoot and root development depend on ratio of IAA/CK
Balance of Hormones regulate growth and development Environmental factors regulate hormone levels light- e.g. phototropism gravity- e.g. gravitropism temperature Mode of action of each hormone 1. Signal
More informationCrowding in Brassica rapa. Deanna Hall
Crowding in Brassica rapa Deanna Hall Bio 493 March 24, 26 Crowding in Brassica rapa Deanna Hall Abstract Wisconsin Fast plants (Brassica rapa) were grown in four different densities of one, two, three
More information