Encyclopedia of. Plant Physiology. New Series Volume 10. Editors A. Pirson, Gottingen M.H. Zimmermann, Harvard

Transcription

1 Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology New Series Volume 10 Editors A. Pirson, Gottingen M.H. Zimmermann, Harvard

2 Contents Introduction T.K.SCOTT 1 1 Hormonal Regulatory Systems in Plants A.C. LEOPOLD and L.D. NOODEN 1.1 Introduction The Concept of the Plant Hormone as a Chemical Messenger Types of Hormones Hormone Messenger Systems Common Difficulties with Single Hormonal Controls Is a Hormone Always a Hormone? Further Complications in the Hormone Concept Regulatory Sites in Hormonal Controls Patterns in Multiple Hormonal Control Complications Arising from Compartmentation Analysis of Hormonal Controls Two Major Approaches from the Past Analyses of Hormone Systems Conclusions The Complexity of Hormonal Controls Nonhormonal Correlative Controls Evolutionary Plasticity of Hormonal Controls The Future 16 References 17 2 Functions of Hormones at the Cellular Level of Organization M.L. EVANS (With 1 Figure) 2.1 Introduction Promotive and Inhibitory Classes of Plant Hormones Modes of Hormone Interaction Interaction and Independence in Hormone Action Synergism and Antagonism in Hormone Action Synergism : Antagonism Hormone Effects on Endogenous Hormone Levels Hormonal Modification of Endogenous Auxin Hormonal Modification of Endogenous Gibberellin Hormonal Modification of Endogenous Ethylene Hormonal Modification of Endogenous Abscisic Acid Hormonal Modification of Endogenous Cytokinin Summary Influence of Environmental Parameters on Endogenous Hormones Light Water Stress 33

3 XII Contents Temperature Mechanical Stimulation Summary Hormonal Regulation The Cell Cycle Effect of Cytokinins Effect of Auxins Effects of Other Growth Regulators Endomitosis Meiosis Summary Hormone Effects on the Plane of Cell Division Relationship of Cell Multiplication to Cell Expansion Hormonal Regulation of Cell Expansion Stem Cells Effects of Auxin Effects of Gibberellin Effects of Cytokinin, Ethylene, and Abscisic Acid Root Cells., Effects of Auxin Effects of Gibberellin Effects of Ethylene Effects of Abscisic Acid Effects of Cytokinin LeafCells Effects of Auxin Effects of Gibberellin Effects of Ethylene Effects of Abscisic Acid Effects of Cytokinin Other Cell Types Pollen Tubes Epidermal Hairs Lower Plants Algae Fungi Summary. 61 References 62 3 Transport and Other Modes of Movement of Hormones (Mainly Auxins) H. KALDEWEY (With 7 Figures) 3.1 Introduction Historical Sketch Indirect Evidence for Hormone Translocation Direct Evidence for Hormone Translocation Hormone Transport Experiments The Early Period The Period of Confirmation, Extension, and Criticism The "Modern" Period General Remarks on Hormone Movement Terminology and the Transport Equation Methods to Estimate Hormone Translocation Characteristics Intercept Method of van der Weij Short-Term Collecting Method Pulse Experiments 94

4 Contents XIII Penetration-Depletion Method Electric Potential Wave Method Evaluation of Estimation and Interpretation of Hormone Movement Does Auxin Move in a Stream? Loading of the Transport System Validity of Velocity Estimations Fluctuations of Transport Velocity Flexibility of the Transport System Models for Transport Mechanisms Ill Conveyor Belt Model Electrical Polarity Hypothesis Polar Secretion Theory Theory of Chemiosmotic Polar Diffusion Binding Sites Pathways of Hormone Movement Shoots Roots Evidence of Hormone Translocation Hormone Movement in Vascular Systems Hormone Translocation in Shoot Sections Auxins Hormones Other than Auxins Hormone Translocation in Root Sections Auxins Hormones Other than Auxins 126 References Functions of Hormones at Tissue Level of Organization W.P. JACOBS (With 12 Figures) 4.1 Introduction Role of Hormones in Differentiation of Vascular Tissues Regeneration in Shoots Xylem Sieve-Tube Elements Fibers Differentiation During Normal Development in Shoots Xylem Sieve-Tube Elements Fibers Cambium Control of Differentiation in Roots Evidence of Differentiation from Tissue Cultures General Discussion 166 References Functions of Hormones at the Organ Level of Organization A.W. NAYLOR (With 8 Figures) 5.1 Introduction Embryogeny Establishment of Polarity Hormonal Relations of the Developing Embryo Vascular Development Spatial Arrangement Regeneration Flower Initiation Flower Development 192

5 XIV Contents 5.8 Fruit Setting and Development Seed Development Seed Dormancy Germination Inhibitors Conclusions 207 References Functions of Hormones at the Whole Plant Level of Organization A.G. MATTHYSSE and T.K. SCOTT (With 8 Figures) 6.1 Introduction Some Perspectives on the Nature of Hormones A General View of the Role of Hormones in the Whole Plant Some Considerations Regarding Experimental Design Some Considerations Regarding Research Strategies Conclusion 226 References Auxin Waves and Plant Morphogenesis S. ZAJACZKOWSKI, T.J. WODZICKI, and J.A. ROMBERGER (With 6 Figures) 7.1 Introduction Polar Transport of Auxin and Positional Information The Origin of a New Concept Some Experimental Evidence The Proposed Model Further Implications 258 References 259 Author Index 263 Subject Index 289