Protected Culture: Low Tunnels, High Tunnels, Exclusion Netting and how to control SWD in these situations

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1 Protected Culture: Low Tunnels, High Tunnels, Exclusion Netting and how to control SWD in these situations Lake Ontario Fruit Meetings February 5 and 6, 2018 Laura McDermott ENYCHP Small Fruit Specialist APS publication number: IW000098

2 Many Thanks Funders: USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Specialty Crops Research Initiative NY Farm Viability Institute NE IPM NYS Berry Growers Assoc. NYS Legislature Individuals Dale Ila Riggs, The Berry Patch, Stephentown, NY Tim Stanton, Feura Farm, Feura Bush, NY Dr. Marvin Pritts, Cornell Kathy Demchak, Penn State Univ. Dr. Andrew Landers, Cornell Dr. Erik Hanson, Michigan State Univ. 2

3 What is Protected Culture? How does it work? How can it benefit farmers in Western NY? Will it help control SWD among other pests? Can I stop spraying?

4 Protected Culture

5 Protected Culture Another tool Doesn t guarantee that you won t have to spray Can offer protection against more than just SWD Has it s own down sides

6 Dramatic impact on disease under tunnels Less gray mold Less powdery mildew

7 Some impact on insect pests Traditional field pests seem reduced Problem with pollination? 7

8 HOW? Reduces humidity Decreases the amount of moisture on the berries Improves vigor

9 UVB UVA INFRARED UVR8 PHOTORECEPTOR PHOTOPROTECTION VISIBLE LIGHT ANTHOCYANIN SYNTHESIS (LEAF, FLOWER & FRUIT) MORPHOLOGY HARDINESS INDUCED SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE TO INSECT PESTS TASTE (VEGATATIVE & FRUIT) PHOTODAMAGE SECONDARY ANTHOCYANIN SYNTHESIS (LEAF, FLOWER & FRUIT) PHOTOSYNTHESIS DAY TIME CROP TEMPERATURE DAYTIME CROP TEMPERATURE (SHORT WAVE IR) NIGHT TIME CROP TEMPERAUTRE (EMITTED LONG WAVE IR) MICROBIOLOGY FUNGAL SPORE KILL FUNGAL SPORULATION INSECT VISION PESTICIDE BREAKDOWN

10 UVB UVR8 PHOTORECEPTOR PHOTOPROTECTION ANTHOCYANIN SYNTHESIS (LEAF, FLOWER & FRUIT) MORPHOLOGY HARDINESS INDUCED SYSTEMIC RESISTANCE TO INSECT PESTS TASTE (VEGATATIVE & FRUIT) UVA PHOTODAMAGE SECONDARY ANTHOCYANIN SYNTHESIS (LEAF, FLOWER & FRUIT) UV-A VISIBLE and UV- LIGHT B = sunburn - plants produce antioxidants Also break down plastic, so stabilizers/blockers added Fungi and insects sense UV INFRARED DAYTIME CROP TEMPERATURE (SHORT WAVE NIGHT TIME CROP TEMPERAUTRE (EMITTED LONG PHOTOSYNTHESIS - UV-A DAY TIME CROP = cue TEMPERATURE for sporulation IR) Can blocking WAVE IR) inhibit sporulation? Or are humidity and temperature more important? - UV-A = insect vision and navigation Can blocking affect behavior? Aid in management? What about bee confusion? MICROBIOLOGY FUNGAL SPORE KILL PESTICIDE BREAKDOWN FUNGAL SPORULATION INSECT VISION UV-B affects pesticide breakdown - Problem? Or opportunity to use softer materials?

11 UVB TASTE (VEGATATIVE & FRUIT) UVA Visible light what we UVR8 PHOTORECEPTOR see and what plants use PHOTOPROTECTION for photosynthesis ANTHOCYANIN SYNTHESIS (LEAF, FLOWER & FRUIT) Best wavelengths for MORPHOLOGY photosynthesis HARDINESS are in ranges INDUCED SYSTEMIC we see as blue RESISTANCE TO INSECT and red PESTS PHOTODAMAGE SECONDARY ANTHOCYANIN SYNTHESIS (LEAF, FLOWER & FRUIT) Some plastics diffuse light more than others so light is more evenly spread throughout tunnel and plant canopy VISIBLE LIGHT PHOTOSYNTHESIS DAY TIME CROP TEMPERATURE INFRARED DAYTIME CROP TEMPERATURE (SHORT WAVE IR) NIGHT TIME CROP TEMPERAUTRE (EMITTED LONG WAVE IR) Lower MICROBIOLOGY leaves on tall plants FUNGAL receive SPORE light KILL rather than being shaded. PESTICIDE BREAKDOWN FUNGAL SPORULATION INSECT VISION

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13 UVB Infra-red = heat UVR8 PHOTORECEPTOR UVA VISIBLE LIGHT INFRARED PHOTOPROTECTION Longer wavelengths of visible light and shortwave SYNTHESIS IR (LEAF, heat up tunnel during day, and are ANTHOCYANIN FLOWER & FRUIT) stored as heat MORPHOLOGY HARDINESS Emitted INDUCED SYSTEMIC back towards PHOTODAMAGE plastic as long-wave IR at RESISTANCE TO INSECT nightpests TASTE (VEGATATIVE & FRUIT) SECONDARY ANTHOCYANIN SYNTHESIS (LEAF, FLOWER & FRUIT) PHOTOSYNTHESIS DAY TIME CROP TEMPERATURE IR plastics contain additive to block IR. May be inside layer if two layers of covers are applied DAYTIME CROP TEMPERATURE (SHORT WAVE IR) NIGHT TIME CROP TEMPERAUTRE (EMITTED LONG WAVE IR) Plastics that block short-wave IR - intent is to to reduce heat build-up during day (will market as reducing MICROBIOLOGY temps) - Likely to also contain additive to diffuse light FUNGAL SPORE KILL PESTICIDE BREAKDOWN FUNGAL SPORULATION INSECT VISION Image: Jason Moore, Arid AgriTec Slide courtesy K. Demchak, Penn State Univ.

14 Low Tunnels

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18 High Tunnels

19 Diseases virtually absent in tunnels Raspberry leaf spot Anthracnose Spur blight Spur blight Source: Annemiek Schilder

20 Management of diseases in tunnels Use resistant varieties where available Remove wild brambles near tunnels Use disease-free planting material Adjust row and plant spacing to reduce humidity Open up vents, increase airflow Avoid over-irrigation to avoid root rots Prune out diseased canes, remove plant debris Fungicide sprays as needed Frequent harvesting and rapid cooling Source: Annemiek Schilder

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22 Resources

23 Exclusion Netting

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28 Netting Infestation Summary % infestation over 10 week harvest season % infestation over 6 week harvest season % infestation over 8 week harvest season % infestation over 10 week harvest season*

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30 Netting Investment For ½ acre blueberries (8 rows x 250 feet) 7 rolls of 13 foot wide 80 gram ExcludeNet netting plus sewing charge $4230* Life span 7-12 years or more Yearly cost with life of 7 years = $604 Loss due to SWD in 2012 (40% loss) = $6200, a 40% loss in 2017 would have been over $15,000 Gives 5 way protection SWD, birds, hail, heavy rain, wind *14.1 cents per square foot. Bird netting costs.06 to.28 cents per square foot.

31 Understand the basics of spraying: Droplet size Droplet coverage on the target Penetration of droplets into the canopy Sprayer designs Horticultural concerns Rotate the appropriate sprays!

32 Penetration into the canopy Higher Pressure Prone to drift Need large amount of water Larger hydraulic sprayers Equipment long lasting Up front cost is more Air assistance Versatile Less water volume May not provide equal penetration and coverage

33 Sprayer output with CF regulator valve Tank Pressure Output Pressure at the nozzle and output remain constant while tank pressure changes

34 Droplet Coverage Use gloves to handle water sensitive cards Place cards throughout the canopy Look for coverage and penetration

35 Do your cards look like this?

36 Sample cards: XR TT DR AI XR TT DR AI 5 GPA 10 GPA Different nozzles provide different coverage

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38 Resources Netting Supplier: Berry Protection Solutions, Low Tunnel Kits: DuBois Agrinovation, Tunnel Berry Website 50

39 Thank you! Photo by Maria Gannett 51