SER SUMMER SCHOOL Mediterranean Ecosystem Restoration. INTRODUCTION - Elise Buisson

Transcription

1 SER SUMMER SCHOOL Mediterranean Ecosystem Restoration INTRODUCTION - Elise Buisson

2 Presentation structure 1. Definition in restoration 2. Mediterranean ecosystems 3. Mediterranean vegetation 4. Restoration in France

3 Presentation structure 1. Definition in restoration 2. Mediterranean ecosystems 3. Mediterranean vegetation 4. Restoration in France

4 general definition or ecological restoration sensu lato: ecological restoration is the process of intentionally assisting the recovery of degraded or destroyed ecosystems (SER 2004)

5 general definition or ecological restoration sensu lato: ecological restoration is the process of intentionally assisting the recovery of degraded or destroyed ecosystems (SER 2004) ecological restoration sensu stricto aims at re-establishing the biotic integrity in terms of species composition, community structure and functioning i.e. ecosystem processes, productivity and services (SER 2004)

6 Complexity or function 1. Definitions Reference ecosytem Trajectory of the reference ecosystem Time Time Other function Modified from Hobbs & Norton 1996 and Clewell & Aronson 2007

7 Complexity or function Destroyed or damaged by a human activity 1. Definitions Reference ecosytem Trajectory of the reference ecosystem Degraded state Time Time Other function Modified from Hobbs & Norton 1996 and Clewell & Aronson 2007

8 Complexity or function Destroyed or damaged by a human activity 1. Definitions Reference ecosytem Trajectory of the reference ecosystem no restoration + natural resilience Degraded state no restoration / no resilience Decline Time Time Other function Modified from Hobbs & Norton 1996 and Clewell & Aronson 2007

9 Complexity or function Destroyed or damaged by a human activity 1. Definitions Reference ecosytem Trajectory of the reference ecosystem Successful restoration Adaptative management Degraded state Restoration no restoration / no resilience Decline no restoration + natural resilience Time Time Other function Modified from Hobbs & Norton 1996 and Clewell & Aronson 2007

10 Complexity or function Destroyed or damaged by a human activity 1. Definitions Reference ecosytem Trajectory of the reference ecosystem Successful restoration Adaptative management Degraded state Restoration Failure no restoration / no resilience Decline no restoration + natural resilience Time Time Other function Modified from Hobbs & Norton 1996 and Clewell & Aronson 2007

11 ecological restoration sensu lato ecological restoration sensu stricto rehabilitation: emphasizes the reparation of ecosystem processes, productivity and services only, not the restoration of the ecosystem integrity (SER 2004)

12 Complexity or function Destroyed or damaged by a human activity 1. Definitions Reference ecosytem Trajectory of the reference ecosystem Successful restoration Adaptative management Rehabilitation Degraded state Restoration Failure no restoration / no resilience Decline no restoration + natural resilience Time Time Other function Modified from Hobbs & Norton 1996 and Clewell & Aronson 2007

13 ecological restoration sensu lato ecological restoration sensu stricto rehabilitation reclamation aims at bringing ecosystems back to useful states (Bradshaw 1997)

14 Complexity or function Destroyed or damaged by a human activity 1. Definitions Reference ecosytem Trajectory of the reference ecosystem Successful restoration Adaptative management Rehabilitation Degraded state Restoration Failure no restoration / no resilience Decline no restoration + natural resilience Time Time Other function Reclamation Modified from Hobbs & Norton 1996 and Clewell & Aronson 2007

15 Palmer et al. 2006

16 Community ecology A community is an association of populations of various species interacting with each other and with the physical characteristics of their habitat.

17 Community ecology A community is an association of populations of various species interacting with each other and with the physical characteristics of their habitat. Community ecology is the study of patterns in assemblages Begon et al. 1996

18 Community ecology A community is an association of populations of various species interacting with each other and with the physical characteristics of their habitat. Community ecology is the study of patterns in assemblages Community assembly theory is the search for the driving forces in the development of ecological communities Weiher & Keddy 1999

19 Community ecology A community is an association of populations of various species interacting with each other and with the physical characteristics of their habitat. Community ecology is the study of patterns in assemblages Community assembly theory is the search for the driving forces in the development of ecological communities and for elucidating the mechanisms by which species coexist Mason & Wilson 2006

20 Community ecology A community is an association of populations of various species interacting with each other and with the physical characteristics of their habitat. Community ecology is the study of patterns in assemblages Community assembly theory is the search for the driving forces in the development of ecological communities and for elucidating the mechanisms by which species coexist concepts, such as disturbance, succession, assembly rules and filters Young et al. 2001; White & Jentsch 2004

21 Complexity or function 1. Definitions Community ecology disturbances Reference ecosystem trajectory? Endogenous disturbances = stresses «A continuous disruption in the ecosystem (e.g. continuous herbivory) is not a disturbance. Such non-abrupt processes as stresses.» White and Jentsch 2001 Time

22 Complexity or function 1. Definitions Community ecology disturbances Exogenous disturbance Reference ecosystem trajectory Endogenous disturbances = stresses «Disturbances are described by 3 attributes: duration, abruptness and magnitude.» White and Jentsch 2001 Time

23 Complexity or function 1. Definitions Community ecology disturbances Exogenous disturbance Reference ecosystem trajectory Endogenous disturbances = stresses the ability of the ecosystem to withstand the disturbance Mitchell et al Time

24 Complexity or function 1. Definitions Community ecology disturbances Exogenous disturbance Reference ecosystem trajectory Endogenous disturbances = stresses the process through which the ecosystem returns to its reference trajectory after a disturbance Westman 1986 Hirst et al Resilience Time

25 Complexity or function 1. Definitions Community ecology disturbances Exogenous disturbance Reference ecosystem trajectory Endogenous disturbances = stresses Time

26 Community ecology community assembly Identifying patterns Trying to understand the processes underlying these patterns

27 Community ecology community assembly Identifying patterns Trying to understand the processes underlying these patterns - interactions between living organisms - abiotic environmental conditions - relationships between the biotic and the abiotic - habitat heterogeneity - environmental complexity - stochasticity - population isolation - species dispersal

28 Community ecology community assembly Southwood 1977 Tonn et al (lake fish) LeRoy Poff 1997 (stream invert. & fish) Grime 1998 Krebs 2001 Laakso et al Tonn et al (in Menninger & Palmer 2006)

29 Community ecology community assembly Global SP = external SP + internal SP e.g. seed bank Modified from Lortie et al and inspired from Belyea 2004; Fattorini & Halle 2004; White & Jentsch 2004; Hobbs et al. 2009

30 Global SP = external SP + internal SP e.g. seed bank Dispersal filter Species capable of reaching an environment Modified from Lortie et al and inspired from Belyea 2004; Fattorini & Halle 2004; White & Jentsch 2004; Hobbs et al. 2009

31 Global SP = external SP + internal SP e.g. seed bank Dispersal filter Species capable of reaching an environment Environmental filter Species pool based upon physiological tolerances Modified from Lortie et al and inspired from Belyea 2004; Fattorini & Halle 2004; White & Jentsch 2004; Hobbs et al. 2009

32 Global SP = external SP + internal SP e.g. seed bank Dispersal filter Species capable of reaching an environment Environmental filter Species pool based upon physiological tolerances Biotic filter Community Modified from Lortie et al and inspired from Belyea 2004; Fattorini & Halle 2004; White & Jentsch 2004; Hobbs et al. 2009

33 Global SP = external SP + internal SP e.g. seed bank Dispersal filter Species capable of reaching an environment Environmental filter Species pool based upon physiological tolerances Succession = constant feedback loop Biotic filter assembly rules Community Modified from Lortie et al and inspired from Belyea 2004; Fattorini & Halle 2004; White & Jentsch 2004; Hobbs et al. 2009

34 if disturbance at the landscape scale Global SP = external SP + internal SP e.g. seed bank magnitude disturbance Dispersal filter Species capable of reaching an environment Environmental filter Species pool based upon physiological tolerances Succession = constant feedback loop Biotic filter assembly rules Community Modified from Lortie et al and inspired from Belyea 2004; Fattorini & Halle 2004; White & Jentsch 2004; Hobbs et al. 2009

35 if disturbance at the landscape scale Global SP = external SP + internal SP e.g. seed bank magnitude disturbance Dispersal filter Species capable of reaching an environment Applied to restoration Environmental filter Species pool based upon physiological tolerances Succession = constant feedback loop Biotic filter assembly rules Community Modified from Lortie et al and inspired from Belyea 2004; Fattorini & Halle 2004; White & Jentsch 2004; Hobbs et al. 2009