2012 Aster yellow outbreak in Saskatchewan
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1 2012 Aster yellow outbreak in Saskatchewan Chrystel Olivier Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Saskatoon. Soil and Crop Conference 2013, Saskatoon March 6, 2013.
2 AY phytoplasma Phytoplasmas are specialised wall-less bacteria that are obligate parasites of plant phloem tissue and of insect vectors. 0.5 µm Characteristics - 28 groups worldwide, 7 groups in Canada - AY the most common and widespread: host plant species, Photo, INRA-Dijon
3 AY symptoms on other plants Tame Buckwheat Periwinkle Tame Buckwheat Garlic A. Diederichsen, PGRC, Saskatoon J. Whetter, copied from Twitter Raspberry
4 AY phytoplasma Important characteristics - Live and reproduce in insect organs and in plant phloem. - Insects and plants are infected for life - Can overwinter - in overwintering insect adults - in roots and dormant woods of perennial plants (dandelions, quackgrass, shrubs, trees,...). Disease reservoir (abundance?)
5 AY phytoplasma Symptom expression (poorly understood) After a latent period: 6-8 weeks, depending on the weather/strain, varieties, stresses, (parameters?) Up/down gene regulation Phytoplasmas Pump all the metabolites from the plant & multiply Phytoplasma in sugarcane Photo: C. Marcone Chlorosis, stunting, poor growth Flowers become leaf-like structures Poor seed production
6 AY symptoms on canola - Sterile bladder like pods - Small witches -broom - Yellowing, purpling - Other causes for purpling: Varieties Deficiency in minerals Herbicide injuries
7 AY symptoms in 2012 Photo: D. Cubbon, Meadow Lake Presence of symptomatic branches at the base, after harvest
8 AY symptoms on Camelina sativa & Sinapis alba
9 Yield losses: AY symptoms on seeds - Sterile bladder-like pods. - Normal looking pods with germinated seeds. - Normal looking pods with normal-looking & misshapen seeds. Healthy AY-infected Photo: E. DeMilliano, AB ~30-60% misshapen seeds in AY infected canola ( ). Photo: E. DeMilliano, AB Same in 2012? 8-10% plants with no seeds
10 AY phytoplasma Transmission - By insects, mostly leafhoppers (a few planthoppers, psyllids) By feeding from plant to plant By seeds? (PCR tests DNA detection) : < 1% infected seeds / 2012: 8% (AAFC plots) : 1.5% of infected seedlings growing from infected seeds
11 AY symptoms in Canola Council of Canada, AB canola producers -Inoculation of canola plants at cotyledons, 2 leaf, 4-5 leaves, prebolting and bolting stage with leafhopper infected with AY plants, inoculation started mid-december.
12 AY symptoms in 2012 First results: 60 plants tested, 45 infected, 5 with symptoms - Infection at cotyledon stage: no seeds. - Infection at 2 leaf stage: some seeds, flower abortion,... - Other: in progress...
13 AY symptoms on cereals Wheat U of Montana - Yellowing, red & purple pigmentation - Leaf rolling, erect habit and necrosis - Head small, sterile, distorted, twisted. -Very similar to BYDV...only way to differentiate: PCR
14 AY symptoms on cereals Oats Oats AY or BYDV? Barley Photo: Wayne Thomas Oats R. Kutcher, U of S Photo: Wayne Thomas Wheat PCR on cereal samples: - Wheat: <5% - Barley: 25% - Oats: 17% - More PCRs to do Photo: Wayne Thomas
15 AY phytoplasma Aster Yellows phytoplasma (16SrI) Main vector: Aster leafhopper (Macrosteles quadrilineatus, formerly M. fascifrons) Migratory: South winds in spring - High number of leafhoppers - Infection in South USA - Several South winds Local pop.: abundance?
16 AY phytoplasma
17 AY phytoplasma Aster Yellows phytoplasma (16SrI) - 7 other potential leafhopper vectors (role in outbreak, maintain reservoir?, abundance?) Potential vectors in oilseeds Endria inimica Colladonus montanus Colladonus geminatus Euscelis maculipennis Scaphytopius acutus Exitianus exitiosius Paraphlesius irroratus Photo, R. Panzer Endria inimica Scaphytopius acutus Photo: Stephen Crosswell
18 Leafhopper distribution Canola Based on the average no of leafhoppers in wheat Barley Oat M. quadrilineatus is more abundant in cereal, as compared to canola. Olivier et al., 2011
19 Leafhopper infection and number M. quadrilineatus Potential vectors Range: 3-45% Average: 16%
20 AY epidemiology Next outbreaks???? Cannot forecast the date... need to monitor winds, and leafhopper arrival and infection. Are we at risk of more outbreaks? YES! - Local population of vectors on the increase, AY in weeds - Warmer winters: higher survival of phytoplasmas and overwintered leafhopper adults and eggs. - Southerly winds coming earlier? Date 2001 April May June May May April 1 Inoculum coming earlier, with higher probability of survival 2007 April April April April April April 1
21 AY phytoplasma control Phytoplasma control - Antibiotic - Heat (>32C for several days) - No commercially available products that can control the phytoplasma Insecticides to control the vector population. - Need several sprayings (waves of southerly winds). - Negative impact on beneficial insects and environment. - Leafhoppers are mobile, can transmit the disease before being killed. - Latent period of 6-10 weeks for symptom development on canola (& most annual plants) after inoculation by leafhoppers. When symptoms are observed, it is too late to spray
22 AY phytoplasma control Other control measures: - Resistance or disease avoidance - Early warning system...feasible but lots of unknowns. - Ratio local / migratory population of M. quadrilineatus - Role of other vectors & of reservoir plants - Leafhopper movement crop-to-crop Weed management: weed abundance and diversity favors leafhopper population. - Predators / parasitoids...not well known for AY vectors in the prairies - Seed treatments (research funded by Saskcanola...starts April 2013) -...
23 Conclusion - Phytoplasma diseases: difficult to study & to control. - Many unknowns strains ID, role of vectors, symptom expression - Risks of increased AY incidence in the future - Due to (?) climate change, increased number of leafhoppers, - Solutions?...few! - Insecticides: controversial - Early warning system and resistance / avoidance: need further study - Other options (symbionts, seed treatment?) Song dynasty, China, Yao-yellow peonies at the imperial court. (Maramorosch, 2011)
24 Producers Many growers, in particular: Ed Seidle (Medstead) Al Mereschuck (Saskatoon) Francois Messier (Alvena) Brock Shear (Osler) Tony Hiebert (Brooksby) Tom Senko (Lanigan) Michael Yaholnitsky (Canora) John Russell (Meadow Lake) Daniel Ornawka (North Battleford) SpruceLanes Acres (Kelvington) The Lundbergs (Turtleford) Russel Gilander (Elrose) Garry Conrad (Estevan) George Ferguson (Edgeley) Many more, especially in Acknowledgements Funding Agencies Agriculture Development Fund Canola Council of Canada, Alberta canola Producers Commission Genome Research Development Initiative SaskCanola Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Colleagues Dr. O. Olfert Dr. J. Soroka Dr. C. Xiangsheng Dr. C. Heyinck Dr. R. Andrahenndi B. Galka Murray Braun Ross Weiss Larry Grenkow A lot of summer students..
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