Breeding and Seed Production of Ornamental Plants

Transcription

1 UUHF Breeding and Seed Prductin f Ornamental Plants UUHF OR Ggle Search- k8449r r Anilrana13014

2 UUHF 2. Breeding and Seed Prductin f Ornamental Crps (HPF 101) 3(2+1) Histry f imprvements f rnamental plants, bjectives and techniques in rnamental plant breeding. Intrductin, selectin, hybridizatin, mutatin and bitechnlgical technique fr imprvement f rnamental plants. Breeding fr disease resistance. Develpment f prmising cultivars f imprtant rnamentals. Rle f hetersis and its explitatin, prductin f F1 hybrids and utilizatin f male sterility, prductin f pen pllinated seed. Harvesting prcessing and strage f seeds, seed certificatin. Practical: Study f flral bilgy and pllinatin in imprtant species and cultivars. Techniques f inducing plyplidy and mutatin. Prductin f pure and hybrid seeds. Harvesting, cnditining and testing f seeds. Practice in seed prductin methds. OR Ggle Search- k8449r r Anilrana13014

3 Lecture 1 - Histry f Imprvement f Ornamental Plants- Part I Lecture 1: Histry f Imprvement f Ornamental Plants- Part I Objective: T acquaint the students abut the histrical landmarks that cntributed t the develpment f mdern day cultivars f cmmercial rnamental crps like rse, gladilus, carnatin and chrysanthemum etc. It will als give infrmatin abut different techniques and prcedures adpted by varius wrkers ver a perid f time fr the imprvement f rnamentals. Histry: Histry f Breeding The histry f breeding dates back t as early as 700 B.C., when Babylnians and Assyrians hand pllinated date palms.sex in plants was discvered by Camararius in the year In The first artificial hybrid was, hwever, prduced in an annual flwer crp. The hybrid Fairchild Mule was prepared by crssing sweet william with carnatin (Dianthus barbatus x Dianthus caryphyllus) by Thms Fairchild in Thereafter, several wrkers carried ut the wrk n crp imprvement. Sir Jhn Gregr Mendel prpsed fr the first time the laws f inheritance. With the advent f time many new hybrids were develped in different flricultural crps including petunia, pansy, aster, gerbera, statice, cyclamen, marigld etc in different parts f the wrld.

4 Sir Jseph Bank intrduced 7000 new rnamental plants species were intrduced t England frm China and India in the year 1789 which included Rse (Chinese) and Chrysanthemum. Initially private nurserymen r amateur breeders tk the wrk f crp imprvement and develped several varieties in rnamentals. Later n crp specific research was taken ver by several ICAR institutes and SAU s thrughut the cuntry. In India, seed prductin was started n limited scale in Srinagar and plains f Nrth India. Initial wrk n hybrid seed prductin in rnamentals was started by M/S Ind American Hybrid Seeds (India) Pvt. Ltd., Bangalre. The cmpany started prducing F1 hybrid seeds f Petunia fr 100% exprt during mid sixties. Prductin f seeds f pen pllinated flwer crps was started by M/S Beauscape Farms, Sangrur, Punjab wh started flwer seed prductin invlving farmers n large scale. Nw many cmpanies have started prducing seed n large scale fr exprt t Hlland, UK, USA, France, Germany, and Japan etc. The main areas f flwer seed prductin in India are Punjab (Sangrur, Patiala, and Ludhiana), Haryana (Panipat, Sirsa), Karnataka (Bangalre, Rani Banur), West Bengal (Kalimpng), Himachal Pradesh (Kullu valley) and J&K. (Srinagar valley). Rse: Histry f Imprvement in R

5 Rse breeding has been receiving a lt f imprtance n the hands f prfessinal nurserymen, amateurs and gvernment research institutes. The main bjectives f rse imprvement have been t evlve varieties with attractive flwer clur, frm and fragrance, flriferusness, disease and pest resistance and their suitability fr grwing under sub-trpical cnditins. B.K. Rychaudhary, a nurseryman in Santh Pargana was pssibly the first Indian rse breeder wh raised the variety 'Dr. S.D. Mukherji' in During , B.S. Bhattacharjee and his sns develped several hundred rse varieties f which 125 are listed in Dr. B.P. Pal's bk The Rse in India. He als recgnized that a separate line is required fr breeding in the warm trpical climate. Sme imprtant rses raised by Bhattacharjee are 'Heart Thrb'. 'Raja Ram Mhan Ry', 'Sugandha', 'Kalima' amng Hybrid Teas and 'Pandit Nehru' amng Flribundas. Shri G. Kasturi Rangan has cntributed t all the rse types by a prlific utput f varieties numbering almst a hundred. Dr. B.P. Pal (IARI) has taken up rse breeding at institute level and develped sme hybrid seedlings and released his first rse variety 'Rse Sherbet' in Other hybrids released by him are; 'Delhi Princess' (Flribunda) 'Dr. Hmi Bhaba' (Hybrid Teas) 'Kanakangi', 'Prnima', 'Hasina', 'Lalima', 'Nayika', 'Rat Ki Rani', 'Raja f Nalagarh', 'Ranjana', and 'Surkhab'.

6 Amng the Flribundas, apart frm 'Delhi Princess', several varieties like 'Banjaran', 'Chitchr', 'Madhura', and 'Suryakiran' are well knwn. Other imprtant varieties are 'Divaswapna', 'Apsara', 'Arawalli Princess', 'Indian Princess', 'Akash Sundari', 'Glden Afternn', 'Eastern Princess', 'Nishada', 'Sandeepini', 'Dr. R.R. Pal', 'Lal Makhmal, 'Dilruba', and 'Ashirvad'. Late Raja Surendra Singh f Nalagarh, M.N. Hardikar and M.S. Viraraghavan develped varieties like 'First Offering', 'Mahadevi', 'Vanamali', 'Amrapali', 'Kanchi', 'Picass', 'Priyatama', and 'Bhagmati'. Sme f the ppular varieties raised at IARI include 'Mrinalini', 'Bhim', 'Dr. B.P. Pal', 'Jawahar', 'Raktagandha' and 'Priyadarshini' (H.T.) and 'Prema', 'Chandrama', Neelambari', 'Sadabahar' and 'Mhini' (flribundas). 'Mhini', is having unusual chclate clur. During 1991, the Institute has released six mre varieties 3 in H.T. Grup, 2 flribundas and 1 climber. Several varieties have als been evlved thrugh natural mutatins r as bud sprts f existing varieties. At IARI, 3 rse varieties were develped thrugh induced mutatins are 'Abhisarika', 'Pusa Christina' frm 'Christian Dir', and 'Madhsh. Natinal Btanical Research Institute (NBR1), Lucknw has been the ther centre where significant wrk has been dne in this field. It has develped and released nine gamma ray mutants. These are 'Angara' (frm 'Mntezuma'): 'Sharada' (frm 'Queen Elizabeth') 'Sukumari' (frm 'Americas Junir Miss') 'Tangerine Cntemp', 'Yellw Cntemp', 'Pink

7 Cntemp' (all frm 'Cntemp'); 'Curi', 'Twinkle' (frm 'Imperatr') and 'Light Pink Prize (frm 'First Prize'). At present rse imprvement wrk is being carried ut in different ICAR institutes and SAU's. Gladilus: Histry f imprvement f Gladilus Breeding wrk in gladilus has been carried ut at IARI, New Delhi; IIHR, Hessaraghatta; NBRI Lucknw and Hrticulture Experiment & Training Centre, Chaubattia, Uttrakhand and IHBT Palampur. NBRI released 11 cultivars f Gladilus. Ntable amng these are 'Jwala', 'Priya Darshini' and 'Gazal'. These are pen pllinated seedling selectins. Anther variety 'Khra' is a crss between G. psittacinus hybrid and 'King Lear'. Systematic hybridizatin invlving gladilus 'Frendship' (2n = 60) with G. tristis (2n = 30), eight new triplids (2n = 45) cvs. namely, 'Manmhan', 'Mnhar,' 'Manhar', 'Mukta', 'Manisha', 'Mhini', 'Trilki' and 'Sanyukta' were evlved. Tw aneuplid cvs. 'Archana' and 'Arun' were als evlved. Gladilus breeding at IARI started in seventies and three imprved varieties namely 'Agni Rekha', 'Mayur' and 'Suchitra'. were released in Anther prmising variety 'Pusa Suhagin' has als been released by the institute. At IIHR, 4 gladilus cvs. were released in 1979 and 2 in These are 'Meera', 'Nazrana', 'Pnam', 'Sapna', 'Aarti' and 'Apsara'. Further

8 irradiatin f crms f 3 cvs. f gladilus with gamma rays resulted in the islatin f a desirable and stable mutant frm cv. 'Wild Rse'. This mutant was named and released as 'Shbha' in Fur very prmising hybrids Chaubattia 6/4, Chaubattia 14/23, Chaubattia 19/1 and Chaubattia 21/10 were selected by Hrticultural Experiment & Training Centre, Chaubattia, Uttrakhand. Histry f imprvement f Chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum: Wrk n chrysanthemum imprvement was taken up at NBRI, Lucknw; IIHR, Hessaraghatta; PAU Ludhiana and BCKV Kalyani. At NBRI, selectin frm seedlings raised frm pllinated seeds resulted in evlutin and release f several utstanding cvs. Sme f the ppular varieties released are, 'Birbal Sahni', 'Hemant Singar', 'Suhag Singar', 'Jyti', 'Kundan', 'Rim Jhim', 'Sharada', 'Sharad Bahar', 'Sharad Mala', 'Sharad Shba', 'Sharad Singar', 'Varsha' and 'Vasantika'. 'N pinch, n stake' type cvs. 'Sharad Singar', 'Hemant Singar', and 'Guldasta' were als released. IIHR, Hessaraghatta has als develped sme varieties namely, 'Indira', 'Rakhee' and 'Red Gld'. At PAU, Ludhiana cvs. 'Santi', 'Vasanti', and 'Baggi' were released.

9 Lecture 2 - Histry f Imprvement f Ornamental Plants- Part II Lecture 2 : Histry f Imprvement f Ornamental Plants- Part II Carnatin: IIHR, Bangalre has released the first variety in India as Arka Flame as a result f in vitr mutatin breeding. Recently anther variety Arka Tejas has been released. At I.A.R.I., New Delhi, experiments n mutatin breeding were carried ut. Seeds f different lines f carnatin have been irradiated with 6 t 20 kr. dsage f gamma rays and sme interesting mutants with variegated leaf were btained (Kaicker, 1988). Develpment f new hybrids thrugh in vitr mutatin breeding is als in prgress at Dr. Y. S. Parmar University f Hrticulture and Frestry, Nauni, Slan and the mutants are under evaluatin. Histry f imprvement f Bugainvillea Bugainvillea: Bugainvillea is grwn widely thrughut the cuntry. In all, mre than 150 cultivars have been develped in bugainvillea. Of these, a large number f cultivars have been develped at IARI New Delhi, IIHR Bangalre and NBRI, Lucknw. The Bugainvillea imprvement wrk in India started with the intrductin f a few varieties by the Agri Hrticultural Scieties at Calcutta and Madras. 'Scarlet Queen' named by Sir Percy Lancaster in 1920 is prbably the first Bugainvillea raised in India.

10 At IARI New Delhi, 5 highly flriferus cultivars were released in 1959 named 'Dr. R. R. Pal', 'Snnet' 'Spring Festival', Summer Time' and 'Stanza'. Of these, 'Dr. R.R. Pal' is very vigrus and als makes a gd rtstck fr budding bugainvillea varieties therwise difficult t prpagate. At NBRI Lucknw, sme imprtant cvs. develped are viz. 'Wajid Ali Shah', 'Begum Sikander' and 'Mary Palmer Special'. Other varieties develped at Lucknw include 'Dr. B.P. Pal' and 'Tetra Mrs. Mc Clean', this wrk has als led t the develpment f varieties with bltched bracts as in 'Chitra'. Bugainvillea breeding wrk at IIHR Hessaraghatta has als resulted in release f six cultivars namely 'Chitravati' 'Dr. H.B. Singh', 'Jawahar Lal Nehru', 'Purple Wnder', 'Shlay' and 'Usha'. The Divisin f Flriculture & Landscaping IARI has been designated as the 'Internatinal Registratin Authrity fr Bugainvillea Cultivars' and the first check list describing mre than 300 cultivars f bugainvillea was published during Annual Flwers Crp imprvement wrk has als been taken up in a number f annual flwers. Significant achievements are listed belw: Systematic hybridizatin and selectin prgramme in Amaranthus has resulted in the develpment f eight cvs. namely 'Amar Kiran, 'Amar Pet, 'Amar Prithu, Amar Parvati', 'Amar Suikaran', 'Amar Tirang', Amar

11 Raktab', and 'Amar Msaic'. These represent varius cmbinatins f leaf shape and clur, and are entirely new t flriculture trade. A tetraplid cultivar 'Amar Tetra' was evlved thrugh clchiplidy, 'Amar Shla', a hybrid amaranth is a selectin frm a crss within Amaranthus caudatus cmplex invlving a grain type and an rnamental type. Evaluatin f available germplasm f China Aster at IIHR Hessaraghatta has led t selectin f 25 purelines develped by single plant selectin. Of these AST-1 and AST-2 were fund t be prmising. In marigld, an utstanding F1 triplid develped at NBRI, Lucknw by using male sterile African diplid marigld (Tegetes erecta) and male fertile French tetraplid (T. patula) has perfrmed well in all climates. F1 hybrid develped is dwarf, highly flriferus and free flwering. A few prmising selectins have als been made at UAS, Bangalre and PAU, Ludhiana. At NBRI, Lucknw, fur free flwering hybrid verbena have been evlved by hybridizing V. tenuisecta and V. hybrida. The hybrid types btained after repeated back crssing are summer hardy with genes that cnfer heat resistance. These verbenas are excellent bth as fr rckeries and fr grwing in beds. The hybrids can be prpagated vegetatively (Khshb, 1979). In Zinnia, by recurrent selectin frm the irradiated seeds f Zinnia elegans a mixed clured variety resistant t leaf curl virus has been evlved at IARI, New Delhi (Swarup and Raghava, 1974).

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13 Lecture 3 - Objectives in Plant Breeding Lecture 3: Objectives in Plant Breeding Objective: T teach the students the need fr carrying ut imprvement wrk in rnamental crps. The chapter als discusses the bjectives f breeding in general, like imprved quality, inductin f variatin, high flwer yield, and resistance against abitic stresses etc. Objectives in Plant Breeding The rigin f plant breeding is as ld as human civilizatin when the man started selecting superir plants and regenerating them fr his use. Initially breeding started as an art, as the superir plants were selected based upn the human skill and preference. The scientific selectin and develpment f superir plants was taken up nly after the discvery f sex in plants. This prcess was further refined when Mendel prpsed the laws f inheritance. Objectives f breeding in flricultural crps: The prime bjective f any plant breeding prgramme is t develp superir plants ver the existing nes in relatin t their ecnmic use. Like ther crps, the breeding bjectives f flwer crps als differ frm crp t crp and depend upn the nature f the plant and the part used fr cmmercial explitatin. Flwers have many beneficial cmpnents fr the cnsumer that can be created, enhanced, r imprved by flwer breeding prgrammes using classical r mlecular techniques. Althugh the breeding bjectives are specific yet t generalize, majr bjectives f flriculture breeding are:

14 1. Imprved quality: Quality is the mst imprtant attribute f the flricultural crps as a single blemish n the petal can is nt be tlerable t the cnsumer. The quality parameters again varies frm crp t crp. Fr example in gladilus the quality parameters wuld include nvel clur, lnger spike length, mre number f flrets /spike, rientatin f flrets n the spike etc while in case f rse, the breeding bjectives will include flwer clur, stem length and strength, bud length, bud shape, freeness frm blemishes etc. Therefre imprvement in quality althugh differs frm crp t crp but is the majr bjective f a breeding prgramme. 2. Inductin f Variatin: The majr aim f any imprvement prgramme is t induce variatin. Variatin in clur is the mst imprtant breeding bjective in different flricultural crps as the trends fr clur preferences cntinuusly change in the market. Variatin in flwer shape, size and frm and fliage charcters etc. are ther imprtant cnsideratins in flwer crp imprvement prgramme. 3. High flwer yield: The ultimate aim f plant breeder is t imprve the yield f ecnmic prduce. In flricultural crps, increasing yield signifies increased number f flwers per plant per unit area. A newly evlved variety with suitable

15 quality characteristics culd nly be cmmercialized if it is giving ptimum flwer yield and culd give ecnmic returns t the grwers. 4. Bitic Resistance: Cnsiderable yield lsses are caused by disease and insect pest infestatin t varius flricultural crps. Therefre, the newly develped cmmercial varieties culd nly be accepted if it wuld be able t resist the bitic influences e.g. reactin t insect pest and disease attacks etc. Resistant varieties culd be develped which have genetic resistance t insect pest and disease infestatin. Fr example breeding bjectives may include develpment f resistant varieties in carnatin against Helicverpa armigera and red spider mite, in rse, against aphids and red spider mite, in gerbera, against white fly etc. 5. Resistance against abitic stresses: In flwer crps and rnamentals plants cultivars are required t be develped against abitic stresses like temperature (high and lw), light (high and pr intensity), varied phtperid, drught, salinity, alkanity and acidity cnditins f sil.

16 Lecture 4 - Techniques/Methds f crp Imprvement Lecture 4: Techniques/Methds f crp Imprvement Objective: T teach the students varius techniques (like intrductin, selectin, hybridizatin, mutatin, plyplidy and genetic engineering) used fr crp imprvement in rnamental crps. Existing variatin in nature is nt sufficient enugh t meet ut the mdern trends in glbal flriculture market, therefre different techniques were used fr inducing required variability in the existing germplasm. Like ther agricultural crps, in flricultural crps als wrk n varietal imprvement has been carried ut and significant achievements have been made in develping new rnamental varieties with superir traits. Systematic genetic imprvement f flwer crps began in India during sixties at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi; Natinal Btanical Research institute (NBRI), Lucknw; Indian institute f Hrticultural Research (IIHR) Bangalre and in sme agricultural and traditinal universities. Several amateurs and prfessinal flwer grwers have als cntributed substantially t evlve new cultivars in sme rnamentals. Methds f Crp Imprvement Different methds used fr intrductin f variatin in the existing gene pl are:- 1. Intrductin/Dmesticatin 2. Selectin 3. Hybridizatin 4. Mutatin Breeding 5. Plyplidy

17 6. Genetic Engineering 1. Intrductin Plant intrductin refers t transprtatin f crp plants/gentypes frm the place f their rigin/cultivatin t such areas where they have nt been grwn earlier. Plant intrductin is ne f the ancient methds f crp imprvement. Intrductin is f tw types, primary intrductin and secndary intrductin. Primary intrductin In this type, the intrduced crp/variety is well suited fr new envirnments and released as a cmmercial variety withut any alteratin in riginal gentype. In mst f cmmercial cutflwer crps, primary intrductin is widely adpted technique fr increasing gene pl. Secndary Intrductin In this, the intrduced variety may be subjected t selectin, t islate a superir variety r may be hybridized with a lcal variety t transfer ne r mre characters frm the lcal varieties. Sme plants intrductin agencies f India 1. NBPGR (Natinal Bureau f Plant Genetic Resurces, New Delhi)

18 2. FRI (Frest Research Institute,Dehradun) 3. The Btanical Survey f India 4. Central Research Institutes fr different crps. 5. NRC Orchids, Gangtk, Sikkim 2. Selectin Selectin is ne f the ldest methd f crp imprvement. It refers t the prcess that favurs survival and further prpagatin f sme plants having mre desirable characters than thers. Selectin is mre efficient when genetic variatin is present in the base ppulatin and it utilizes the variatin already present in the ppulatin. Several utstanding cultivars have been released by selectin. Chrysanthemum cvs. Apsara, Birbal Sahni, Jayanthi, Kundan, have been develped thrugh selectin. Similarly cvs. Shubhra, Dr B.P. Pal, Partha sarthy and Surekha in Bugainvillea have been develped. Similarly many new varieties have been released in different flricultural crps. In Bugainvillea varieties, 'Shlay' and 'Usha' are the half sib selectin f cv. 'Red Glry' and 'Lady Hpe' develped at IIHR, Banglre 'Kamini', 'Prnima', 'Shashank' an 'Vilet Cushin' varieties f China Aster are develped frm Pedigree selectin methd 3. Hybridizatin It is the mating r crssing f tw plants r lines f dissimilar gentype.

19 In plants, crssing is dne by placing pllen grains frm male parent n the stigma f the flwers f ther gentypes is female parent. The seeds and the prgeny resulting frm the hybridizatin are called F1 hybrids. The main bjective f hybridizatin is t create genetic variatin. When tw genetically different plants are crssed the genes frm bth the parents are brught tgether in F1. Types f Hybridizatin: Based upn the taxnmic relatinship f the tw parents invlved the hybridizatin it, may be classified as (1) inter varietal hybridizatin and (2) distant-hybridizatin. Inter varietal Hybridizatin The parents invlved belngs t the same species, they may be strains, varieties r races f the same species. These crsses may be simple r cmplex, depending upn the number f parents invlved. Gladilus varieties: Meera (G.P. 1 Friendship), Nazrana (Black Jack Friendship), Apsara (Black Jack Friendship) are sme f the examples Intervarietal hybrids f Hibiscus 1. Basant: IIHR Rachaiah 2. Chitralekha: Debby Ann H. S Marathi: H. S. (red) H. S. 123

20 4. Nazneen: H. S. 203 Rashtrapati 5. Phulhari: H. S. 139 H. S. 181 Distant Hybridizatin Distant hybridizatin includes crss between different species f the same genus r f different genera. When tw species f the same genus are crssed, it is knwn as inter specific hybridizatin. Arka Tejas, a carnatin cultivar is a interspecific hybrid between Dianthus carphyllus Dianthus chinensis 4. Mutatins Breeding Mutatin is a sudden heritable change in a characteristic f an rganism. Mutatin may be the result f a change in a gene, a change in chrmsmes that invlves several genes r a change in a plasma gene. The term mutatin was intrduced by Hug de Vries in Mutatin breeding attracted cnsiderable attentin during 1950s and 1960s, and several cuntries tk up research prjects in mutatin breeding. Mutatin is the mst useful technique f inducing variatin amng the vegetatively prpagated crps, and therefre, hlds prmise fr the develpment f new varieties in rnamentals which are generally vegetatively prpagated. Mutatins are f tw types: 1. Spntaneus Mutatins

21 The mutatins that ccur in natural ppulatin (withut any treatment by man) at a lw rate; these are knwn as spntaneus mutatins. The frequency f spntaneus mutatins is generally ne in 10 lacs, i.e., In chrysanthemum varieties like 'Kasturba Gandhi' frm 'Mahatama Gandhi', 'Snar Bangla' frm 'Snw Ball', 'White Clud' frm 'Pink Clud', 'Sharad Shbha' frm 'Sharada' were delpped thrugh spntaneus mutatins. In Bugainvillea, 'Jawahar Lal Nehru' is a bud sprt mutant f cv. 'Lalbaugh' develped at IIHR, Banglre 2. Induced Mutatins: Mutatins may be artificially induced by a treatment with certain physical r chemical agents; such mutatins are knwn as induced mutatins, and the agents used fr prducing them are termed as mutagens. The utilizatin f induced mutatin fr crp imprvement is knwn as mutatin breeding. This type f mutatin is generally utilized fr the develpment f new varieties in rnamentals. Mutatins can be induced by using chemical (clchicine, EMS, MMS etc.) and physical mutagenic (X-rays and gamma rays etc.) agents.

22 In gladilus cv. 'Shbha' (mutant f 'Wild Rse') develped by 1 kr treatment with gamma rays. Mutatin Breeding in Rse 'Pusa Christiana': Mutant f 'Christian Dir', gamma rays induced 'Abhisarika': Mutant f 'Kiss f Fire' 'Madhsh': Mutant f 'Gulzar', EMS (i.e % fr 8 hurs) 'Angara': Mutant f 'Mntezumma' 'Sharda': Mutant f 'Queen Elizabeth' 5. Plyplidy Generally the chrmsme number f mst f the species is highly stable and referred t as diplid i.e. having 2n number f chrmsme. Smetimes a lw frequency f irregularities may ccur which gives rise t individuals with chrmsme numbers different frm the nrmal smatic chrmsme number f the species. These changes in basic chrmsme number cntribute t the evlutin f variatin in the species. When an individual pssess multiple f its wn basic chrmsme number it is called a plyplidy.

23 Plyplidy has been explited in rnamentals fr inductin f vigrus hybrids, duble type f flwers, increased yield and fr inductin f fertility. Aneuplid Hybrid f Bugainvillea: 'Begum Sikander', 'Wajid Ali Shah', 'Chitra' (NBRI, Lucknw). 'Dr. B. P. Pal' (Tetraplid f Shubra), 'Tetra Mrs McClean' (Tetraplid f Mrs McClean). 'Begum Sikander': An aneuplid hybrid f Dr B. P. Pal Jennifer 'Mary Palmer Special': Triplid seedling f Dr. B. P. Pal Princess magaret Rse 'Chitra': Tetraplid f Tetra Mrs McClean Dr. B. P. Pal 'Mhini', a trismic variety f rse is a crss between Sea Pearl (4n) Shla (2n)

24 Lecture 5 - Plant Intrductin Lecture 5 : Plant Intrductin Objective: Intrductin is ne f the ldest methds f crp imprvement. In this chapter students will be able t get infrmatin abut the rle f intrductin in crp imprvement types and methds f plant intrductin fr intrducing a new variety. Plant Intrductin The agencies invlved in plant intrductin and the prcedure f plant intrductin is als given in brief. Plant Intrductin It cnsists f taking a gentype r grup f gentypes int a new envirnment where they have nt been grwn befre. The intrductin may invlve intrducing new varieties f the crp already grwn in the area, wild relatives f the crp species r a ttally new crp species fr the area. It can be dne within the cuntry r frm ther cuntries f cntinents. Types: Intrductin can be categrized as:- 4. Primary Intrductin 5. Secndary Intrductin 1. Primary Intrductin An intrductin is said t be primary intrductin when the intrduced variety is well suited fr new envirnment.

25 It is released fr cmmercial cultivatin withut any alteratin in riginal gentype. In flricultural crps, the cmmercial varieties f rse, carnatin, gerbera etc. which are presently being grwn fr cmmercial cut flwer prductin r exprt have been intrduced frm different parts f the wrld. 2. Secndary Intrductin The intrduced variety may nt be suitable fr direct cultivatin and can be subjected t selectin t islate a superir variety suitable fr a particular area. The intrduced variety may als be hybridized with lcal variety t transfer ne r tw characters frm it t lcal variety. Plant Intrductin Agencies A centralized plant intrductin agency was initiated in 1946 at IARI, New Delhi. The agency began a plant intrductin scheme in Divisin f Btany and was funded by ICAR. Subsequently in 1961 it was made n independent divisin and subsequently called as Natinal Bureau f Plant Genetic Resurces in Other plant intrductin agencies are: NBPGR (Natinal Bureau f Plant Genetic Resurces, New Delhi) FRI (Frest Research Institute,Dehradun)

26 The Btanical Survey f India Central Research Institutes fr different crps. NRC Orchids, Gangtk, Sikkim Prcedure f Plant Intrductin Plant intrductin is ne f the ldest and very effective methds f plant breeding. The main functin f plant intrductin is t make available the germplasm that can be utilized in plant breeding prgramme. Intrductin cnsists f varius steps:- 1. Prcurement. 2. Quarantine 3. Catalging 4. Evaluatin 5. Multiplicatin 1) Prcurement f germplasm The new germplasm is prcured thrugh NBPGR, New Delhi. Scientists, individuals and institutins can submit their requirement t Directr, NBPGR, Pusa Cmplex N.Delhi-12. If the bureau is unable t meet the request frm its wn stck r frm knwn surce it attempts t prcure them frm the cunterparts in ther cuntries. Generally the material is btained thrugh crrespndence as gifts r exchange f germplasm in cnsideratin f past gifts t the Bureau

27 r in anticipatin f future gifts. The Bureau participatin in the activities f NBPGR aims at free exchange f germplasm and is helpful in arranging supply f needed germplasm. The plant part depending n the crp species e.g. seeds; tubers; suckers, bulbs r cuttings etc. can be prcured. 2) Quarantine It is t keep the material in islatin t prevent spreading f diseases etc. All intrduced material is thrughly inspected fr cntaminatin with diseases, weeds and insects. Plants that are suspected t be cntaminated are fumigated r are given ther islatin fr treatments and bserved fr insect pests and disease. The entire prcess is knwn as quarantine and the rules which are used fr this are knwn as Quarantine rules. It is essential that all the material being intrduced must be accmpanied by an authentic phytsanitary certificate. The plant material being intrduced r exprted must cnfirm t certain quarantine regulatins and quarantine cntrl is exercised by NBPGR at different pints f entry. The phytsanitary certificate is thrughly inspected and returned back t the sender r wner. 3) Catalging

28 All the plant material which is intrduced is given an entry number and infrmatin regarding agency, place f rigin, adaptatin etc and is well dcumented. Plant material is classified in three categries Extic cllectin (EC) Indigenus cllectin(ic) Indigenus wild cllectin 4) Evaluatin The plant material is sent t sub statins f the bureau and evaluated with respect t varius characters t assess the ptential f new intrductins. 5) Acclimatizatin It is the prcess that leads t the adaptatin f a variety t a new envirnment. Variability must be present in riginal ppulatin s that natural selectin culd lead t acclimatizatin. The extent f acclimatizatin is determined by range f genetic variability in riginal ppulatin and duratin f life cycle f crp. Crss pllinatin leads t far mre gene recmbinatin than self pllinatin. The greater the initial variatin the mre is acclimatizatin. 6) Multiplicatin and distributin

29 Plant material which is intrduced is t be multiplied and further tested at varius lcatins. The suitability f cultivatin in different regins f the cuntry shuld be assessed befre using it as a cmmercial variety. Rle f Plant Intrductin in Flricultural Crps Main purpse f intrductin is t imprve the ecnmy f the cuntry. Intrductin has prved t be ne f the mst ptential methds f crp imprvement in cmmercial cut flwer prductin because mst f the cmmercial cultivars f different crps have been intrduced in India. Advantages f plant Intrductin: 1. It prvides entirely new crp plant which has nt being grwn earlier e.g. alstremeria, birdf-paradise etc. 2. It may prvide superir variety directly r after selectin r hybridizatin. Many superir varieties f different flricultural crps rses have been intrduced in the cuntry fr direct cultivatin e.g. 'Passin', 'Grand Gala' in rse. 3. Intrductin and exprt are the nly feasible and fastest means f cllecting germplasm and t prevent variability frm genetic ersin. 4. It is quick and ecnmical methd fr crp imprvement particularly when intrductins are released as a variety directly r after simple selectin. 5. If a particular lcatin is prne t sme particular disease r insect attack, plants may be intrduced in new disease free areas directly t prtect them frm damage. Sme prminent intrductins in Ornamentals: Cut Flwers Cultivars Rse: Glden Gate, Passin, Grand Gala, Superstar, Queen Elizabeth Carnatin: Master, Sangaria, Dver, Yellw Dt Cm, Tasman, Farida. Alstremeria: Alladin, Serena, Plut, Capri, Cindrella Annuals: Marigld, Antirrhinum, Pansy, Petunia, Stck, Zinnia, Calendula etc. Trees: Bauhinia esculenta, Cryptmeria japnica, Cupressus species, Sepium sebiferum Shrubs: Different species and varieties f Bugainvillea, Buddeleia davidii etc.

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32 Lecture 6 Selectin Lecture 6 : Selectin Objective: T teach the students abut the prcedure f selectin invlved in breeding f rnamental crps. The requirements and limitatins f the methd are als being discussed. Intrductin t Selectin Selectin is the ldest methd f crp imprvement and was develped as an art in the lden days. Selectin cnsists f permitting the reprductin f sme desirable gentypes frm a given ppulatin and using it further fr cmmercial cultivatin. Types f selectin 1) Natural Selectin 2) Artificial Selectin 1) Natural Selectin: Selectin is a cntinuus prcess and in nature it is gverned by natural envirnmental cnditins e.g. temperature, sil, weather, prevalence f pest and disease etc. In this prcess, the gentypes shwing adaptability t a given envirnment leaves behind mre prgeny. It can be used fr further multiplicatin and termed as natural selectin. 2) Artificial selectin: The selectin, which is carried ut by man is called as artificial selectin. It ften permits nly the selected plants t reprduce. The prgeny frm

33 remaining plants is generally discarded. Artificial selectin prgressively reduces the variability. Artificial selectin is essentially based n phentype f the plants. The effectiveness f selectin primarily depends n the degree t which the phentype reflects the gentypes. Selectin has tw basic limitatins 1. Selectin is effective fr heritable difference nly. Its effectiveness is greatly affected by heritability f character under selectin. 2. Selectin des nt create variatin; it nly utilizes the variatin already present in ppulatin. Therefre, the requirements f selectin are: 1. Variatin must be present in the ppulatin. 2. Variatin must be heritable. Prgeny Test It is the evaluatin f wrth f plant n the bases f perfrmance f their prgeny The Prgeny Test was develped by Luis de-vilmrin. Therefre it is als knwn as Vilmrin Islatin Principle r Vilmrin Principal. The Prgeny Test serves tw valuable functins 1. T determine the breeding behavir f plant whether hmzygus r heterzygus eg. AA r Aa, respectively. 2. T find ut whether the character fr which the plant is selected is heritable i.e. due t gentypes.

34 Pure line A pureline is a prgeny f a single hmzygus plant f a self pllinated spp. Therefre, all the plants in a pure line will have the same gentype. The phentypic differences within a pure line are due t envirnment and have n genetic basis. Therefre variatin in a pure line is nt heritable and selectin within a pureline is ineffective. The cncept f pureline was prpsed by Jhannsen,1903 n the basis f his studies with beans (Phaselus vulgaris) variety Princess. Effects f self pllinatin n gentypes Self pllinatin increases hmzygsity with a crrespnding decrease in heterzygsity. Inbreeding als increases hmzygsity and reduces heterzygsity. Inbreeding is the mating between individuals related by descent that is, having a cmmn parent r parents in their ancestry. Sme examples f inbreeding are: Sib mating: mating between brther-sister Half sib mating: brther-step sister mating. Self pllinatin is the mst intense frm f inbreeding, since in this case the same individual functins as the male as well as female parent. Increase f hmzygsity by self pllinatin is shwn in the figure: After 10 generaratins f selfing, all the plants in the ppulatin wuld be hmzygus i.e. AA r aa, whereas the frequency f heterzygsity wuld be

35 negligible. Therefre, self pllinatin has tw main effects n a crp: 1. All plants in ppulatin becmes cmpletely hmzygus. 2. The ppulatin is the mixture f several hmzygus gentypes. Origin f variatin in Pure Lines The variatin in a pureline can nly be bserved due t: (1) Mechanical mixture during harvesting: During threshing, cleaning r strage f seeds, ther gentypes may get mixed with a pureline. Such cntaminatins are quite cmmn and may be remved with careful handling. (2) Natural Hybridizatin:- In mst self pllinated species, a lw amunt f crss pllinatin des ccur. Natural hybrids can be avided by islating a pure line frm ther gentypes with a cuple f rws f the same pure line. In nature, the frequency f mutatins affecting quantitative characters is nt knwn. The frequency f spntaneus mutatin is10-6.

36 Lecture 7 - Mass Selectin Lecture 7 : Mass Selectin Objective: T teach the students the prcedure f mas selectin. Merits and demands f mass selectin have als been discussed. Mass Selectin Mass selectin: In mass selectin a large number f plants f different desirable phentypes are selected and their seeds are mixed tgether t cnstitute a new variety. The plants are selected n the basis f their appearance r phentype. The ppulatin btained frm the selected plants wuld be mre unifrm than the riginal ppulatin. Applicatins f mass selectin: 1. Imprvement f lcal varieties. 2. Purificatin f existing pure line varieties. In breeding f crss pllinated species, mass selectin has been very imprtant. In such crps, inbreeding must be avided since it leads t a lss in vigur and yield. Since in mass selectin several plants are selected and their seeds are mixed tgether t raise the next generatin, inbreeding is avided r kept t a minimum. Further, because f the heterzygus nature f the ppulatin, several cycles f mass selectin may effectively be practiced. In mass selectin, the inferir plants are rughed ut befre beginning f flwering. Sme marker genes are identified at juvenile stage. Fr example pigmentatin in leaves and stem f Antirrhinum has been cmmercially

37 used t select plants. Gene markers have als been identified in Cleus and Dahlia at seedling stage fr selecting a particular variety. Prcedure: First year: A large number f phentypically similar plants are selected fr their vigrus plant type, resistance and ther desirable characters. The seeds frm the selected plants are cmpsited t raise the next generatin. 2nd year: The cmpsite seed is planted in a preliminary yield trial alng with standard variety as checks. The variety frm which selectin was made shuld als be included as a check t determine if there has been an imprvement due t selectin. Phentypic characteristics f the variety are critically bserved. 3rd t 6th year: The variety is evaluated in crdinated yield trials at several lcatins. This is dne t test the perfrmance f the new variety at different lcatins within an agr climatic zne. If prmising, the variety will be identified fr release. 7th year: The variety may be released fr cultivar if fund suitable and recmmended by the central n state variety release cmmittee. Merits f Mass selectin:- 1. Since a large number f plants are selected the adptin f the riginal variety is nt changed. It is generally accepted that a mix f clsely related pure lines is mre stable in perfrmance ver different envirnment than a single pure line. Thus varieties develped thrugh

38 mass selectin are mre widely adapted than pure lines. 2. Often extensive and prlnged yield trials are nt necessary. This reduces the time and cst needed fr develping a new variety. 3. It is a less demanding methd. The breeder can devte mre time t ther breeding prgrammes. Demerits: 1. The varieties develped thrugh mass selectin shw variatin and are nt as unifrm as pure line varieties. 2. The imprvement thrugh mass selectin is generally less than they thrugh pure line selectin. 3. In the absence f prgeny test, it is nt pssible t determine if the selected plants are hmzygus. 4. Due t ppularity f pure line varieties, mass selectin is nt cmmnly used in imprvement f self palliated crps. But it is quick and cnvenient methd f imprving ld lcal variety in the areas r crp spp where crp imprvement has just begun. 5. Varieties develped by mass selectin are mre difficult t identify than pure line in seed certificatin prgramme.

39 Lecture 8 - Hybridizatin: Techniques and Cnsequences Lecture 8 : Hybridizatin- Techniques and Cnsequences Objective: Hybridizatin is ne f the mst imprtant techniques f crp imprvement. In this chapter, students will be able t knw abut the technique and steps f hybridizatin being utilized fr the imprvement f rnamental crps. Intrductin t Hybridizatin Hybridizatin: Hybridizatin is the mst imprtant technique f inducing variatin in flricultural crps. The mating r crssing f tw plants r lines f dissimilar gentype are knwn as hybridizatin. Crssing invlves placing pllen grains frm ne gentype, the male parent, n t the stigma f flwers f the ther gentype, the female parent. Althugh natural variability is present in self-pllinated ppulatins but is lst quickly when they are subjected t selectin. Individual plant selectin r pure line selectin is the mst cmmn methd used fr the imprvement f self pllinated crps. Cntinuus selectin fllwed by multiplicatin f the selected lines leads t the replacement f larger variability with the pure lines. Selectin als leads t restricted gene pl and may als lead t lesser adaptatin f a variety ver wider climatic cnditins. In this cnditin new genetic variability can nly be intrduced by crssing tw different pure lines.

40 While selecting fr hybridizatin, sme precautins and prerequisites must be met with. Firstly, it is essential t prevent self-pllinatin as well as chance crss-pllinatin in the flwers f the female parent. On the ther hand, it must be ensured that the pllen frm desired male parent reaches the stigma f female flwers fr successful fertilizatin. The seeds as well as the prgeny resulting frm the hybridizatin are knwn as hybrid r F1. Objectives f Hybridizatin The chief bjective f hybridizatin is t create genetic variatin. Fr achieving this, tw gentypically different plants are crssed. The genes frm bth the parents are brught tgether in F1 resulting in a prgeny that cntains the genmes f bth the parents. In flricultural crps the breeding bjectives vary frm crp t crp, and accrding t the uses yet sme cmmn bjectives are; intrductin f new clurs, size and shape f flwers, their rientatin, stem/ spike length, fragrance, resistance t insect, pest and diseases, resistance t stress etc.(discussed in chapter 3). Hybrid Varieties Fr the prductin f hybrids, tw gentypically different plants are crssed. In mst self-pllinated crps, F1 is mre vigrus and higher yielding than the parents. Wherever it is cmmercially feasible, F1

41 may be used directly as a variety. In such cases, it is imprtant that the tw parents shuld prduce an utstanding F1. Types f Hybridizatin: Types f Hybridizatin The plants r lines invlved in hybridizatin may belng t the same variety, different varieties f the same species, different species f the same genus r species frm different genera. Based n the taxnmic relatinships f the tw parents, hybridizatin may be classified int tw brad grups: (1) intervarietal and (2) distant hybridizatin. Intervarietal Hybridizatin The parents invlved in hybridizatin belng t the same species; they may be tw strains, varieties r races f the same species. It is als knwn as intraspecific hybridizatin. In crp imprvement prgrammes, intervarietal hybridizatin is the mst cmmnly used. In fact, it is s cmmn that it may ften appear t be the nly frm f hybridizatin used in crp imprvement

42 Crss: Simple In a simple crss, tw parents are crssed t prduce the F1. The F1 is selfed t prduce F2 r is used in a backcrss prgramme, e.g., A x B F1 (A x B). Example: In gladilus, simple crss has resulted in the develpment f cmmercially Imprtant hybrids: Cmplex Crss: Mre than tw parents are crssed t prduce the hybrid which is then used t prduce F2 r is used in a backcrss. Such a crss is als knwn as cnvergent crss because this crssing prgramme aims a cnverging, i.e., bringing tgether, genes frm several parents int a single hybrid. A few examples f cnvergent crss are described in figure.

43 Example: In gladilus, three way crss has resulted in the develpment f cmmercially Imprtant hybrids:

44 Crss invlving fur parents: Develpment f hybrids in gladilus: Breeding wrk in gladilus was started in the year 1999 invlving 11 parents in the Department f Flriculture and Landscaping, Nauni, Saln (HP). The hybrids were evaluated and sme f newly develped hybrids are: Distant Hybridizatin: Distant hybridizatin includes crsses between different species f the same genus r f different genera. When tw species f the same genus are crssed, it is knwn as interspecific hybridizatin, but when they belng t tw different genera, it is termed as intergeneric hybridizatin as in rchids.

45 Lecture 9 - Prcedure f Hybridizatin Lecture 9: Prcedure f Hybridizatin Objective: T teach the students the prcedure f hybridizatin and varius steps invlved in hybridizatin fr the imprvement f rnamentals. Prcedure f Hybridizatin Befre starting a breeding prgramme it is essential t set ut the bjectives. Once the breeder has decided the bjectives f prgramme, the hybridizatin wrk culd be started. The imprtant steps invlved in hybridizatin are: (1) Slectin f parents (2) Evaluatin f parents (3) Emasculatin (4) Bagging (5) Tagging (6) Pllinatin (7) Harvesting and Strage f F1 seed. Steps in hybridizatin 1) Selectin f Parents:- The selectin f parents mainly depends upn the bjectives f breeding prgramme. Besides the targeted breeding bjective, increased yields is always an bjective f the breeder. Therefre, it is essential that at least ne f the parents invlved in a crss shuld be a well adapted and established variety in the area fr which the new variety is being develped.

46 The ther variety/parent shuld be having the characters that we want t transfer int the new variety. It is essential that all the characters which we want t imprve shuld be present in ne r the ther parent. If the desirable character is nt present in either f the parents then ne can g fr use f three r mre parents leading t a cmplex crss. Thus, the selectin f parents is the basic step in a hybridizatin prgramme and ften, mre than anything else, determines its success f failure. 2) Evaluatin f Parents:- Generally a variety well adapted t a particular area/lcatin is selected fr the hybridizatin. Hwever, if the perfrmance f parents in the area where breeding is t be dne is nt knwn, evaluatin becmes necessary. There is a pssibility that the intrduced variety selected as a parent in the breeding prgramme may be susceptible t the new races f the pathgen ccurring in the area, r even t new diseases present in the area fr which their reactin may nt be knwn. 3) Emasculatin:- Emasculatin is essential t prevent self-fertilizatin in the flwers f the female parent. Therefre, it invlves the remval f stamens r anthers f a flwer withut affecting the female reprductive rgans. Emasculatin may als be carried ut by killing f pllen grains f the selected female parent.

47 Prcedure f Hybridizatin Techniques f emasculatin i) Hand Emasculatin: It is the cmmnest methd f emasculatin in mst f the flricultural crps. In species with relatively large flwers e.g. lilium, rse, aster, antirrhinum etc., stamens r anthers are remved with the help f frceps. The exact details f the prcedure, hwever, varies frm ne crp species t the ther. Emasculatin is dne befre the anthers are mature and the stigma has becme receptive. It is dne t ensure any pssibility f selfpllinatin. Usually, stigma receptivity is at its peak during the mrning hurs when the flwers pen, but different crp species shw cnsiderable variatin in the duratin fr which their stigmas remain highly receptive. After sme experience, the breeder shuld be able t select such flwers withut much difficulty. Generally, it is desirable t remve the lder and the yunger flwers lcated clse t the flwer t be emasculated in rder t avid cnfusin in the identificatin f crssed pds/fruits etc. Fr example, in antirrhinum emasculatin is started when the lwermst flwer is tight lipped but has started shwing clur. Further, emasculatin is dne n successive days alng with pening f the flrets n the spike. Uppermst 1/2 t

48 1/3 rd prtin f the spike is cut with a sharp scissrs and nt used fr hybridizatin A general prcedure fr hand emasculatin is as fllws: The crlla f the selected flwers is pened and the anthers are carefully remved with the help f fine-tip frceps. Care must be taken t remve all the anthers frm the flwers withut breaking them and, the mst imprtant, the gynecium must nt be injured. An efficient emasculatin technique shuld prevent self-pllinatin and prduce high percentage f seed set n crss-pllinatin i.e. viability f the stigma shuld be judged critically. ii) Suctin Methd: This methd is useful in species with small flwers. Emasculatin is dne in the mrning just befre r immediately after the flwers pen. The petals are generally mved with frceps expsing the anthers and the stigma. A rubber r glass tube attached t a suctin- hse is used t suck the anthers frm the flwers. The tube is als passed ver the stigmas t suck any pllen grains present n their surface. The suctin may be prduced by an aspiratr attached t a water tap, r by a small suctin pump. The amunt f suctin used is very imprtant. The suctin shuld be enugh t suck the stamens and pllen grains, but nt the flwers r the gynecium. With suctin methd, cnsiderable self-pllinatin (up t 15 per cent) is likely t ccur.

49 Washing the stigma with a jet f water may help in reducing selfpllinatin. Hwever self-pllinatin cannt be eliminated in this methd. iii) Ht Water Emasculatin: Pllen grains are mre sensitive than the female reprductive rgans t bth genetic and envirnmental factrs. In the case f ht water emasculatin, the temperature f water and the duratin f treatment varies frm crp t crp, and must be determined fr every species. The ht water is generally carried in therms flasks and the whle spike is immersed in the water. Emasculatin with ht water is generally highly effective in killing all the pllen grains prvided the crrect temperature and treatment duratin are used. iv) Alchl Treatments: It is nt a cmmnly used methd f emasculatin. The methd cnsists f immersing the flwer r the inflrescence in alchl f a suitable cncentratin fr a brief perid, fllwed by rinsing it with water. v) Cld Treatment: Cld treatment, like ht water treatment, kills pllen grains withut damaging gynecium. Cld treatment is less effective than ht water

50 treatment. The amunt f self-pllinatin is generally greater in cld treatment than in the case f ht water treatment. vi) Genetic Emasculatin: Genetic r cytplasmic male sterility is ne f the mst efficient attributes that can be utilized t eliminate the necessity f emasculatin. Many species are self-incmpatible. In such cases, emasculatin is nt necessary because self-fertilizatin will nt take place. Many lilium species are self incmpatible, and hence there is n need fr emasculatin. Hwever, fr cmmercial hybrid seed prductin, male sterility is the mst feasible and efficient methd f emasculatin. Male sterility is cmmercially being explited fr the hybrid seed prductin in marigld and zinnia. Prcedure f Hybridizatin (Cntd..) Steps invlved in hybridizatin are: 4) Bagging: Immediately after emasculatin, the flwers r the inflrescences are enclsed in suitable bags (preferably butter paper bags pierced with needle) f apprpriate size t prevent randm crss-pllinatin. In crss pllinated crps, the male flwers are als bagged t maintain the purity f pllen used fr pllinatin.

51 The bags may be made f paper, butter paper, glassier r fine clth. The bags are tied t the base f inflrescence r t the stalk f flwer with the help f thread, wire r pins designed fr the purpse. The bags can be remved usually 2-3 days after pllinatin after the danger f crss-pllinatin is ver. 5) Tagging: The emasculated flwers are tagged just after bagging. Tags are available indifferent sizes. In mst f the crps, circular tags f abut 3 cm diameter, r rectangular tags f 3 x 2 cm are used. The tags are attached t the flwer r the inflrescence with the help f thread. The fllwing infrmatin is recrded n the tags with a carbn pencil. Date f emasculatin Date f pllinatin Details f the crss i.e. names f the female and the male parents. The name f the female parent is written first, and that f the male parent is written later e.g. A x B dentes that A is the female parent and B is the male parent. 6) Pllinatin: Applicatin f mature, fertile and viable pllens n the tp f receptive stigma with an bjective t carry ut fertilizatin is knwn as pllinatin.

52 Fr carrying ut hybridizatin it is a prerequisite that the pllens shuld be viable and stigma be receptive. Generally the fresh pllen frm mature anthers shuld be used fr pllinatin because in mst cases the time f anther dehiscence falls within the duratin f stigma receptivity and bth generally cincide with the pening f flwers. Anthers generally dehisce during mrning; the exact time varies with the species. The duratin f pllen viability after anther dehiscence varies greatly frm ne species t anther, e.g., a few minutes in wheat and ats t a few hurs in maize. The pllinatin prcedure cnsists f cllecting pllen frm freshly dehisced anthers f the male parent and dusting this pllen nt the stigmas f emasculated flwers. Techniques f pllen applicatin: 10. Pllen grains are cllected in a petri dish/bag, and are used fr dusting the stigmas f females inflrescence e.g. in antirrhinum, pansy etc. 11. Mature anthers are cllected frm the flwers f male parent. The pllen is liberated n a clean petri dish and applied t the stigmas with the help f a camel hair brush, pieces f paper, tth pick r frceps. 12. Anthers are cllected and allwed t burst directly ver the stigmas.

53 13. The flwer which has t act as male parent is plucked and pllens are dusted nt the stigmas with gentle tapping n female flwers e.g. in marigld female lines are dusted directly with the pllen parent t bring abut pllinatin. 14. The spike f male inflrescence is shaken ver the emasculated inflrescence just when the anthers are abut t dehisce. As a result, the expsed stigmas are cvered with pllen. Harvesting and String the F1 Seeds: The crssed heads r pds shuld be harvested and threshed. The seeds frm each crss shuld be kept separately and, preferably the seeds shuld be kept alng with the riginal tags. The seeds shuld be dried prperly befre strage. Imprper drying f seeds may cause rtting f seeds, fungal attack r pests prblem during strage. It is essential that the hybrid seed must nt be mixed with any ther seed. Hybridizatin has resulted in the develpment f new varieties in almst every flricultural crps including rse, chrysanthemum, gladilus, lilium, marigld, petunia, pansy, stck, ther annual crps etc.

54 Lecture 10 - Mutatin Breeding Lecture -10 : Mutatin Breeding Objective: T teach the students abut different types f mutatin and varius methds emplyed fr the inductin f mutatin fr imprvement f flwer crps. Mutatin Breeding Mutatin: A sudden heritable change in characteristics f an rganism is knwn as mutatin. The term mutatin was intrduced by Hug de Vries in Since mst f the flricultural crps are clnally prpagated, mutatin breeding has prved t be ne f the mst effective methds f crp imprvement and develpment f varieties in these crps. It has particularly been used fr the inductin f variegated characters int different flricultural crps. Sites fr mutatin: Mutatin may be the result f a change in a gene, a change in chrmsmes that invlves several genes r a change in a plasma gene. Mutatins prduced by changes in the base sequences f genes are knwn as gene r pint mutatins. Sme mutatins may be prduced by changes in chrmsme structure, r even in chrmsme number; they are termed as chrmsme mutatins. Types f mutatins: 4. Spntaneus mutatin

55 5. Induced mutatin 1. Spntaneus Mutatins: The mutatins that ccur in natural ppulatin, are knwn as spntaneus mutatins. Man has n rle in this type f variatins. The frequency f spntaneus mutatins is generally as lw as ne in 10 lacs, i.e., Induced Mutatins: When the mutatins are artificially induced by a treatment with certain physical r chemical agents; such mutatins are knwn as induced mutatins. The agents used fr prducing them are termed as mutagens. Mutagens: Agents used fr the inductin f mutatins are knwn as mutagens. Mutagens may be different kinds f radiatins knwn as physical mutagens r sme chemicals knwn as chemical mutagens. The different mutagens may be gruped as fllws: Physical mutagens: 1. Inising radiatins : a) Particulate radiatins, e.g., α-rays, β-rays, fast neurns, and thermal neutrns

56 b) Nnparticulate radiatins (electrmagnetic radiatins), e.g., X-rays and γ-rays. 2. Nn inising radiatins, e.g., ultravilet radiatin (UV). Chemical mutagens: Alkylating agents e.g, sulphur mustards, nitrgen mustards epxies, ethylene-imines, (e.g., ethylene imine r EI), sulphates and sulphnates (e.g., ethymethane sulp-hnate r EMS, methylmethane sulphnate r MMS), diazalkanes, nitrs cmpunds, e.g. N'-methyl-N-nitr-N-nitrsguanidine r MNNG). Acridine dyes e.g., acriflavine, prflavine, acridine range, acridine yellw ethidium brmide. Base analgues, e.g., 5-brmuarcil, 5-chlruracil Others, e.g. nitrus acid, hydrxyl amine, sdium azide

57 Lecture 11- Applicatins f Mutatin Breeding Lecture 11: Applicatins f Mutatin Breeding Objective: T teach students abut the applicatins f mutatin breeding in imprving the characteristics f flwer crps and the limitatins f the technique. Applicatins f Mutatin Breeding Mutatin breeding has been used fr imprving mrphlgical and physilgical characters, disease resistance and quantitative characters including yielding ability. The varius applicatins f mutatin breeding are as under. 1. It is useful in imprving certain specific characteristics f a well adapted high yielding variety. This is particularly useful in flricultural crps which are mstly clnally prpagated. These crps shw highly heterzygus nature and therefre, in such a case, mutagenesis is the nly methd available t imprve the specific characteristics f clnes withut changing their genetic makeup. 2. Inductins f desirable mutant alleles which may nt be present in the nrmal ppulatin r germplasm r may be present but may nt be available t the breeder due t plitical r gegraphical reasns. 3. Mutatin breeding can als be used n F1 hybrids r prgenies resulting frm inter-varietal crsses. These may be treated with mutagens in rder t increase genetic variability by inducing mutatins and t facilitate recmbinatin amng linked genes.

58 4. Irradiatin f inter-specific (distant) hybrids has been dne t prduce translcatins. Limitatins f Mutatin Breeding: The experience with mutatin breeding has brught ut certain limitatins 5. Mutatin is a prcess that results in the individual with desirable r nn desirable characteristics. The frequency f desirable mutatins is very lw, abut 0.1 per cent f the ttal mutatins. Therefre, large M2 and subsequent ppulatins have t be grwn and carefully studied. This invlves cnsiderable time, labur and ther resurces. 6. The breeder has t screen large ppulatin t select desirable mutatins. Therefre efficient, quick and inexpensive selectin techniques are required t screen large ppulatins. Develpment f cultivar thrugh spntaneus mutatin in flricultural crps: Variety 'Pusa Tara': Spntaneus mutant f Crepsis Develpment f cultivars thrugh physical mutatins in flricultural crps : Bugainvillea: 'Ls Bans Variegata': Gamma-ray induced mutant f multibracted bugainvillea cultivar 'Ls Bans Beauty' 'Ls Bans Variegata Silver Margin': Gamma-ray induced mutant f multibracted bugainvillea cultivar 'Ls Bans Beauty'

59 'Mahara Variegata': Gamma-ray induced mutant f multibracted bugainvillea cultivar 'Mahara'. Gladilus: 'Shbha': Induced mutant f 'Wild Rse' Develpment f cultivars thrugh chemical mutatins in flricultural crps: Bugainvillea: Ls Bans Variegata 'Jayanthi': Ethyl Methane Sulphnate (EMS) induced chlrphyll variegated mutant f bugainvillea cv. 'Ls Bans Beauty'.

60 Lecture 12 - Bitechnlgical Techniques fr the Imprvement f Ornamental Plants Lecture 12: Bitechnlgical Techniques fr the Imprvement f Ornamental Plants Objective: T teach the students abut bitechnlgical techniques (like micrprpagatin, embry rescue, anther culture, prtplast culture etc) in imprvement f flwer crps. Intrductin t Bitechnlgical techniques Intrductin: Althugh the cntributin f the cnventinal breeding methds t the rnamental crp imprvement had been very significant in building up the flriculture industry s far, yet rnamentals are a grup f plants where bitechnlgy has made tremendus impact bth scientifically and ecnmically. The three key areas in which plant cell and tissue culture has direct applicatin in rnamental hrticulture are large scale prpagatin f elite clnes frm a hybrid r specific parent lines thrugh micr-prpagatin and smatic embrygenesis, prductin f disease free prpagules and meaningful develpment f plant varieties thrugh cellular and mlecular techniques in cnjunctin with the whle plant breeding. Bitechnlgy has been applied t flwer crps fr prducing new flwer clurs and flwer frms. The value additin may be in the frm f changed architecture, prmting in viv r in vitr prpagatin f recalcitrant gentypes, resistance t bitic

61 and abitic stresses, imprved vase life r mdificatin in flwer clur, shape and perid f blming. Bitechnlgy can play a vital rle in mdifying these in terms f varietal develpment and multiplicatin and ppularizatin f newly bred varieties. Techniques f bitechnlgy have lng been used by the flricultural industry, in bth prpagatin and breeding. Meristem culture and micrprpagatin are used t generate virus-free, high- quality prpagatin stck by plant prpagatrs. Breeders cmmnly use ther tissue culture techniques t supplement breeding prgrams such as anther culture and embry rescue. Bitechnlgical techniques used in rnamentals: Micr-prpagatin:- One f the majr aspects f plant bitechnlgy is the prductin f a large number f identical individuals via in vitr clning. The plants prduced thrugh this technique are unifrm and true t type with distinctive characteristics f increased vigur due t their higher health status. By the use f axillary sht prliferatin methds, micrprpagatin can be carried ut successfully in chimeras, which are very imprtant in rnamentals. It has been particularly useful in clnal multiplicatin f a naturally ccurring mutants under in vitr cnditins fr their further explitatin in breeding prgrammes.

62 The techniques f meristem culture are nw being used wrldwide n cmmercial scale fr micr-prpagatin f almst all imprtant genera f rchids, thus placing rchids within the reach f an average persn. Prductin f specific pathgen free plants:- Tissue culture is being used t prduce virus free prpagules and facilitate their mass prpagatin. Generally, rnamental plants are vegetatively prpagated and the viruses and virus like pathgen are transmitted mechanically. Currently, the technlgy fr prductin f disease free prpagule is available fr alstremeria, carnatin, chrysanthemum, dahlia, lilium, iris, freesia, gladilus, hyacinth, etc. Use f cellular and mlecular techniques in develpment f plant varieties: Successful creatin f variatin is f prime imprtance fr breeding plants f desired traits. Techniques like prtplast culture, smaclnal variatin, limited gene transfer; embry rescue techniques, anther culture, gametclnal variatin, etc. speed up the prcess f intrductin and inductin f variatin at cellular level. In vitr pllinatin and embry rescue: The techniques f in vitr pllinatin appears t be very prmising fr vercming pre-fertilizatin barriers t incmpatibility and

63 raising new gentypes. The mst critical step f in vitr pllinatin technique is the develpment f viable seeds frm vules and varies fllwing fertilizatin. Ovule culture hlds a great ptential fr raising hybrids which nrmally fail due t abrtin f embry at a rather early stage. Embry culture r vule culture has prven useful in reducing the breeding cycles f new varieties where lng drmancy r slw grwth f seedlings resulting lng breeding cycles. It is als being used t test seed viability. In case f lilium, alstremeria, impatiens, helianthus, new varieties have been prduced using the technique f in vitr pllinatin and embry rescue t vercme the pre-zygtic and pst-zygtic cmpatibility, respectively. Anther culture: In haplids, mutatins can be easily detected as they have nly ne set f genes. These haplids can be picked up and their chrmsme duplicated t get fertile diplids with all desirable mutatins in a single generatin. Haplidy ffers an easier and faster apprach fr raising an isgenic pureline. It has been successfully used in petunia, begnia and lilies. Prtplast culture:

64 In plants where fairly distant speces can be crssed, it has always nt been pssible t btain full hybrids between desired individuals because f sexual incmpatibility barriers. In this respect, cell fusin ffers an entirely new and ptential apprach t distant hybridizatin. Plant prtplasts represent the finest single cell system and ffers exciting pssibilities in the field f smatic cell genetics and crp imprvement. Smaclnal variatin: Regenerants frm tissue culture ften shw much genetic variatin. Such variatin induced by culturing cnditin is called smaclnal variatin. It may result in sme advantageus trait by mutatin f a single gene. Smaclnal variants have been btained in chrysanthemum, begnia, lisianthus and day lily. Smatic embrygenesis: Smatic embrygenesis is the frmatin f embry frm a cell ther than a gamete r the prduct f gametic fusin. Smatic embrygenesis is a pwerful tl fr the imprvement f rnamentals, nt nly with regard t clnal prpagatin but fr ther bitechnlgical applicatins as well. It has been successfully explited in the imprvement f crps like anthurium, alstremeria, gladilus, iris, lily etc.

65 Genetic engineering: Genetic engineering in rnamentals assumes greater utility, as cnventinal breeding success is limited due t high plidy level, large nuclear genme and lng generatin time. The first genetically engineered crps were petunia and chrysanthemum, bth with altered flwer clur. Plant genetic engineering relies n tw prcesses 27. The insertin f genetic material int plant cells 28. The regeneratin f plants frm these cells. Gene transfer techniques: a. Agrbacterium mediated gene transfer. b. Electrphresis c. Electrpratin d. Laser cell perfratin e. Micrinjectin f. Lipsme mediated gene transfer g. Silicn carbide technique h. Ultra snicatin DNA fingerprinting: DNA finger printing has been standardized in rse, chrysanthemum and rhddendrn. It can be used fr the crrect identificatin f the cultivar.

66 Lecture 13- Breeding fr Disease Resistance Lecture 13: Breeding fr Disease Resistance Objective: T teach students abut the varius types f hst reactins in disease resistance and the surce f resistance used in breeding fr develpment f resistance. Intrductin: Intrductin t Diseases Disease is an abnrmal cnditin in the plant prduced by an rganism. The plant affected by a disease is knwn as hst, while the rganism that prduces the disease is termed as pathgen. Diseases are prduced by a variety f rganisms frm plant and animal kingdms, viz., fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematdes and insects. Different crps are attacked t different degrees by the different kinds f pathgens, but it may be emphasized that all the crp species are attacked by them. Much f the breeding effrt has been directed against diseases caused by fungi, which may be greater than the effrt against all the ther pathgens put tgether. Hst varieties are classified as susceptible r resistant accrding t their respnse t the pathgen. The varius reactins f the hsts t the varius pathgens may be gruped int the fllwing types; susceptible, immune, resistant and tlerant. In case f sme diseases, the hst strains either shw r d nt shw the disease, hence the classificatin f disease reactin is simple. But in mst cases, the hst reactin is nt s sharply defined and shws a graded

67 variatin. Such reactins r infectins are classified accrding t an arbitrary, but practically sund, scale in which the disease scre may vary frm 0 (with n disease) t 5 r 9 (mst susceptible). Susceptible Reactin: In the case f susceptible reactin, disease develpment is prfuse and is presumably reactin nt checked by the gentype f hst. In practice, the susceptible reactin is classified in relative terms nly, that is, in reactin t the reactin f ther hst varieties available and the prevailing envirnment. Immune Reactin: When the hst des nt shw the symptms f a disease is knwn as immune reactin. Immunity may result frm the preventin f pathgen t reach the apprpriate parts f the hst. But mre generally, it is prduced by hypersensitive reactin f the hst, usually, immediately after the infectin has ccurred in hypersensitive reactin, a grup f hst cells arund the pint f infectin dies. This severely restricts the establishment f pathgen and eliminates its reprductin. Thus in immune reactin, the rate f reprductin f the pathgen is zer. Resistance:

68 Resistance dentes a less disease develpment than in the susceptible variety and is a relative attribute. Infectin and establishment d take place, but grwth f the pathgen is less than in the susceptible variety. Generally, the rate f reprductin is cnsiderably reduced which limits the spread f disease. In case f resistance, disease symptms d develp and the rate f reprductin is never zer, but it is sufficiently lwer than 1(the rate f reprductin n the susceptible variety) t be useful. The inhibitin f grwth f pathgens is believed in nature, and in sme cases chemical grwth inhibitrs may be invlved. Tlerance: Tlerance implies that the hst is attacked by the pathgen in the same manner as the susceptible variety, but there is little r n lss in bimass prductin r yield. In certain situatins this may be s, but ften this term is used withut sufficient evidence. Surces f Diseases Resistance: Resistance t disease may be btained frm fur different surces: (1) A knwn variety (2) Germplasm cllectin (3) Related species (4) Mutatins 1. A knwn Variety:

69 Disease reactin f mst f the cultivated varieties is dcumented, and a breeder may find the resistance he needs in a cultivated variety. Resistant plants were islated frm cmmercial a variety which is further used fr inductin f resistance in ther varieties thrugh hybridizatin. 2. Germplasm Cllectin: When resistance t a new disease r a new pathtype f a disease is nt knwn in a cultivated variety, germplasam cllectins shuld be screened. There are numerus instances where resistance t a disease was btained frm germplasm cllectins. 3. Related Species: Often resistance t a disease may nt be present in the varieties f the cncerned crp species. In such cases, it wuld be necessary t transfer resistance gene frm related species thrugh interspecific hybridizatin. Despite many prblems in such gene transfers, it has been successfully and extensively used in many cases. 4. Mutatins: Resistance t sme disease may be btained thrugh mutatins arising spntaneusly Breeding appraches fr disease resistance:

70 1) Hybridizatin cmbined with pure line breeding 2) Mutatinal apprach 3) Back crss breeding 1. Hybridizatin cmbined with pure line breeding: In this, crsses are made in such a way that ne f the parent must pssess disease resistance. The crsses and the early segregating (F2 and F3) are grwn under artificial disease cnditins. Prductive and resistant recmbinants are selected and carried frward thrugh pedigree methd. This is the least expensive but mst effective methd as n additinal effrt has t be made by the breeder t develp a resistant variety cupled with high prductivity. 2. Mutatinal apprach: This apprach is nt being used extensively but it wuld becme an imprtant apprach in future, because the natural variatin is being depleted at a fast rate. 3. Back crss breeding: This apprach is als being used fr the inductin f disease resistance in varius crp plants. Develpment f disease resistance in rnamental crps: Rse: Black spt is a majr disease f rses that causes severe lsses t cmmercial and hme gardens. The breeding lines 'Sptless Gld' (Flribunda, F3 selectin: Gldlcks x Rsa rugsa), 'Sptless Yellw' (Flribunda, F3 selectin: Gldlcks x Rsa rugsa) have been used as resistant parents in breeding prgrammes. Sme resistant varieties have been develped thrugh cmplex

71 hybridizatin like 'A Makenzie', 'Charles Albert', 'Champlan', 'William Buffin' etc. resistant t black spt and mildew. Researchers at Nrth Carlina State University in USA fund that rses cmbat Btrytis r petal blight if injected with a celery gene, called Mannitl dehydrgenase. Varieties develped at IARI, New Delhi which were fund t be mderately tlerant t pwdery mildew and black spt is 'Pusa Ajay' (Pink Parfait x Queen Elizabeth), 'Pusa Mhit' (Suchitra x Christian Dir) is fund tlerant t black spt and 'Pusa Gaurav' (Pink Parfait x Arjun) is tlerant t dieback and black spt. Gladilus: The majr limitatin in cmmercial cultivatin f gladilus is a wilt disease by Fusarium xysprium f. Sp. Gladili. The varieties Debnair, Glden Gddess, J Wagenaar, Katrian Lcal and Ratna s Butterfly are resistant t Fusarium wilt disease. Certain hybrids like SGH-13C (Pfitzer s Sensatin x Glden Gddess), SGH-6 (J Wagenaar x Pfitzer s Sensatin) and SGH-20 (Dednair x Pfitzer s Sensatin) are tlerant t wilt disease. The resistant hybrid (Beauty Spt x Psittacinus hybrid) and tw tlerant hybrids (Watermeln Pink x Lady Jhn) and (Watermeln x Mansck) have gd vegetative characterstics.

72 Variety 'Dhiraj' develped at IIHR, Bangalre is resistant t Fusarium wilt. Breeding f Carnatin fr disease resistance: Fusarium wilt, bacterial wilt, stems rt and Alternaria leaf spt are majr diseases f carnatin. A line 91BO4-2 (crss between spray type cultivar Super Gld x Dianthus capitatus) is highly resistant t bacterial wilt. Cultivars Arbel and Scarlette had nvel resistance against Fusarium wilt. Guba evlved fur cultivars Watham Pink, Regal Pink, Spicy rse and Mrs EF Guba which were resistant t Fusarium wilt, rust and blight. Breeding f Chrysanthemum fr disease resistance: Chrysanthemum is attacked by Phma chrysanthemella and Septria chrysanthemella. Varieties develped at PAU, Ludhiana which pssess multiple resistance against these micrrganisms are Baggi and Ratlam Selectin.

73 Lecture 14 - Rle f Hetersis and its explitatin Lecture 14: Rle f Hetersis and its explitatin Objective: T teach students abut the rle f hetersis in hybrid seed prductin and imprtance f hybrid vigr in F1 hybrids ver its parents. Intrductin t Hetersis Hetersis refers t the gain in vigur n crssing f tw inbreds. It is the phenmenn where F1 ppulatin derived frm crssing between tw genetically diverse parents may shw a gain r lss in mrphlgical, physilgical, yield and ther traits ver the parents. Whereas F1 refers t a crss between essentially tw hmzygus parents and the superir perfrmance f this prgeny ver its patents is knwn as hetersis. The classical term hetersis cined by Shull (1914) refers t the excellence f F1 ver strictly hmzygus parents invlved in its develpment. The pssible genetic cause fr hetersis is: 1. Partial t cmplete dminance: Hybrid vigur is due t actin and interactin f favurable dminant alleles. It hypthesizes decreased hmzygsity fr unfavrable recessive alleles. 2. Over dminance: Shull (1908), later expanded by Hull (1945): it states that the heterzygte (Aa) at ne r mre lci is superir t either hmzygte (AA r aa) Measurement f Hetersis Mid parent Hetersis: Hetersis can als be expressed in terms f mid parent value i.e. the average f tw parents. Thus, sme f the hybrids may excel the mid parental value whereas thers may nt. Hybrid perfrmance is measured relative t zmean f the parents (MP) (F1 MP)/MP X 100

74 High parent hetersis: It is the cmparisn f hybrid t perfrmance f best parent/high parent (HP). (F1-HP)/HPx100 Psitive and negative hetersis: The beneficial effect f hetersis is termed as hybrid vigur and characterized by an increase in vigur, unifrmity, size and yield parameters. The negative hetersis, n the ther hand is equally imprtant as can be explained with the example in case f antirrhinum: Character under Study: Number f spikes per plant Character under Study: Days taken t flwering Thus, fr number f spikes per plant (yield), the hybrids between inbreds manifested psitive hetersis, whereas fr days taken t flwering it exhibited negative hetersis. Bth, hwever, are desirable fr the character under study. Hetersis can als be calculated with respect t the standard r check variety f the given crp. It is the already established cmmercial variety under cultivatin in a particular area.

75 Lecture 15 - Use f Inbred Lines fr the Develpment f New Varieties Lecture 15 : Use f Inbred fr the Develpment f New Varieties Objective: T teach students abut the uses f inbred lines and methds used t develp varieties by using inbred lines viz. single crss, duble crss, three way crss methd, cnvergent methd etc. Intrductin t Inbred Inbred line: An inbred line is the prgeny f a single self pllinated plant. It is the result f repeated selfing as a result all the alleles in an inbred are in the hmzygus frm. The suggested methds fr using f inbred lines fr the develpment f varieties are utlined belw: Single Crss Methd In this methd, crsses invlve tw inbred lines and the resulting F1 hybrids are evaluated. This technique came int existence nly when in 1909, Shull suggested the inbred lines as parents fr prductin f F1 hybrids. He als recmmended the use f single crss methd fr prductin f superir hybrids. In African marigld a crss between Alaska Hawaii, Alaska Cupid Orange Mum and Lcal variety frm Katrain Cupid Orange Mum shwed maximum hetersis fr flwer size, flwer weight, early flwering and number f flwers.

76 Duble Crss Methd The duble crss methd is suggested t vercme the prblems assciated with the single crss methd. It was bserved it prduces the seeds much better in shape with higher germinatin percentage. The resulting seeds were als fund very unifrm in shape and prduced vigrus seedlings as cmpared t thse btained frm the single crss methd. In this methd, the hybrids are prduced by crssing tw resulting F1 hybrids invlving fur inbred lines as given belw. In case f rse: Fr example variety f rse 'Christian Dir' a crss between (Independence Happiness) (Peace Happiness). In case f rchids tetrageneric hybrid Ptinara (Brassavla Sphrnitis Laelia Cattleya), and Rbinara (Aerides Asccentrum Renanthera Vanda) are sme f the examples. Three Way Crss In this type f crss three inbred lines are invlved. Firstly F1 hybrid is prduced by tw lines which is further crssed with a third line as fllws: A x B

77 AB x C ABC Fr example variety f rse (R. Wichuriana Flradra) Debbie, Buccaneer a hybrid seedling f Glden Rapture (Max Krause Capt. Thmas). In case f rchids trigeneric hybrid Brasslaelicattleya (Brassavla Laelia Cattleya) and Mkara (Asccentrum Vanda Arachnis) Cnvergent Methd In this methd, the desirable character frm a number f inbreds are cmbined and as a result the genes frm each inbred cnverge upn ne anther. In this type f hybridizatin, all the desired characters may nt be present in the final segregating ppulatin. This system can be used in partially crss-pllinated species where the resulting ppulatin will be highly heterzygus. If 8 inbreds are used tgether, the system is as fllws Tp Crss Methd This methd is suitable t test the general cmbining ability f inbreds and in identifying prmising nes. The inbreds are crssed with the varieties as fllws: A x variety, B x variety, C x variety, D x variety, E x variety, F x variety, G x variety, etc. Diallel Crss Methd This is pair crss methd which allws the use f every plant in pair crsses with every ther plant in selected grups. Hmzygus diplid lines are essential t btain satisfactry results. It als requires sufficient number f individuals r prgeny t get a large number f crsses.

78 On the basis f number f parents ( n ), the number f crsses are calculated as n (n-1)/2. If 8 parents are invlved in the diallel crss, it will lead t a ttal number f 28 crsses. Explitatin f hetersis Hetersis breeding is being extensively used fr the hybrid seed prductin in almst all annual flwer crps which have been discussed in detail in the chapter dealing with hybrid seed prductin.

79 Lecture 16 - Prductin f F1 hybrids Intrductin Intrductin F1 hybrids are the result f crssing f tw hmzygus but genetically distinct parental lines. Hybrid vigur is defined as the increase in the size r vigur f a hybrid ver its parents. Shull (1911) gave his idea and cined the term hetersis and explained hybrid vigur in cnnectin with the ptinal unifrmity, a heterzygsity giving rise t the strng, segregatin f characters in F2 and necessity f being reprduced by cnstant new crssing f tw parental lines bred t hmzygsity. Hybrid vigur is entirely due t bringing tgether, a large number f favrable dminant genes cntributing t vigur in the first generatin perid. F1 hybrids are f immense imprtance particularly in flricultural crps where the hunt fr new flwer clrs r yield is unending F1 hybrids in rnamental crps were knwn even befre Shull prpunded the classical thery f hybrid vigur in plant breeding fr the first time. Hybrid variety 'Prima Dnna' in begnia (Begnia semperflrens Link et Ott) was prbably the first F1 released in flricultural crps by Benary Seed Cmpany in Germany in The breeding fr F1 hybrid seed prductin, hwever gained imprtance nly after 1942 and nwards when Japan prduced the first cmmercial F1 hybrids in Petunia. Later, F1 hybrids were prduced in flwer crps like Ageratum, Anemne, Gerbera, Primula, Petunia, Tagetes, Cyclamen, Pansy, Begnia, Geranium, Prtulaca, Dianthus, balsam, stck, wall flwer, rnamental sunflwer (Helianthus annus), Gazania, hllyhck, Calcelaria and Zinnia by several seed cmpanies in the U.S.A., China, Japan, the Netherlands, Denmark, Germany, the United Kingdm and Israel. Fr the prductin f F1 hybrid we require purelines in self pllinated species r inbred lines in case f crss pllinated species. A pureline is the prgeny f a single, hmzygus, crss pllinated plant. An inbred line is the prgeny f a single, hmzygus self pllinated plant. Advantages f F1 hybrids All the F1 hybrids resulting frm a crss are unifrm in grwth and yield. They shw a greater vigur ver parents which is expressed in terms f yield and ther targeted desirable traits.

80 Since the genetic cnstitutin f F1 hybrids is cnstant and shw hmzygus, they shw greater adaptability t different envirnmental cnditins. Breeder has all the cntrl f the F1 hybrids prduced by him/her as the parental lines are maintained by the breeder. The variety shws stability ver a perid f years. Techniques fr the prductin f F1 hybrid seeds The cnventinal methd f Fl hybrid prductin invlves selectin f inbred lines fr desired characters, testing their cmbining ability and prductin f hybrid seeds, evaluatin f Fl hybrid perfrmance. Hwever there are special techniques which can be explited fr Fl hybrid prductin in rnamentals e.g. use f femina lines in marigld. Tw basic requirements fr hybrid seed prductin are: 1. Easy emasculatin f the female parent 2. Effective pllen dispsal frm the male parent t ensure a satisfactry seed set in the female parent. Bth these factrs are largely gverned by the flral structures f the crp species in questin.

81 Lecture 17 - Techniques f hybrid seed prductin, methds f making a crss Intrductin Use f Self-incmpatibility This system takes the advantage f the natural breeding system. The self incmpatibility systems are f tw types, gametphytic and sprphytic system. Amng rnamentals, the self-incmpatibility system is present in Nictiana and Petunia is gametphytic and can be utilised in crss pllinatin under pen field cnditins. Hwever, in these tw flwering plants ne additinal advantage in that there are enugh seeds per pllinatin, which can adequately cmpensate the high cst f F1 hybrid seeds. Sprphytic system f self-incmpatibility is bserved in Verbena, and dminance relatinship between tw self-incmpatibility (SI) alleles influences the seed set. In such species/cultivars the degree f self-incmpatibility can be assessed by examining flwer styles with the ultra-vilet flurescent micrscpe, a few hurs after the pllinatin. Pllen tubes which have penetrated the stigma and are thus able t grw dwn the style unimpeded, are able t be cunted since they identify themselves by flurescence. The lack f r a small number f pllen tubes thrughut their length, indicate a strng incmpatibility reactin. If the incmpatibility reactin is weak, cunting will prve impssible since numerus pllen tubes will be visible as a tangled mass within the stylar tissues. With the advent f tissue culture technlgy, maintenance f the female parent carrying SI alleles can be managed under prtected cnditins. In Sweet Williams the head f the flwers cmprises individuals which mature at different times, usually starting with the centre flwer f a cluster. Therefre, pllinatin, either by all but a single cluster, r by pllinating members f the head which have reached maturity fllwed by remval f all ther buds will be effective. Duble Flwer Cnditin In duble type f flwers all the anthers are mdified t frm ray flrets. This is a character f family cmpsitae/ asteraceae where duble frm is achieved because f numerus petals but a central disc may be seen when petals are pulled aside and make a cmpsite head such as in ageratum,

82 aster, chrysanthemum, crnflwer, dahlia, daisy, gaillardia, marigld, rudbeckia and sunflwer. Sunflwer illustrates mst clearly the satisfactry example f pllinatin where each flret bears nly a single vary. In mst cases, duble flwer results frm a transfrmatin f the anthers int petals. Therefre, the duble flwer character can be regarded as a frm f the male-sterility. Further, this duble flwer character shuld be inherited as a dminant character t be manifested in F1 hybrids. Hwever, in the case f gerbera, where the pistils are hidden by petals, manual hand pllinatin is tedius fr maintenance f the female parent. Reimann-Philip (1969) develped a breeding scheme using the duble flwer character in garden carnatin (Dianthus caryphyllus) as a frm f male sterility. There are als sme flral abnrmalities, like the 'cinderella' character in begnia and 'femina' in marigld and zinnia resulting in the male-sterility. Triplidy The advantage f grwing triplid varieties is that f cntinuus blming perid as there is little r n seed set. Amng the flwer species, in Tagetes, cmmercial triplid hybrid (2n = 36) results frm a crss between diplid female Tagetes erecta (2n = 24) and tetraplid male Tagetes patula (2n = 48). The triplid hybrid 'Nugget' (Tagetes erecta x Tagetes patula) has the unique ability f hlding the flwers n the plants fr a lnger perid. Hwever, in Begnia semperflrens, the lss f unifrmity in triplids has been reprted by Reimann-Philip (1983). Pllen Sterility Wherever pllen sterility is gverned by a single recessive gene, maintenance f the genetic stck is difficult as there will be cntinuus segregatin f the fertile and sterile individuals in, 1:1 prprtin. This phenmenn is present in Tagetes, Zinnia, Delphinium Antirrhinum, Calcelaria, Salvia and Impatiens. In Ageratum, hwever, bth the male sterility and self incmpatibilitysystems are prevalent and a chice can be made n the basis f ecnmy in the seed prductin. In Petunia, cytplasmic male sterility has been bserved but the use f this type f male sterility is nt practically cmmn because f breakdwn f male-sterility in the maternal parent r malfrmatin f flwers in Fl plants. Male sterility in Sunflwer has been used t prduce rnamental varieties like, 'Sunrich Orange' (Japan) and 'Orit' (Israel), which have n pllen grains and allergic effects like in ther male fertile varieties grwn fr their seed.

83 Lecture 18 - Hybrid Seed Prductin in sme imprtant annual flwer Crps- Part I Hybrid Seed prductin Methds f making a Crss Hybrid seed prductin can be achieved by: 1. Hand emasculatin and hand pllinatin. 2. Hand emasculatin and natural pllinatin. 3. Hand eliminatin f male plants. 4. Genetic male sterility as in marigld and zinnia, ageratum and calcelaria. 5. Cytplasmic male sterility as in petunia. 6. Self incmpatibility as in petunia, pansy, stcks and rnamental kale. 7. Chemical emasculatin- selective eliminatin f pllen prductin, that is, use f gameticides. 8. Use f marker genes t identify the selfs s that they can be eliminated as seedlings. Need fr hybrids Seed Prductin in Ornamental Crps The shapes, frms and clurs f present day rnamentals differ frm thse f their ancestrs n accunt f man s interventin. Prgress in prducing rnamentals f new types and frms has accelerated largely due t need fr higher yields, nvelty and disease resistance. Every year abut 10,000 new varieties f rnamental crps are being released. Nvelty and the quest fr new varieties has remained the aim f flwer breeding since years. All the present day cultivars and the nvelties are the result f extensive hybridizatin, spntaneus and induced mutatin, selectin and mlecular breeding. Since in flwers a specimen cannt maintain interest fr a lng time, peple have desire t develp new frms thrugh varius methds f breeding. Presently, many peculiar shades and frms like dwarf hllyhcks, dwarf delphiniums; red and white mariglds, etc. are available in seasnal flwers. The pssibilities fr creating different frms and imprving rnamentals are infinite.

84 Mde f reprductin: Based n the mde f reprductin, the rnamentals are bradly divided int tw grups, viz. sexually prpagated and asexually prpagated. Sexual cycle utilizes seed prpagatin as a means f prducing ffspring plants whse characters reflect the genetic cntributins f the tw parents. Reprductin by seeds results in certain amunt f variatin amng the prgeny. Imprvement f sexual frms takes a number f generatins. During this perid, the best types are selected frm segregating material. Amng rnamentals, seasnal flwers are prpagated by seeds whenever genetic imprvement f a particular plant is dne thrugh hybridizatin. Breeding System: In seasnal flwers, breeding system fall int tw grups, viz. selfpllinated (inbreeding types) and crss-pllinated (utbreeding types). Many species have an intermediate type f breeding system with varying prprtins f crssing and selfing. They are gruped in the fllwing breeding systems. Inbreeders: Obligate inbreeders are rarely crss-pllinated. Highly self-pllinated. Seed prpagated herbaceus annual flwers include China aster, balsam, sweet pea, lupin, clianthus, gypsphilla, bells f Ireland, salvia, sapnaria, sweet William and dianthus. In these flwers, there is negligible crss-pllinatin in nature. Outbreeders: Obligate utbreeders are crss-pllinated because f the presence f a built in system preventing self-pllinatin. The grup f utbreeding seed prpagated herbaceus annuals and biennial flwers include ageratum, hllyhck, arcttis, crnflwer, antirrhinum, delphinium, verbena, calendula, csms, gazania, pppy, marigld, zinnia, primula, pansy and vila. Self incmpatibility ccurs in ageratum, gerbera, daisy, petunia and antirrhinum. In primula, self sterility is due t heterstyly i.e. pin and thrum type f flwers Cytplasmic male sterility has been reprted in petunia, ageratum and sunflwer. Mngenic recessive factr fr male-sterilty exists in marigld, zinnia, calcelaria and salvia. Breeding Objectives in annual flwer Crps:

85 In rnamentals, flral quality is the majr cnsideratin fr evaluatin f a particular gentype. In cmmercial seasnal flwers, besides quality, ttal flwer yield is als an imprtant criterin fr genetic imprvement as is in china aster, marigld and antirrhinum, All the varieties d nt behave in a similar manner in all the agrclimatic cnditins, therefre, breeding suitable varieties fr varius climatic znes is necessary. In India, F1 hybrid varieties in view f their superirity ver pen pllinated varieties have a great ptential. Since rnamentals are affected by a number f diseases and pests, breeders shuld cnsider this aspect als while breeding fr different parameters. Varieties resistant t abitic stresses need t be bred in cmmercially viable crps. Transgenics can be utilized fr prductin f transgenics in flwering plants, viz. fr blue clur in rse, yellw clur in sweet peas, disease resistance in varius flwer crps, etc. Genetic imprvement in rnamentals has been dne thrugh intrductin f imprtant germplasm frm ther cuntries. The germplasm is evaluated and sme intrductins are directly recmmended fr cultivatin, which are called primary intrductins, whereas thers, utilized in breeding prgrammes, are called secndary intrductins. Besides intrductin, ther methds f imprvement are hybridizatin, mutatin breeding, plyplidy breeding, hetersis breeding and bitechnlgy. Institutes invlved in develpment f varieties in India: The management f genetic resurces f rnamental plants with an emphasis n their genetic imprvement was started at Indian Agriculture Institute (IARI), New Delhi, during 1950s under the leadership f Late Dr. B. P. Pal. Other institutes like Natinal Btanical Research Institute (NBRI), Lucknw; Indian Institute f Hrticultural Research (IIHR), Bangalre and Bhabha Atmic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai als cntributed significantly in the genetic imprvement f seasnal flwers. The wrk was greatly strengthened and streamlined with the establishment f All India C-rdinated Flriculture Imprvement Prject in 1972 nwards thrughut the cuntry.

86 Lecture 19 - Hybrid Seed Prductin in sme imprtant annual flwer Crps- Part II Hybrids in Annual Crps Hybrids in Annual Crps: The main advantage f F1 hybrids is the unique cmbinatin f appreciable vigur and unifrmity. Apart frm this, F1 are dwarf, cmpact with basal branching, free- flwering with larger flwers, prlnged duratin f flwering and may have insectpest and disease resistance. Marigld Marigld is a member f Asteraceae family. It is native t Central and Suth America, especially Mexic. 'Pusa Basanti Gainda' (yellw clured flwers) and 'Pusa Narangi Gainda' (range clured flwers) have been develped in India thrugh pedigree methd f breeding in African marigld. 'Pusa Arpita' has been develped thrugh selectin in french marigld. Pusa Arpita F1 Hybrid seeds in marigld were prduced by using apetalus male sterile lines. Tester parents were maintained as inbred lines. Pusa Shankar- 1 was develped at IARI, New Delhi. Male sterile lines and tester parents were grwn in separate plyhuses. Apetalus male sterile lines were maintained. These were explited by making crsses with the respective tester parents frm 9 a.m. t 2 p.m. by taking pllens frm desirable male parents in a petri dish and dusting it n male sterile flwers with the help f a sft brush. The flwers were bagged with perfrated butter paper bags. In French marigld and African marigld, Line x Tester was carried ut by using tester parents. F1 hybrid seeds were cllected and swn fr evaluatin in the subsequent seasns.

87 Antirrhinum Antirrhinum belngs t family Scrphulariaceae and is a native f Suthern Eurpe. Flwer frm is cntrlled by a single dminant gene. F1 hybrid. Seeds in antirrhinum were prduced by using hand emasculatin technique. The female parent was emasculated by remving anthers frm the flrets when the lwermst flret is fully pened. Emasculatin is dne n lwer ne third length f the spikes and rest f the spike is chpped ff. With the help f a pair f frceps, the petals were peeled and anthers were remved and bagged with muslin clth bag. Fresh flwers shuld be plucked frm intended male parent which have been previusly bagged and pllen dusted n the stigmas f emasculated flwers. Crssing is dne during 10 am t 12 nn. The pllinated spike is then bagged with perfrated butter paper bag t prevent crss pllinatin. The hybrids seeds f all the crsses are cllected when spikes are matured. F1 hybrid seeds are cllected and swn fr evaluatin in the subsequent seasns. 'Tetra Giant' variety develped by plyplidy has higher number f flwering stems with large, deeper clured flwers which are lnger lasting than diplid cunterpart. Pansy Pansy belngs t the family Vilaceae. In Pansy, selectins were put t evaluatin and maintained as pure lines F1 hybrid seed in pansy was prduced by using hand emasculatin technique and making crsses amng the selected tester parents. The female parent was emasculated by remving anthers frm the flwers when the flwer starts shwing clur. The emasculated flwer is then bagged with perfrated butter paper bag t prevent crss pllinatin. Crssing was dne during 10 am t 12 pm, by taking pllens frm desirable male parents in a petri-dish and dusting it n male sterile flwers with the help f sft caramel brush. The flwers were bagged with perfrated butter paper bags.

88 The pllinated flwers were tagged shwing male, female parents and date f crssing. Same prcedure f crssing with the same male parent was repeated the next day t ensure prper pllinatin and seed set. China aster China Aster belngs t family Asteraceae, is native t China. Fur varieties namely, Kamini, Prnima, Shashank and Vilet Cushin have been develped by pedigree methd. Appreciable hetersis was bserved fr all the characters. Based n the ecnmic characters like flwer size, flwer per plant and stalk length, three crsses Shell Pink Azure Blue, AST-20 Azure Blue and AST-20 AST- 16 were recmmended fr explitatin f hetersis n cmmercial scale. Petunia

89 Petunia, a member f Slanaceae family, is native f Suth America. A large number f F1 hybrid varieties have been develped in Single and duble petunias f multiflra and gradiflra types in the U.S.A., U.K. and Japan. In India, a number f hybrids have been develped by Ind- American Hybrid Seeds Cmpany, Bangalre Balsam Impatiens balsamina, is native f India, China and Malaysia. It belngs t Balsaminae. One pink clured, duble flwered seedling selectin has been maintained and the seed is being prduced every year in Nauni. Glxinia Sinningia specisa which nrmally des nt prduce seeds under Nauni- Slan cnditins, seed was prduced thrugh artificial pllinatin and frm the first prgeny ne variant which prduced large red flwers with white frilled margins was btained. In Gmphrena glbsa tw selectins were made in 1996 and evaluated in Nauni. Similarly, in Salvia (Salvia splendens) tw selectins red and purple have been maintained. Many seedling selectins in Phlx (Phlx x drummndii) have been maintained and are being evaluated.

90 Lecture 20 - Utilizatin f male sterility fr hybrid Seed Prductin Intrductin: Utilizatin f male Sterility Fr the prductin f F1 hybrid seeds under pen field cnditins by using genetic male sterility, the requirements are: an inbred line which is t be used as male parent. anther inbred line which is maintained by crssing tgether knwn heterzygus (Ms ms) and male sterile (ms ms) plants i.e. femina line. Male sterility is gverned by a single recessive gene and therefre the maintenance f the genetic stck is difficult as there will be cntinuus segregatin f the fertile and sterile individuals in 1:1 prprtin. This phenmenn is present in Tagetes, Zinnia, Delphinium, Antirrhinum, Calcelaria, Salvia and Impatiens. Male sterile flwer f Zinnia Seeds shuld always be harvested frm (ms ms) plants The crss f ms ms x Ms ms shuld be repeated in every generatin, as it will segregate in 1 Fertile: 1 Sterile rati. Fr maintenance f male sterility, a rati f male sterile line t pllinating fertile line is dependent n the size f hybrid blck, but rati f 3 male sterile: 1 male fertile has prved t be the ptimum. Male sterility fr hybrid seed prductin in flwers: Ageratum: In this annual crp, bth the male sterility and self incmpatibility systems are prevalent and a chice can be made n the basis f ecnmy in the seed prductin.

91 Petunia: In petunia, cytplasmic male sterility has been bserved but the use f this type f male sterility is nt s practically cmmn because f breakdwn f male sterility in the maternal parent r malfrmatin f flwers in F1 generatin. Sunflwer: Male sterility in sunflwer has been used t prduce rnamental varieties like 'Sunrich Orange' (Japan) and 'Orit' (Israel) which have n pllen grains and allergic effects like in ther male fertile varieties grwn fr their seed. Marigld: Male sterility has been extensively utilized fr the F1 hybrid seed prductin in marigld. The ntable hybrids develped in India with the use f male sterility are 'Pusa Narangi Gainda' and 'Pusa Basanti Gainda'. Characteristics f male sterile line/ femina line Used as a female parent in the hybridizatin prgramme. Male sterility shuld be stable. It shuld have desirable traits. It shuld have synchrnus flwering with the male parent i.e. pllinatr and maintainer plant Its genetic cnstitutin is hmzygus recessive (msms) Characteristics f tester parent Used as a male parent in the hybridizatin prgramme. Pure with unifrm ppulatin i.e. an inbred r pureline It shuld prduce abundant pllens. Synchrnus flwering with male sterile plants Its genetic cnstitutin is hmzygus dminant (MSMS)

92 Characteristics f maintainer line Used fr maintenance f ms-line. Its genetic cnstitutin is hmzygus (Msms) Synchrnus flwering with male sterile plants.

93 Lecture 21 - Field prductin f pen pllinated varieties-i Prductin f Open Pllinated varieties Basic steps in the prductin f pen pllinated varieties: Site Selectin Site selectin is prbably the mst imprtant factr in utdr seed prductin. The prductin area shuld prvide the required perid f apprpriate temperature, light and misture cnditin fr parent plants t develp and the seed t ripen fully. There shuld be a dry perid at harvest time t allw field drying f seed Sil type is als an imprtant factr in site selectin. Sme crps, e.g. pansy can tlerate heavy sils, while thers, like nasturtium, nly d well in well drained fields. Disease and pest pressures within the general prductin area are significant factrs. Islatin distance An pen pllinated variety is ne that is genetically stable and generally reprduced by self r crss pllinatin. In the pen field, pllinatin is dne by wind r insects, depending n the specific flral mrphlgy and prperties f the crp species. These natural means f pllen transfer are randm in nature. T ensure varietal purity, care has t be taken that different seed crps f the same species are nt grwn clsely tgether. The islatin distance requirements generally range frm 200 t 1000 m r mre, depending n whether the crp is mstly insect r wind pllinated. The tpgraphy f the prductin site, as well as the directin f prevalent winds shuld be cnsidered when determining by hw fair different varieties f the same species shuld be separated frm each ther. Sme crps, like sweet pea, have flwer structures that allw self pllinatin as the flwers develp and mature. Different varieties f these crps can be prduced as clse as 5m apart. Seed prducers have t keep the required islatin distance in mind when they plan the placement f prductin fields. Crp culture

94 Agrnmic practices used fr flwer seed prductin are generally similar between crps within a prductin area, but they vary greatly between different prductin areas.. The parent plants are usually grwn in beds t facilitate irrigatin, fertilizers applicatin, and fungicide and insecticide sprays. The plants are checked fr genetic unifrmity when they begin t flwer. Remval f ff types in the ppulatin is an intensive activity. A few runds f ruging are ften necessary t ensure high genetic purity because nt all plants begin t flwer at the same time. Weeding is anther labur intensive aspect f field prductin. There is an increasing use f plastic mulches in seed prductin fields fr weed cntrl and misture cnservatin. Unpredictable weather cnditin, as well as pest and disease pressure requires day t day judgement n irrigatin and pest management needs. Gd seed yield and quantity ccur when the envirnmental cnditins are favurable. Pllinatin Pllinatin management fr pen pllinated crps begins with selecting prductin lcatins naturally cnducive t gd seed set. Optimum climatic cnditins must fit the crps temperature and light requirements fr flwering, pllen prductin and stigma receptively. Insect pllinated crps are best placed in lcatins where ppulatins f natural pllinatrs are high. In marginal cases, beehives can be placed in prductin fields t increase pllinatin activity. Hney bees are the mst cmmn pllinatrs. Other cmmercially available insect pllinatrs include bumble bees, leaf cutter bees and flies. Applicatins f fungicides and insecticides during the flwering perid can negatively affect seed set. Sme pesticides and fungicides cause damage t the stigma and interfere with pllen tube develpment. Insecticides cmmnly used fr insect pest cntrl als kill pllinating insects and reduce seed yield.

95 Lecture 22 - Field Prductin f Open Pllinated varieties Prductin f Open Pllinated varieties There are substantial differences between the management f pen field and greenhuse flwer seed prductin: In the pen field, seed crps are prduced in blcks f ne r mre hectare. It is less labur intensive but mre equipment and inputs are required. Mst f the crps prduced in the field are pen pllinated varieties, thugh hybrids with self incmpatible parents can als be prduced. Unlike greenhuse prductin, which can be year rund activity, utdr prductin is seasnal. Identifying lcatins with suitable climates and prducing the crps in the apprpriate seasn are keys t reliable seed supply. Basic steps in the prductin f pen pllinated varieties Site selectin: Site selectin is prbably the mst imprtant factr in utdr seed prductin. The prductin area shuld prvide the required perid f apprpriate temperature, light and misture cnditin fr parent plants t develp and the seed t ripen fully. There shuld be a dry perid at harvest time t allw field drying f seed Sil type is als an imprtant factr in site selectin. Sme crps, e.g. pansy can tlerate heavy sils, while thers, like nasturtium, nly d well in well drained fields. Disease and pest pressures within the general prductin area are significant factrs. Islatin distance: An pen pllinated variety is ne that is genetically stable and generally reprduced by self r crss pllinatin. In the pen field, pllinatin is dne by wind r insects, depending n the specific flral mrphlgy and prperties f the crp species. These natural means f pllen transfer are randm in nature. T ensure varietal purity, care has t be taken that different seed crps f the same species are nt grwn clsely tgether. The islatin distance requirements generally range frm 200 t 1000 m r mre, depending n whether the crp is mstly insect r wind pllinated. The tpgraphy f the prductin site, as well as the directin f prevalent winds shuld be cnsidered when determining by hw fair different varieties f the same species shuld be separated frm each ther.

96 Sme crps, like sweet pea, have flwer structures that allw self pllinatin as the flwers develp and mature. Different varieties f these crps can be prduced as clse as 5m apart. Seed prducers have t keep the required islatin distance in mind when they plan the placement f prductin fields. Crp culture: Agrnmic practices used fr flwer seed prductin are generally similar between crps within a prductin area, but they vary greatly between different prductin areas. The parent plants are usually grwn in beds t facilitate irrigatin, fertilizers applicatin, and fungicide and insecticide sprays. The plants are checked fr genetic unifrmity when they begin t flwer. Remval f ff types in the ppulatin is an intensive activity. A few runds f ruging are ften necessary t ensure high genetic purity because nt all plants begin t flwer at the same time. Weeding is anther labur intensive aspect f field prductin. There is an increasing use f plastic mulches in seed prductin fields fr weed cntrl and misture cnservatin. Unpredictable weather cnditin, as well as pest and disease pressure requires day t day judgment n irrigatin and pest management needs. Gd seed yield and quantity ccur when the envirnmental cnditins are favurable. Pllinatin: Pllinatin management fr pen pllinated crps begins with selecting prductin lcatins naturally cnducive t gd seed set. Optimum climatic cnditins must fit the crps temperature and light requirements fr flwering, pllen prductin and stigma receptively. Insect pllinated crps are best placed in lcatins where ppulatins f natural pllinatrs are high. In marginal cases, beehives can be placed in prductin fields t increase pllinatin activity. Hney bees are the mst cmmn pllinatrs. Other cmmercially available insect pllinatrs include bumble bees, leaf cutter bees and flies. Applicatins f fungicides and insecticides during the flwering perid can negatively affect seed set. Sme pesticides and fungicides cause damage t the stigma and interfere with pllen tube develpment. Insecticides cmmnly used fr insect pest cntrl als kill pllinating insects and reduce seed yield. Harvesting and drying: Since the seed is harvested nly nce in the field, determining the prper time t harvest is a critical decisin and is based n a cmprmise between ptimum yield and ptential seed quality.

97 When the crp is judged fr harvesting, the plants are cut and placed n canvas tarpaulin t dry in the field. The dried plant materials are threshed. Adverse field cnditins, especially rain during the drying perid, can cause seed deteriratin. Cvering the harvested seed materials befre the rain, r mving them t dry indr, are extra effrts required in these situatins. Field harvested seed is partially cleaned by scalpers in the pen air befre being transprted t the seed cmpany mill. A crp that is harvested t early may germinate well initially but the seed des nt stre well. Since the field prduced seed ppulatin is inherently mre hetergeneus in maturity, the seed drying and cnditining prcesses have a great influences n seed quality. Sme seed prcedures use prtable seed dryers in the field. Other set up permanent drying facilities clse t the majr prductin areas. Seed cleaning Field grwn seed cntains substantial amunt f debris, frm less than 20% t ver 80% by vlume, depending n the crp and the harvest methds. The seed f lw grwing plants cut at the sil line e.g. alyssum, cntains mre field dirt. This seed is first put thrugh an air screen cleaner, which is the mst widely used equipment fr remving bth plants parts and sil particles.

98 Additinal size separatin by gravity deck r air clumn may be needed befre the seed is cleaned t a cmmercially acceptable standard. List f sme imprtant cmpanies dealing with the seed prductin f flwers: 1. Ind American Hybrid Seeds (India) Pvt.Ltd 2nd Main, 17th Crss, K.R.Rd, BSK 2ndStage, Bangalre Tel: (080) Namdhari Seeds (Pvt) Ltd 119, Arasappa Cmplex, 9th Main Rad, Ideal Huse, Raj Rajeshwari Nagar,

99 Bangalre:39 Tel: (080) , Fax: Nvartis India Seeds Divisin Seeds Divn.,Seeds Huse, 1170/27, Revenue Clny, Shivaji Nagar, Pune: Tel: (020) Ball Hrticultural Cmpany M&B Flra C., Ltd. Distributin Kamisasa Kbuchizawa Kitakma-gun Yamanashi Japan Phne: Fax:

100 Lecture 23 - Harvesting f Seeds, Stages f Seed harvesting f different annual flwer Crps Intrductin: Harvesting f Seeds Cmmercial flwer seed prductin is an internatinal business invlving highly specialized grwers. The prductin activities include harvesting and prcessing (drying, seed sizing, pelleting and strage) f seeds. Harvesting f Seeds Optimum stage and time f harvest are critical factrs in the prductin f ptimum quality seeds. Seeds are generally harvested when they are cmpletely ripe n the plant. The basic rule f harvesting is t allw the seed t mature as lng as pssible n the plant withut the seed r fruit becming diseased, r verly ripe.

101 Each type f plant has an ptimum time fr cllecting the seed, but factrs such as climate, weather, disease, insects, birds, r predatry mammals may require that the seed be cllected at less than the ptimum time When the crps are judged ready fr harvesting the plants are either cut as a whle r seeds harvested with different prcedures. Sme seeds f annuals and perennials fall frm the plant at ripening either due t bursting f the fruit r due t wind. Such seed capsules shuld be cvered with muslin clth r butter paper bags befre ripening t cllect the shedding seeds in bag. Adverse field cnditins, especially rain during the drying perid, can cause seed deteriratin. Cvering the harvested seed materials befre the rain, r mving them t dry indr, are extra effrts required in these situatins. In flricultural crps, the flwers are prduced in a successin f abut days r even mre. They mature in different times, resulting in seed harvesting at different intervals. After harvest, seeds are threshed t remve the seed frm the surrunding plant material. A perid f air-drying is imprtant befre seeds are threshed. Plant material shuld be spread ut in thin layers until all plant material is dry; therwise, mld, decay, and heat frm decay will cause damage t the seeds. As the plant material dries, seed pds may split pen r shed seed. Plant material that is ready t be threshed shuld be brittle. Threshing is best dne utside n a dry day. The threshing prcess invlves applicatin f mechanical frce using a cntrlled pressure and a shearing mtin., and is accmplished by hand r by machine. The seeds are then sieved with different types f sieve f irn mesh/plastic mesh and finally cleaned by hand winnwing t separate ut the light/unviable seeds and dust particles. The seeds after prper cleaning are packed in HDPE bags and kept in shady and well ventilated rms. A crp that is harvested t early may germinate well initially but the seed des nt stre well. Table 1: The stage f seed harvest f different annual flwer crps Plant Stages f cllectin 1 Alyssum maritimum The seeds shatter easily. Remve pds when just abut t dry. 2 Antirrhinum majus Cut when just abut t dry, spikes mature frm lwer branches nwards. 3 Arcttis stechadiflia Cut the whle plant when maximum amunt f seed matures and then dry n canvas 4 Calendula fficinalis Seeds shatter when t dry. Cllect heads when partially dry. 5 Campanula spp. Whle plants may be harvested 6 Celsia spp. Cllect the heads when dry n the plant. Prtect drying heads frm rain

102 7 Chrysanthemum crnarium Cut when almst all the flwer heads dry. 8 Clarkia elegans Remve seeds as they begin drying 9 Csms bipinnatus Cllect the seeds as pds dry 10 Dahlia variabilis Cllect the seeds as the heads dry n the plants. 11 Delphinium sp. Cllect heads f flwers as they dry. Take ut tubers when plant almst dry. Stre in dry and cl place. 12 Dianthus sp. Cut the whle plant when the lwer capsules begin t dry and dry in shade. 13 Dimrphtheca sp. Seeds may shatter if allwed t dry t much n the plant. Cllect individual heads as they begin t dry. 14 Gaillardia pulchella Cut the whle plant when the maximum amunt f seed is mature. 15 Gazania splendens Cut the entire plant when the maximum amunt f seed is mature and dry n canvas. 16 Gdetia grandiflra Cut the entire plant when the maximum amunt f seed is mature and dry n canvas 17 Gmphrena glbsa When lwer capsules pen and begin drying, cut the entire plant and dry in shade. 18 Gypsphilia elegans When the heads dry, cllect individually. 19 Helianthus annus When the majrity f the capsules have turned brwn, cut whle plant and n canvas 20 Iberis amara When the flwer heads dry, cllect individually 21 Helichrysum bracteatum Cut the whle plant and dry in sun set at the first signs f seeds becming dry 22 Impatiens balsamina When the heads becme fuzzy, cllect individually. 23 Lathyrus dratus Cut the entire plant when the maximum amunt f seed is mature and spread n canvas t dry. 24 Limnium sinuatum When the lwer pds cmmence drying remve the entire plant and dry in shade. 25 Linaria bipartita Cut the whle plant when the maximum amunt f seed is mature and spread n canvas t dry. 26 Linum grandiflra When the lwer pds begin drying, remve the entire plant and dry in shade 27 Lupines hartwegii Cut the entire plant when the maximum amunt f seed is mature and dry n canvas. 28 Mathila incanna Remve individual seed pds as they dry. If allwed t dry in excess n the plants, they wuld burst.

103 29 Mesembryanthemum crimiflium Remve the plant when seed pds begin drying. Dry in sun r shade. Single flwer seeds prduce 50% r mre duble flwering plants. 30 Mlucella laevis Whle plant shuld be harvested and seed shuld be extracted. 31 Papaver rheas Whle plant shuld be harvested and seeds shuld be extracted by beating the plants with stick. 32 Petunia hybrida Remve seed pds as they begin drying 33 Phlx drumndii Remve seeds when just abut t dry t prevent shattering. 34 Pimpinella mnica Harvest umbels when cmpletely dry and cllect seeds by threshing. 35 Prtulaca grandiflra Cllect when capsules begin t dry 36 Rudbeckia biclr When flwer heads becme fuzzy cllect them and dry in shade 37 Salvia splendens When seed cap dries, remve plant and dry in shade. 38 Tagetes sp. Cllect flwer-heads as they dry. Plants f dwarf species shuld be remved when all the flwer heads are dry. 39 Tithnia specisa Cllect the flwer heads as they becme fuzzy and dry in shade. 40 Trpaelum majus Cllect seeds as they dry. If allwed t lng n the plant they fall ff 41 Vila wittrckiana Cllect seed pds when just abut t dry and shatter when ver dried n the plant 42 Venidium fastusum When flwer heads becme fuzzy cllect them and dry in shade. 43 Zinnia elegans Cut flwer heads as they dry. Dwarf varieties may be remved when the entire flwer heads dry ut.

104 Lecture 24 - Seed Prcessing, Cleaning, Sizing and PackagingSeed Prcessing Seed Prcessing Seed prcessing includes different peratins starting with seed cleaning, drying, sizing, pelleting and strage. The freshly harvested seeds are dried under shade t facilitate easy seed shattering and cllectin under cntrlled envirnments. Stages f seed prcessing Seed Cleaning: Field grwn seeds cntains substantial amunt f debris frm less than 20% t ver 80% by vlume, depending upn the crp and methd f harvest. The seeds f lw grwing plants are cut at the sil line e.g. Alyssum, cntains mre field dirt. The seeds are cleaned manually r mechanically. In mechanical methd, the seed is first put thrugh a screen cleaner, which is the mst widely used equipment fr remving bth plant parts and sil particles. After the initial remval f plant and field debris, additinal runds f seed cleaning are required if the seed cntain uter cat structures that impede simulatin in packaging and swing, r water uptake during germinatin. It is custmary t remve hairy layers n the seed cats f gazania. The develpment f seed cleaning and grading methds begin with mechanical separatin f seed particles based n difference in their physical prperties. Mechanical seed separatin techniques are effective in cleaning ut field debris frm the crp seeds besides remval f brken and immature seeds. Seed Sizing: Seed sizing is a prcess in which a hetergeneus ppulatin is physically separated by size t create a mre hmgeneus grup f seeds. The traditinal methd fr sizing the seed is t pass it thrugh a set f stacked screens declining sequentially in aperture size. The screen types are generally made up f a wire r nyln wven mesh r a perfrated metal sheet. Seed sizing is a challenging factr in extremely small sized seeds. Fr example there are apprximately 10,000 petunia seeds in ne gram. Fr very small seeded crps, a snic sieve can be used fr size separatin. Pelleting A seed pellet is a substance applied t the seed which bscures its shape, thereby making flat r irregularly shaped seeds mre rund, and making small and light

105 seeds larger and heavier, thus enhancing precisin planting and accurate placement by seeders. Mst seeds are pelleted in a rtating drum t which the pelleting material and water are peridically added. Pellets are typically cmpsed f fillers such as clays, diatmaceus earth, graphite, pwdered perlite, r a cmbinatin f these and ther materials A binding r cementing agent is als applied at specific cncentratins which facilitates adhesin f the filler t the seed, thereby adding durability. The filler materials, as well as the binder, can be mdified t regulate the waterhlding capacity f the pellet. Since the pelleting prcess emplys water as the slvent/binder fr the pelleting material and cementing agents, it can als be absrbed by the seed during the pelleting prcess. As a result, seed strage life can be reduced fr pelleted seed if the pelleting prcess is nt carefully cntrlled during its applicatin. Seed pellet is ne f the mst imprtant recent seed enhancement innvatins in flwer plug prductin because they imprve seed plantability and perfrmance. Seed Packaging Seeds are packed in different cntainers t prtect them frm extraneus envirnmental factrs, t facilitate easier handling during strage and t enhance their marketability. Nrmally seeds are packed in cttn, jute, paper bags, plythene bags, laminated aluminum fil puches, r aluminum cans. Fr lng time strage hermetic cntainers such as laminated aluminum fil puches r cans are used. Puches are effective in maintaining desired levels f seed misture fr fairly lng perids. Laminated puches are handy and attractive, can withstand temperatures frm 20 t 40 C, and ccupy less space during strage. In pen strage, humidity is cntrlled using a dehumidifier, while at lw temperatures misture prf cntainers are used t prtect seeds frm high humidity.

106 Lecture 25 - Seed Strage, Strage Cnditins fr different flwer Crps Seed Strage and Cnditins Intrductin: The main bjective f seed strage is t preserve planting stcks frm ne seasn t the next. The seeds are cnsidered in strage frm their physilgical stage f maturity t germinatin. A cmplete strage perid shuld have the fllwing essential steps: Strage n plants Strage frm harvest until prcessing Warehuse strage Strage in transit Retail strage On the user s farm Seed Strage: On the basis f duratin f seed strage, the annual seeds are classified as seeds with shrt, medium and lng strage life. Shrt Strage life (less than 1 year): Anemne, Aquilegia, Arabis, Asclepias, Asparagus, Aster, Begnia, Bellis, Brwallia, Calcelaria, Callistephus, Catharanthus, Cleme, Fuchsia, Gaillardia, Gerbera, Helichrysum, Hippeastrum, Iberis, Phlx, Impatiens, Iris, Lantana, Liatris, Lillium, Limnium, Nemesia, Pansy, Salvia etc. Medium Strage life (1 t 3 years): Achillea, Ageratum, Alyssum, Antirrhinum, Brachycme, Campanula, Cineraria, Clarkia, Cleus, Cyclamen, Dahlia, Delphinium, Dianthus, Euphrbia, Gaillardia, Gmphrena, Helianthus, Hibiscus, Lathyrus, Lavandula, Lisianthus, Ltus, Lupinus, Marigld, Matthila, Nictiana, Paenia, Papaver, Pelargnium, Petunia, Prtulaca, Rudbeckia, Saintpaulia, Tagetes, Verbena etc. Lng Strage life (mre than 3 years): Brassica, Calendula, Mimulus, Celsia, Centaurea, Chrysanthemum, Gypsphila, Sweet pea, Mrning glry, Zinnia etc. Table 2: Specific Seed Strage cnditins fr sme flwer crps Sr N. Crp Temperature Relative Humidity Duratin f strage 1 Delphinium 15 C 20-40% RH 6 mnths 2 Pelargnium x 25 C 11-32% 6 mnths hrtrum 3 Gerbera jamesnii 25 C 11-32% 9 mnths 4 Impatiens walleriana 25 C 32% 9 mnths

107 5 Tagetes erecta 25 C 11-32% 8 mnths 6 Vila x wittrckiana 25 C 32-52% 4.5 mnths 7 Petunia hybrida 25 C 32% 12 mnths 8 Phlx drumndii 25 C 20% 12 mnths 9 Salvia splendens 25 C 32% 12 mnths 10 Catharanthus rseus 25 C 11-52% 12 mnths

108 Lecture 26 - Seed Certificatin Intrductin t Seed Certificatin Intrductin: Seeds are vehicles fr the spread f new life frm ne place t anther. Gd quality seed is defined as the seed that is genetically unifrm, highly viable and free frm seed brne pathgens. Flwer seed prductin seems t have great scpe fr expansin in develping cuntries like India, especially under nrthern Indian climatic cnditins having favurable grwing cnditins, skilled and cheap labur, marginal recurses frm small landhlding and need fr crp diversificatin. Presently, annual flwers such as petunia, Crepsis, Helichrysum, phlx, nasturtium, marigld, Gaillardia, salvia, ice plant, Verbena, Nemesia, pansy, pppy, larkspur and chrysanthemum, etc. are being widely grwn fr seed prductin. Classes f Seeds Nucleus seeds This is the initial amunt f pure seed f an imprved variety available with the cncerned plant breeder. It is always cent percent pure genetically as well as physically and it is very limited in quantity. It is prduced under the direct supervisin f a plant breeder at the main breeding statin. Breeder seed This is the seed btained frm the prgeny f nucleus seed. It is a seed r a vegetative prpagating material prduced by the breeder, wh has develped a particular variety. It is prduced by the institutin where the variety was develped in case the breeder is nt available. Breeder seed is used t prduce the fundatin seed. It is prduced under the direct supervisin f the breeder and is % pure genetically as well as physically. Fundatin seed It is btained frm breeder s seed by direct increase r multiplicatin.

109 Fundatin seed is genetically pure and it is the surce f registered and certified seed. Any seed which is prduced n gvernment multiplicatin farms is usually called as fundatin seed in spite f whether it has been prduced directly frm nucleus seed r breeder s seed. Prductin f fundatin seed is the respnsibility f Natinal Seed Crpratin (NSC) and State Seed Crpratin (SSC). It is als prduced at the experimental statins, agricultural university r n cultivatr s field under strict supervisin f research scientists and Seed Certificatin Agency (SCA). It is recmmended that fundatin seed is 99% pure. Registered seed It is the name given t the seed raised frm the prgeny f nucleus, breeder r fundatin seed. The registered seed is prduced by registered grwers wh are selected amng the prgressive educated farmers and wh are well knwn with the wrk f seed multiplicatin. They are given instructins f technical staff f NSC r SSC and issued the instructin and imprved seed fr further multiplicatin. It is als genetically pure and is further used t prduce certified seed r again registered seed. Often registered seed is mitted and certified seed is prduced directly frm the fundatin seed. Certified seed Certified seed is prduced frm fundatin, registered r certified seed. This is knwn as certified seed since it is annually prduced by prgrammed farmers accrding t the standard seed prductin practices. T be certified, the seed must meet certain rigid requirements regarding purity and quality. These standards vary frm crp t crp. Certified seed is available fr general distributin t farmers fr cmmercial crp prductin.

110 Lecture 27 - Seed Prductin Prcedures Part-I Seed Prductin Prcedures A generatin prductin rutine has the fllwing cmpnents: 1. Parental plant culture 2. Genetic quantity cntrl 3. Pllinatin management 4. Seed harvest and seed extractin 5. Seed cleaning and cnditining. Parental plant culture Parent plants f mst hybrid flwers are raised frm seed. The seeds are swn in seedling flats r plug trays in a specialized sectin f the greenhuse serving as the nursery. Parents f male sterile lines, fr example sme impatiens and petunia varieties, are prpagated by vegetative cuttings. Tissue culture prpagated plants are smetimes used fr special parent lines f primula and Dianthus. These plants are als raised in the nursery. When a hybrid is prduced frm a crss between a seed and a vegetative raised parent, the time f planting have t be adjusted t ensure synchrnizatin f flwering. Well develped yung plants are transplanted int pts and put n benches in the prductin greenhuse. Plant nutritin, disease cntrl and pest management are the mst imprtant cmpnents f plant culture. Genetic quantity cntrl Genetic purity tests are cnducted n stck seed lts. Only seeds f high genetic purity are used in prductin. When the parent plants begin t flwer, they are further checked fr the presence f ff types. Ruging is based n plant habit, fliage clur, earliness t flwer, flwer clur and flwer frm. Breeding cmpanies are respnsible fr the purity f the stck plants in prductin cntracts. All greenhuses used fr hybrid seed prductin are equipped with insect prf screens t prevent accidental pllinatin by insects frm the fields. F 1 Hybrids f rnamentals

111 An F 1 hybrid is prduced by crssing between any tw genetically different parental lines. The first F 1 hybrid was evlved during the 1940s in petunia amngst annuals. F 1 hybrids are characterized by increased vigur, unifrm in grwth habit, dwarf, cmpact, free flwering, early flwering, huge side tillering, dubleness, gigantic and attractive flwer types and resistance twards bitic and abitic stress. Steps invlved in F 1 hybrid seed prductin 1. Develpment f Inbred lines Standards pen pllinated varieties r wild species are the surces f inbred lines. In self pllinated crps, hmzygus varieties are used, whereas inbred lines are develped especially fr crss pllinated crps. 2. Testing f cmbining ability Repeated test crsses and testing f F 1 hybrids are dne t evaluate the parental lines. Suitable parental lines t carry ut cmbing ability are develped in the fllwing ways. Cllectin f genetically divergent materials Selectin based n perfrmance 1. Cmparative evaluatin f parents and F 1 crsses fr self pllinated crp. 2. Cmparisn f the yield f inbreds with mean yield f their single crss. Different types f crsses are made t test the cmbining ability f inbred lines. The tp crss and ply crss tests are used t determine Genetic Cmbining Ability(GCA), single r pair crss fr Specific Cmbining Ability (SCA) and diallel analysis fr bth the GCA and SCA f male sterile line, respectively, equipped with insect prf screens t prevent accidental pllinatin by insects frm the fields.

112 1. Pllinatin management Lecture 27 - Seed Prductin Prcedures Part-I Pllinatin management, Seed harvest and Seed Cleaning It defines the seed yield and genetic purity f seeds Fr hybrid seed prductin, pllinatin wrk is very labur intensive and requires training. Cnsequently it is als the mst expensive part f the prductin prcess. The pllinatin prcess cnsists f 3 separate steps. Pllen Cllectin 1. Pllen cllectin 2. Emasculatin 3. Pllinatin Pllen cllectin can be a simple prcedure fr plants that shed large quantities f lse pllen grains. Fr cyclamen, the flwers can be shaken by a mechanical device and the pllen cllected n a flat dish r in a glass vial. Fr up facing flwers like marigld, pllen can be harvested by a suctin device. Anthers f sme flwers can be cllected prir t anthesis. Anthers are then dried, grund and pllen grains extracted frm the remaining tissue by sieving. Extracted pllen can be cld stred and can be used fr weeks and mnths. Emasculatin Emasculatin is the prcess by which the anthers f each flwer in the female parent line are manually remved. Next t genetic purity f the parental plants, this is the mst imprtant factr in btaining genetically pure cmmercial hybrid seeds. In rder t cmpletely prevent selfing, emasculatin has t be carried ut prir t anthesis, usually in a yung bud stage. Petals are gently peeled back t expse the immature anthers which are remved. Organs are very small and any damage t the stigmas will result in pr seed set. The need fr emasculatin is nt as critical fr prtandrus flwer like impatiens, r heterzygus flwer like primula. Sme female line f petunia and snapdragn are male sterile. Since n pllen is prduced by the male sterile flwers, emasculatin is nt required.

113 Pllinatin Fr pllinatin, flwers are ready a day r tw after emasculatin. Flwer t flwer pllinatin is practiced when fresh pllen is applied. Either the entire flwer (e.g. impatiens) r the filament with the dehisced anthers attached frm the male parent is held by hand and the pllen cntents smeared n t the expsed stigma f the female flwer. Fr crps pllinated with extracted pllen, the pllen is placed n the stigmatic surfaces by means f a brush at the crrect lcatin. 2. Seed harvest Subsequent t successful pllinatin, the seed develps and matures n the mther plant. The seed harvest and seed drying steps are paramunt in btaining high quality seed. Determining the crrect stage f seed develpment fr seed harvest is imprtant and the seeds harvested t late will allw the inclusin f deterirated seeds. The timing f harvest may als influence the prpagatin f seeds like when the pds are dry and cracked pen, r when the fruits are sft in the case f fresh berries. Traditinally, seeds are harvested clse t the time f seed dispersal, i.e. when the seed pds are dry and cracked pen, r when the fruits are sft in the case f fleshy berries. Seeds are cnsidered mature at the pint f maximal dry weight accumulatin (physilgical maturity) and there may be a strng link between chlrphyll degradatin and seed vigr. Physilgically mature seeds are desiccatin tlerant as they prgress int a quiescent state. All sizeable greenhuse seed prductin facilities are equipped with prper seed drying devices. Heated drying chambers are mst cmmnly used. After the seed pds are dried, the lse seeds are separated frm ther plant parts by using sieve. Seed pds are hard and d nt break pen naturally and are crushed mechanically befre the sieving prcess. 3. Seed Cleaning Seed cleaning is generally a simple prcess and mainly invlves remving the very small r light seeds in rder t imprve the verall quantity f the seed lt. Hand screens and small air clumns are cmmnly used t remve the small amunts f plants parts and small seeds.

114 Lecture 29 - Breeding f Rse, Objectives and techniques Lecture 29 - Breeding f Rse, Objectives and techniques Objective: T teach the students abut genetics f rse, its breeding bjectives, different rse breeders and the techniques invlved in rse breeding. Breeding bjectives in Rse Breeding bjectives T develp varieties suitable fr cut flwer with lng stem fr cultivatin in pen field as well as under prtected cnditins. T develp varieties with enhanced vase life. T develp varieties resistant t diseases like black spt, dieback etc. T develp varieties resistant t varius insect pests like trips, red spider mite, bud brer. T develp varieties which are demanded in dmestic and internatinal market fr varied clur and fragrance T develp varieties fr the prductin fr rse il. T develp varieties suitable fr varius uses like cut flwer, pt plant, brder plant as well as t develp varieties suitable fr landscaping purpse. T develp varieties fr reliving r using as shck absrber. T develp varieties fr imprved yield and quality fr pen field as well as fr prtected cnditin Develp varieties with new and rare clrs. T develp thrnless varieties. B.K. Rychudhary, a nurseryman f Mihijam in Santhal Parganas, W. B. was pssibly the first Indian rse breeder wh raised the variety 'Dr. S.D. Mukherjee' in Anther nurseryman, B.S. Bhattacharjee f Deghar evlved a variety named 'Makrishna Dev'. The late Dr. B.P. Pal, wh was Directr f IARI, has been ne f the well knwn rse breeders wh tk up rse breeding twards the end f fifties and has develped 105 varieties f rse. His first rse variety was 'Rse Sherbet' which is highly fragrant, with the il cntent f per cent and was released in Besides Dr. B.P. Pal ther amateur rse breeders are late Raja Surendra Singh f Nalagarh, M.N. Hardikar, M. S. Viraraghavan, Dr. S. Banerjee, Braham Datt, Dr. Y. K. Hande and S.C. Dey. Imprtant species f Rse: Several imprtant species f Asian rigin are diplid having chrmsme number 14. These are:

115 Rsa chinensis: large climbing evergreen shrub armed with brwn, scattered and hk prickles. Flwers single, blush pink r crimsn r pink, nn-fragrant. Rsa gigantea: very vigrus climber with thick, hked prickles. Flwers large, single, white r pale yellw, fragrant and brne singly. Rsa mschata: vigrus climber with reddish, sparsely prickly stems. Flwers with, usually semi duble but smetimes single with musk fragrance in terminal clusters. Rsa multiflra: deciduus shrub with vigrus climbing branches. Flwers single, white with glden centre f stamens, brne in clusters and scented. Rsa wichuriana: a vigrus rambler prducing single flwers, white with yellw centre, scented in large clusters. Valuable as a parent f garden ramblers. A number f Western species with which these Asian hybrids crssed t yield several mdern grups f rses are tetraplids with 28 chrmsmes. These include Rsa gallica, R. fetida and their derivatives such as Rsa damascena and R. centiflia. 1. Rsa gallica: shrub rse with stiff erect stems. Distinguished by cmparatively thrnlesssness but an abundance f small prickles. Flwers single, purplish crimsn in small clusters. 2. Rsa fetida: erect shrub with prickly stems, flwers single, bright glden yellw with unpleasant arma, slitary r ccasinally in clusters f 2-3. It has given rise t many mdern yellw rses. 3. Rsa centiflia: lse grwing shrub with large flwers, fully duble with verlapping petals, strngly fragrant, deep pink with a slight purplish hue twards centre. 4. Rsa damascena: Hybrid rigin. Old vigrus shrub with exquisite fragrance. Flwers brne in large clusters, semi duble, sweet scented, bluish white t deep pink flwers.

116 Techniques f Breeding Natural Crssing and Selectin: Rses in nature are crss pllinated by insects, especially the bees. During the curse f develpment, a huge amunt f heterzygsity and different plidy levels have been accumulated in rses. Seeds frm naturally frmed rse fruits may give a variable prgeny, especially in the mdern varieties, pssessing a cmplex pedigree. Even withut artificial crssing f hybridizatin, many new frms may be btained frm the segregating ppulatins. A large number f mdern rse varieties have been develped thrugh selectin.

117 Hybridizatin Hybridizatin f different species has been primarily respnsible fr the evlutin f new grups f rses. Interspecific hybridizatin has played an imprtant rle in rse imprvement. Steps f hybridizatin 1. Emasculatin shuld be dne during the bud stage, just befre they pen ut. This shuld be dne carefully with a pair f finely pinted scissrs r sharp knife, withut damaging the stigma and t avid self fertilizatin 2. The petals f the flwers selected as a male parent are remved and anthers are gently rubbed n stigma f the female parent with the help f sft camel brush. 3. Pllen may als be applied with the help f fingers f sft brush. 4. After crssing, a small plythene r butter paper bag is put ver the crssed flwer t prtect it frm any further natural crss pllinatin by insects. 5. The pllinated flwers are labeled indicating the parents f the crss as well as the date f crssing. 6. Rse fruits (hips) cntaining seeds, which takes 3-6 mnths t mature are harvested when they turn brwnish red. Mutatin breeding: Recently many cultivars with nvel flwer clurs have been evlved which are generally the results f artificial inductin f mutatins. These were prduced as a result f treating the buds with X-rays, radi istpes r varius chemical mutagens. Several cultivars have been evlved thrugh natural mutatins r as bud sprt f the existing cultivars. Imprtant mutants f rse develped in India Sr. N. Mutants 1. 'Pusa Christina' Parents Mutagen Centre whrere released Christian Dir 2. 'Abhisarika' Kiss f Fire Gamma rays Gamma rays 3. 'Madhsh' Gulzar EMS (0.25% fr 8 hurs) 4. 'Su Kumare' Queen Elizabeth Gamma rays (3 Kr) IARI IARI IARI NBRI, Lucknw

118 5. 'Sarda' Queen Elizabeth 6. 'Shavda' Queen Elizabeth 7. 'Mrinalini striped' 8. 'Mrinalini light pink mutant' Mrinalini H.T. Mrinalini cv. Gamma rays Gamma rays Gamma rays Gamma rays NBRI, Lucknw NBRI, Lucknw Genetic Engineering in Rse Genetic Engineering in Rse In the past, rses were simply red, yellw r white. Blue rses culd nt exist as rse plants are unable t prduce blue pigments naturally By means f gene technlgy, this gal has been achieved. Designer cut flwers are being created with exceptinal clurs with prlnged shelf life, with added fragrances r with built in frst prtectin. After 13 years f jint research by Australian cmpany Flrigene and Japanese cmpany Suntry, a blue rse was created in 2004 using genetic engineering. Years f research resulted in the ability t insert a gene fr the plant pigment delphinidin clned frm petunia and int an ld garden Cardinal de Richelieu rse. Rse breeding in India and abrad The wrk n rse breeding is being carried ut at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi, Natinal Btanical Research institute (NBRI), Lucknw and IHBT, Palampur. NBRI has develped and released nine gamma ray mutants, and als detected three spntaneus mutants. IARI, New Delhi: H.T. Rse: Abhisarika, Anurag, Arjun, Bhim, Charugandha, Chitwan, Dr. B.P. Pal, Ganga, Jawahar, Mther Teresa, Mridula, Mrinalini, Nurjehan, Priyadarshini, Pusa Snia, Raj Kumari, Raktagandha, Rangasala, Surabhi, Vasant Flribunda: Arunima, Chandrama, Deepshikha, Himangini, Mhini, Nav Sadabahar, Neelambari, Prema, Sadabahar, Saratga, Shabanam, Sindr, Suchitra, Surydaya Miniature: Delhi Scarlet Pliantha: Swati

119 NBRI, Lucknw: Hybrid Tea: Light Pink Prize, Mrinalini Stripe, Pink Mntezuma, Summer Hliday Mutant, Winter Hliday Mutant Flribunda: Ankara, Curi, Pink Cntemp, Salmn Beauty Lighter, Sharada, Sukumari, Twinkle, Yellw Cntemp, Pink Imperatr Miniature: Windy City Mutant Climber: Climbing Cri Cri Different Varieties evlved in India Rse varieties evlved by amateur grwers: DR. B. P. PAL (Evlved 105 Varieties) H.T. Rse: Akash Sundari, Apsara, Aravali Princess, Ashirwad, Dilruba, Diva Swapna, Dr. Hmi Bhabha, Dr. M.S. Randhawa, Dr. R. R. Pal, Glden Afternn, Hasina, Hmage, Indian Princess, Kamla Devi Chattpadhyay Kanakangi, Lalima, Lal Makhamal, Mechak, Mrs. K.B. Sharma, Maharani, Nayika, Nishada, Pahadi Dhun, Prnima, Raat ki Rani, Raja Surendra Singh f Nalagarh, Rajhans, Ranjana, Sandeepani, Sharmili, Shanti Pal, Sir C.V. Raman, Surkhab, Uma Ra Flribunda: Akash Nartaki, Banjaran, Chitchr, Delhi Brightness, Delhi Princess, Deepak, Jantar Mantar, KumKum, Madhura, Manmatha, Paharan, Parwana, Rangini, Rupali, Suryakiran, Tarang Climber: Climbing Dr. Hmi Bhabha, Delhi White Pearl, Delhi Pink Pearl M.N. Hardikar: Cynsure, First Rse Cnventin, Flying Tata, Swami Y.K. Hande: lndian Pearl, Perfumer, Ajanta Caves, Gauri, Gd Mrning, Pink Wave

120 Muniswami : Pliantha- Pink Shwer M.S. Viraraghavan H.T. Rse: Kanchi, Nefertiti, Priyatama, Rajni, Tamrabarani, Vamsadhara Flribunda: Amarapali, Bhagmati, First Offering, Mahadev, Vanamali Climber: Kanyakumari S.C. Dey: Martin Luther King, Sun Gd Raja Surendra Singh f Nalagarh H. T. Rse: Ghajal, Nazr-e-Nazar, Yamini Krishnamurthy Flribunda: Gpika Braham Datt H.T. Rse: Dn NieIsn, Gnd Beauty, Indian festival, K.K. Thakur, Pride f Nagpur, Sft Tuch Rse varieties evlved by nurserymen in India Ajanta, Dr. P. Banerjee, Dr. S.D. Mukherjee, Heart Thrb, Kalima, President Radhakrishnan, Raja Ram Mhan Ry, Ramakrishna Devgandha, Jai Hind, Menaka, Muktadhara, Pandit Nehru, Peetmanjari, Sir Jagdish Bse, Urvashi, Agnihtri, Anupama, Blue Delight, Chitrangini, Lemn Time, Pestel Delight inivasa, Tungbhadra, Vaishnavi, Vasavi, Arkavathi, Devadasi, Hemavathi, Kamini, Kumari, Natravathi, Priya etc. Breeding wrk dne in Abrad Hybrids teas Sr.N. Cultivars Parents Remarks 1 Allegr(Geranium Red) (Happiness x Independence) x Meilland,1962 (Sraya) 2 Americana (Bright Red) (Pinsettia Seedling x New Yrker) Berner, Apll(Yellw) (High Time x Imperial gld) Armstrng, Avn(Bright Red) (Ncturne X Chrysler Imperial) Mrey, Buccaner (Yellw clur) (Glden Rapture Max Krause x Capt.Thmas) Swim, Champagne (Aprict (Charltte Armstrng x Duquesa De Lindquist,1961 Flwers) Penaranda) 7 Christian Dir(Velvety (Independence x Hapiness) x (Peace Meilland,1958) Red) x Happiness) 8 Cnfidence (Light Pink) (Peace x Michele Meilland) Meilland Duet (Light Red) (Fandang x Rundelay) Swim, Eiffel twer(pink) First lve x named seedling) Armstrng and Swim, First Lady Nancy(Yellw) (American Heritage x First Prize) Armstrng Happiness (Red) (Rme Glryx Tassin) x (Charles P.Kilham x(charles p.kilham x Meilland,1949

121 Capucine Chambari) 13 Mntezuma (Velvety Red) (Fandang x Flradra) Swim Oklahma (Dark Red) (Chrysler Imperial x Charles Swim and Weeks Mallerin Peace (Yellw) (Gerge Dicksn x Suvenir De Claudius Pernet0 x (Ganna Hil x Charles p Kilham) x (Margaret Macgredy) Meilland,1942 Flribundas Sr.N. Cultivars Parent Remarks 1 Allgld (yellw) (Gldilcks x Ellinr Legrice) Le Grice, Arabian Nights (Salmn- (Spartn x Beaute) Mc Gredy, 1963 Orange) 3 Charlestn (Yellw) Masquerade x (Radra x Caprice) Meilland, Daily Sketch (Pink) (MA Perkins x Grand Gala) Mcgredy, Fashin (cral Peach) (Pincchi x Crimin Glry) Berner, Flamenc (Salmn) (Cinnabar x Spartan) Mcgredy, Gala (pink, yellw base) (Unnamed Seedlings x Seventeen) Jeelly, Independence (Scarlet) (Baby chateau x crimsn Glry) Krdes, Mercedes (Scarlet) (Anabell x Unnamed Seedlings) Krdes, Queen Elizabeth (Carmine, pink) (Charltte Armstrng x Flradra) Lammerts,1954 Plyanthas Sr. N Cultivars Descriptin Remarks 1 Baby Faurax Purple Flwers, prduced in Lille,1924 clusters, with bluish tinge 2 Came Salmn-pink with range shade De Rviter,1932 very attractive 3 Ech Dwarf frm f Tausendschn pink and white flwers I cluster Lamberi, Emmlelrd Olala x Finale, Orange Red brne in Buisman and cluster Sn, Gerge Elger Yellw baby Rambler Dwarf Turbat,1912 Grwing 6 Ideal Dark velvety Crimsn flwers Best Spek,1921 Plyantha in this. 7 Renncule Blms small, Sft, Rse Pink Barbier,1913 Miniatures Sr. N Cultivars Parent Remarks 1 Army s Delight Little Darling x Little Chief Williams,1980

122 2 Antique Rse Baccara x Little chief Mre, Brightside Persian Princess x Persian Princess Mre, Cream puff Little Darling x Elfinesque Bennett, Dusty Rse Little Vanderbilt x Cecile Brunner Mrey,1974 Climbers and Ramblers: Auriel Dmbasle: Climbers with medium sized flwers f vermillin and yellw shade n reverse. Dublin Bay: Climbers with medium sized bld red flwers in clusters. Gld Bunning: Large glden yellw blms in abundance ver a lng seasn. Dynamite: Flwers bright red with a fiery clur, lng pinted buds, free blmers. Landra: Climbing frm f H.T. Landra, flwers yellw, well shaped Jhn F. Kennedy: Climbing frm f Jhn F. Kennedy with large white flwers Snw Garden: Climber with rich glwing deep pink flwers Glden Shwers: Daffdil yellw, fragrant flwers, prduced singly r in clusters n strng stems. Mermaid: Hybrid f Rsa bracteata X Yellw Tea Rse. Pale yellw buds with a mass f amber stamens, single and fragrant flwers Pinata: Yellw blms with range red n edge f petals, always cvered with blms.

123 Lecture 30 - Breeding f gladilus: bjectives and techniques Lecture 30 - Breeding f gladilus: bjectives and techniques Objective: T teach the students abut the genetics f gladilus, different methds invlved in breeding f gladilus, varieties evlved thrugh varius methds and institutins. Intrductin: Breeding f gladilus Gladilus is ne f the mst imprtant bulbus flwering crps grwn cmmercially fr cut flwer trade in India. Breeding wrk in gladilus has been carried ut at IARI, New Delhi; IIHR, Bangalre; NBRI, Lucknw, IHBT, Palampur and Hrticulture Experiment and Training Centre, Chaubattia. Gladilus is hermaphrdite in nature, s new cultivars are evlved thrugh hybridizatin and mutatin. It belngs t family Iridaceae. The basic chrmsme number in the genus is 30 but the number present in the typical mdern gladilus is 60. Many features and characteristics f gladilus shw a gradual variatin frm ne extreme t anther. It is primarily due t its plyplidy nature. Breeding wrk in gladilus has been initiated with fllwing bjectives. Objectives: T develp new cultivars with imprved plant grwth. T get better spike quantity. T develp new clur. T get desired size and frm flrets. Symmetrical arrangement f the flrets n the spike. Bud cunts and cmpactness. High rate f crm and crmel multiplicatin. Stem types such as slenderness and flexibility t high wind. Resistance t pests and diseases. Imprtant grups and species f gladilus: On the basis f their gegraphical rigin, btanists listed the gladilus species int fur grups viz. 1. Eurasian grup 2. East African grup 3. Natalensis grup 4. Suth African Cape species

124 Table. Species distributin and characteristics f sme gladilus grups Grup Species Distributin Remarks Eurasian G.atrvilaceus Syria, Jrdan valley, Flat leaves and irrespective f Lebann and Near weather cnditins, shts East emerge during February and G. byzantinus West and Suth East Eurpe G. cmmunis Near East, USSR, Western Asia and parts f eastern Eurpe flwer during May t July Narrw leaves and the first leaf is swrd like and stem is branched. Crmels have net like husk and it prtects even at -15 C Unbranched stem with few leaves and 4-8 flrets G. cardinalis Suth Africa Arching stem with 5-7 buds with scarlet red flwers reversing upward n the stem and grws in upland near waterfalls G. flribundus sp. miniatus G. flribundus subsp. rudis Suth Africa Suth Africa East Africa G. aequinctalis Suth, Suth West and West Africa Natalensis G. psittacinus var. hkeri Upright flwers which are large and plain rse pink and plant height is abut 60 cm Light pink flwers facing upright with three yellw lilac bltches frmed n 40 cm tall plant Strng fragrance, thin drping stem with 5-7 star shaped flrets with tubular neck. Grws well in wetlands and is a triplid All ver the wrld Pentaplid (5n=75), grws 1.75 m tall, late flwering and takes 190 days frm planting t flwering, self sterile and highly prlific G. psittacinus var. Africa Less prlific with muddy cperi greenish yellw flwers G. psittacinus var. Africa Narrw pinted flwer, draccephalus marn and green speckled G. primulinus Suth Africa Small sized flwers, clear yellw clur, heavily veined with range lines Suth G. maculatus Suth Africa Strngly fragrant with freesia

125 African Cape Species like flwers G. dratus Suth Africa Slightly fragrant, 6-9 flwers frmed n cm lng, slender erect stem G. ppsitiflrus Suth Africa Very tall plant, grws upt 15 cm with buds f which will fully pen at a time in pairs and tp petals is hded G. rchidiflrus Suth Africa Flrets resemble rchids with thrat markings in 3 lwer petals which appear in cm lng shts and sweetly fragrant G. saundersii Suth Africa Fan shaped leaves arise frm the centre f the flat crm, stem is erect with 5-7 buds G. sempervirens Suth Africa Evergreen leaves in number and rt is intermediate between crm and rhizme with a number f fleshy rts. Stem is very thin and the flwers held in erect in strng winds G. tristis Suth Africa Flrets are 3-10, spaced widely n the stems which are fragrant during evening. All the six petals are f similar size facing upwards. Intrductin and Selectin Intrductin Evaluatin f intrduced material at varius institutins has resulted int selectin f prmising cultivars fr different regins. IARI, New Delhi: Apple Blssm, Bis Bis, Meldy, Oscar, Sylvia, Patricia, Ratna s Butterfly, Snw Princess, Gerge Mazure Reginal Statin, Flwerdale, Shimla (IARI, New Delhi): Camellia, Friendship, Green Wdpecker, Lady Killer, Life Flame, Rse Spire, Strmy Weather, Thunderbird, Old Gld, Blue Lilac, Australian Fair, Sam Smith, Winter Gladili

126 Reginal Fruit Research Statin, Mashbra (Shimla): Anne Virginia, Cardinal Spellman, Duble Frills f Pink, La Palma, Extic Duble Sister Elitz, Flrence Nightingale, Kenny, Hawaii, King Lear, La Palma, Spic and Span IIHR, Bangalre: Beauty Spt, Cherry Blssm, Friendship, Meldy, Picardy, Snw Princess, Watermeln Pink, Wild Rse, Trpic Sea Hybridizatin: Gladilus being hermaphrdite has bth the male and female rgans in the same flwer, s the desired cmbinatins are made by chsing either f the parents as male r female. With the pening f the flwer, the anthers are matured which may be used fr pllinating already emasculated females. Emasculatin and pllinatins, bth are dne in the mrning. The stigma generally becmes receptive in the third day f the pening f flwer r anther maturity. If the pllens frm freshly pened flwers f the same plant are applied, the seeds are set, prvided ther cnditins remain favurable. Emasculatin is carried ut at bud stage when these have started swelling fr pening. After pllinatins, the flwers are bagged with butter paper bags and tagged with labels mentining the parents and the date f pllinatin. Sme varieties develped thrugh hybridizatin in India are: IIHR, Bangalre: Meera, Nazrana, Pnam, Sapna, Aarti, Apsara IARI, New Delhi: Agni Rekha, Mayur, Suchitra, Kum Kum, Dhiraj NBRI, Lucknw: Manmhan, Manhar, Mukta, Manisha, Mhini, Jwala, Archana, Arun, Sanyukta, Priyadarshini, Trilkhi, Gazal Hrticultural Experiment and Training Centre, Chaubattia, Uttar Pradesh: Chaubattia 6/4, Chaubattia 14/23, Chaubattia 19/1, Chaubattia 21/10 IHBT, Palampur: Anurag, Brick Beauty, Cute Munni, Palampur Princess, Palampur Queenand Tushar Mauli

127 A. Varieties Evlved at IARI, New Delhi: Varieties develped in India VARIETIES PARENTAGE REMARKS Agnirekha Sylvia Seedlings(1980) Fire red with saffrn yellw bltch and scarlet flrets, mid seasn variety Anjali SancerreX Rse Spire(1997) Flrets are scarlet pink with yellw dusting n falls, mid Archana Creamy Green X Amercian Beauty(1997) Bindiya Ratna Butterfly Seedling(1997) seasn variety. Flrets are scarlet pink with yellw dusting n falls, mid seasn variety. Flrets are yellwish cream with fan-shaped red clratin n 2 side falls, it is als a mid seasn variety. Chandni Green Wdpecker X White Butterfly (1997) Flrets are greenish white and early seasn variety. Chirag Cygnet X Little Fawn(1997) Flrets are range in clur with deeper thrat and mid seasn variety. Dhanvantri Jr.Prm X Lucky Star (1995) Flrets are light yellw and mid seasn variety. Kamini Ava X Christian Jane(2000) Flret clur range-red with fan-shaped purple red lip n light yellw base n 2 side falls, early mid-seasn variety. Lhit Creamy Green X American Beauty (2000) Flret clur is red with white mid-ribs n 2 side falls, early mid-seasn variety.

128 Mayur Sylvia Seedlings(1980) Flrets lilac-purple with dark purple thrat, mid seasn variety. Mhini Ave X Christian Jane(2000) Flret clur red-purple with fan-shaped deep purple clur n yellw n 2 side fall, early mid-seasn variety Neelam Sylvia X Patricia(1987) Deep mauve flrets, mid seasn variety Pusa Suhagin Sylvia Seedlings(1987) Flrets ruby-red with barium yellw streaks n the lwer tepals, late seasn variety. Rangmahal Red Bantam X Flaura Belli Flrets ruffled, red-purple and (2000) cmpactly arranged, mid seasn variety. Sarang White Oak Seedlings(1997) Flrets purple red and a mid Shweta Wind Sng X Pink Frst Seedlings(1997) Suchitra Sylvia SeedlingsX J Wagenenaar (1980) Sukanya Salmn Queen Seedlings(2000) seasn variety Flrets frilled white with green-yellw thrat, mid seasn variety. Flrets camellia rse with vermillin and purple bltch, mid seasn variety. Flret clur white with Scarlet ring in the lip, early mid seasn variety. Sunayna Gerge Mazure X Eurvisin (1997) Flrets pink with red thrat, early variety. Swapnil Vila Seedlings (2000) Flrets vilet with creamy thrat, early blming Swarnima Dhanvantari spntaneus Flrets cpery yellw, midseasn mutant(2000) variety. Urmil Tinker Belle X Break O Dawn (2000) Flrets vilet with creamy thrat, Early blming Vandana Gerge MazureX Eurvisin (1997) Orange clured variety, early mid seasn variety. B. Varieties Evlved at IIHR, Hessaraghatta, Bangalre VARIETIES PARENTAGE REMARKS Aarti Shirley X Meldy(1980) Flrets pppy-red with purplered and canary-yellw bltch, it is a mid seasn variety Apsara Black Hack X Friendship (1980) Flrets ruby-red with barium yellw flecks in thrat

129 Kum Kum Watermeln Pink X Lady Jhn (1993) Flrets are red with yellw bltch Meera G.P.I.X Friendship(1979) Flrets are white Nazrana Black Jack X Friendship(1979) Flrets are cardinal-red with barium yellw flash in thrat Pnam Geliber Herald X Flrets are yellw, spikes R.N.121(1979) 98cm lng with 17 flrets. Sagar Meldy X Wild rse(1994) Flrets are yellw, spikes 98cm lng with 17 flrets. Sapna Green Wdpecker X Flrets are greenish yellw Friendship (1979) Shakti Wild rse mutant(1981) Flrets are pink yellw thrat Sindur (1994) Flrets are red with darker bltches and yellw splashes C. Varieties Evlved at NBRI, Lucknw VARIETIES PARENTAGE REMARKS Archana Sylvia X Friendship (1984) Flret clur purple with yellw bltch and white midrib, mid-seasn variety Arun Sylvia X Fancy (1984) Flrets Vermillin and it is a late blming variety Basant Bahar Unias Challenge Seedling Flrets are yellw with magenta specks in thrat Dhiraj Beauty Spt X Psittacinus Hybrid(1993) Flrets are purple with deeper and yellw bltch Gazel White Friendship Seedlings Flret are pink with darker lips and linear shading, having yellw thrat Hans Friendship X G.tristis (1985) Flrets white with falls having mid-rib Indrani Friendship X G.tristis (1985) Flrets crimsn with white mid-rib Jwala Psittacinus Hybrid Seedling Flret vermillin with bltched yellw Kalima Sylvia Seedlings Flrets red with 2 side falls bltched yellw Manhar Friendship X G.tristis(1983) Flrets with rsy tips and yellw thrat Manisha Friendship X G.tirstis(1983) Flrets yellw with purple splashes at tips and this is a late blming variety Manmhan Friendship X G.tristis (1982) Flrets yellw with purple and splashes at tips and it is a late

130 blming variety Manhar Friendship X G.tristis (1982) Flret are purple and thrat yellw and it is a late blming variety Mhini Friendship X G.tristis (1982) Flrets white splashed with rse and thrat yellw and late blmer Mridula Friendship X G.tristis (1985) Flrets purpled specked at edges with yellw thrat and white mid-ribs, mid seasn blmer Mukta Friendship X G.tristis (1981) Flrets sulphur-yellw splashed with purple, late blmer Pitamber Friendship X G.tristis (1985) Flrets light green with purple steaks in the thrat, a midseasn blmer Priyadarshini Lavanesque seedling Flrets mauve and thrat white Sada Bahar Sylvia seedling Flrets specked purple with sulphur yellw petal mid-ribs Sanyukta Friendship X G.tristis (1984) Flrets rse with primrseyellw thrat and mid-seasn blmer Smita Lavanesque seedling Flret rse with dark margins Trilki Friendship X G.tristis (1984) Flrets rse with yellw thrat and it is a mid-sesn blming variety. D. Varieties Evlved at HETC,Chaubattia Hrticulture Experiment and Training centre, Chaubattia (Almra) develped fur varieties: Chaubattia Ankur Chaubattia Arunima Chaubattia Shbhit Oscar X Friendship Oscar X Mtherfisher Meria gretti x trpic Sea Chaubattia tripti Sunny By x Oscar E. Varieties Evlved at PAU, Ludhiana: Punjab Dawn (Suchitra X Meldy), Punjab Mrning (Sancerre X White Prsperity) and Sher-e-

131 Punjab (Suchitra X Meldy) F. Varieties develped by GB Pant University f Agriculture and Technlgy, Pantnagar Shubangini: A mutant f Fideli develped thrugh gamma radiatin. Spikes are cm lng each with 15-18flrets. Flrets are white, slightly ruffled and 12cm acrss. Very gd multiplier. G. Variety develped by M.P.K.V., Pune Shree Ganesh: This variety pssesses yellw white flret. Spike length is 115 t 120cm with nearly 19 flrets n each spike. The diameter f flret is 10-11cm. Each crm prduces 2 crms and crmels. Tw mre varieties f gladilus at pre-release stage frm this center are Prerna (GK-GL ) and Neelrekha (GK-GLK-94-55) H. IHBT, Palampur Anurag (Her Majesty X Aldebran) Brick Beauty ( Vink s Glry X Eurvisin) Cute Munni ( Bnfire X Eurvisin) Palampur Princess ( Bnfire X Aldebran) Palampur Queen ( Green Wdpecker X Oscar) Tushar Mauli ( Oscar X Friendship) I. Varieties Develped by B.B.S.Bhadri in Himachal Pradesh Bhadri (1963) develped sme varieties suitable fr cultivatin in H.P.Sme f these varieties are. 1. Bhadri May Blssm 2. Bhadri Dwarf 3. Bhadri Blue 4. Bhadri Biclured 5. Bhadri Purple Striped 6. Bhadri Salmn Glw 7. Bhadri Deep Purple Splashed 8. Cherry Glw 9. Bright Red Primulinus 10. Rse f Heaven 11. Mrning Kiss 12. Bhadri s Red Giant 13. Bhadri Early Peace 14. Bhadri Yellw Crest 15. Zakir Hussain (6-petalled) 16. Brder Gem 17. Zakir Hussain ( 8-petalled) 18. Bhadri s Simla Sunset 19. Light Mauve (deep mauve strips) 20. Bhadri s Milky Way 21. Light Salmn Pink (thrat) 22. Yellw Beauty 23. Bhadri Vilet Beauty 24. Bhadri Jupiter 25. Bhadri Elite 26. Bhadri Velvet 27. Bhadri Orange Glw 28. Bhadri Dazzier 29. Bhadri Queen f Pink 30. Bhadri Scarlet 31. Raj Niwas Pride 32. Bhadri s Baby Dll (lighter purple) 33. Bhadri Red & White 34. Bhadri s Red Prince 35. Bhadri Lemn Queen 36. Bhadri Liliput 37. Bhadri Rse (deep rse, thrat veined red) 38. Bhadri s Lve Sng 39. Bhadri Blazing Star 40. Bhadri Pearl 41. Bhadri Indian Chief 42. Bhadri Triclur 43. Rare Clur Bhadri Ryalty 44. Glry f Raj Niwas 45. Bhadri Buquet 46. Bhandri Enchantment 47. Bhadri Oriental Charm 48. Bhadri Giant Flwered 49. Bhadri s Fire Dream 50. Bhadi Celestial 51. Bhadri Mrning Glry 52. Bhadi Peach Glw 53. Bhadri s Suvenir

132 Breeding f tuberse Cultivars: Lecture 31 - Breeding f tuberse: bjectives and techniques Breeding f tuberse Tuberse is a widely cultivated crp grwn in India fr use as a cut flwer, lse flwer and in perfumery industry. The haplid chrmsme number f tuberse is 30, amng these 5 are large and 25 are small. The smatic chrmsme number is 2n=2x=50 Single cultivars are fertile used in perfumery and seed setting erratic with 2n=2x=60. Duble cultivars are fertile and used as cut flwer. Seed setting is nt bserved in duble cultivars. The genetic variability available in tuberse is very limited and available named varieties are very few in India Nn-availability f genetic variability has becme a majr cnstraint in cnventinal breeding f tuberse. There are three types f tuberse viz. Single cultivars with ne rw f crlla segments. These are extensively used as lse and fr extractin f essential il. Semi-duble bearing flwers with tw t three rws f crlla segments. Spikes are straight and flwers are usually white. It is generally cultivated fr cut flwer purpse. Duble cultivars with mre than three rws f crlla segments. Flwers are als white in clur but tinged with pinkish red. Single cultivars is mre fragrant and is widely cultivated than the ther types. Rajat Rekha, Prajwal, Shringar, Calcutta Single and Mexican Single are examples f single cultivars. Duble cultivars are mstly used as a cut flwer and include Swarna Rekha, Suvasini, Vhaivav, Arka Nirantara, Calcutta Duble, and Mexican Duble. Breeding bjectives: T develp varieties with enhanced vase life. T develp varieties resistant t varius diseases like Sclertium wilt, leaf blight, etc. T develp varieties resistant t varius insect pests. T develp varieties which are demanded in dmestic and internatinal market fr varied clur and fragrance.

133 T develp varieties fr the prductin f tuberse il. T develp varieties fr imprved yield and quality Develp varieties with new and rare clrs. Techniques f breeding: Hybridizatin In 1899, the first hybrid in this grup was prduced by Plianthes (Brava) geminifera and P. (Prchnyanthes) bulliana. Hwever, the first crss invlving tuberse was reprted in 1911 as Plianthes x blissii, a crss between Plianthes geminiflra and P. tubersa. Tuberse (Plianthes tubersa L.) has the characters f dichgamy and selfincmpatibility. Crsses between single and duble varieties prduce fruits and seeds when the female parent is 2 3 days after anthesis. Mutatin breeding Mutatin breeding can be utilized t develp imprved strains. Several mutagens like radiatin, ultravilet light and a variety f chemicals have been utilized fr this purpse. By treating the bulbs with gamma rays and fast neutrns, several mutants f rnamental value have been btained by varius wrkers. They shwed clur variatin in leaves but nt flwers. Tw mutants, viz. Rajat Rekha (single) and Swarna Rekha (duble) were btained thrugh gamma irradiatin (1 t 5 kr) at the NBRI. In Rajat Rekha there are silvery white streaks alng the middle f the blade, whereas in Swarna Rekha glden-yellw streaks are present alng the margins f the blade.

134 Lecture 32 - Breeding f Jasmine and Hibiscus Jasmine Breeding INTRODUCTION Jasmines are a grup f perennial highly dmesticated rnamental plants grwn fr their fragrant flwers. Of 200 species grwing wild in trpical and sub trpical wrld 42 are knwn t grw in India. Hwever, nly 4 f these species are grwn cmmercially in the cuntry. Jasmines have enrmus scpe as cmmercial rnamental flwer as well as essential il industry. Effrts fr genetic imprvement in jasmines have been taken up recently. IMPORTANT SPECIES 1. Jasminum sambac Buds and flwers f this species (Arabian jasmine, Tuscan jasmine, bela, mgra) are used fr garlands, adrning f hairs, wrship and decratins. 2. Jasminum auriculatum Buds and flwers f this jasmine (Juhi, jui, mullai) are cmmnly used fr garlands, adrning hairs, wrship and decratin. 3. Jasminum grandiflrum This jasmine (French jasmine, chameli, pitchi) is the chief surce f jasmine essential il 4. Jasminum pubescence (Syn J. multiflrum) This jasmine (kundphul, kundamu, and kundum) is practically nn-scented but very attractive. It is ne f the hardiest jasmines and least affected by pests and diseases. Flral Bilgy Flwers f jasmine are hermaphrdite having 2 bilbed anthers. The gynecium, has ne vule, simple style and bilbed stigma. Ovary is superir, bilcular having axial placentatin. In jasmine 4 patterns f anthesis have been reprted viz. 5 t 6 PM (early), 6 t 7 PM (medium), 7 t 8 Pm (late) and 8 t 10 PM (very late). Similarly three patterns f dehiscence were recrded 3 t 11 PM, 4 t 5 PM and 5 t 6 PM. Perid f blming in jasmine vary frm 3 t 4.5 mnths. Maximum number f flwer buds pens frm 6 t 7 Pm. Flral dimrphism expressing lng and shrt carpel have been reprted in Jasminum grandiflrum. Distinct differences in flwering behavir f these tw types were bserved. The lng carpel (pin) type had prlific flwering, whereas shrt carpel (Thrum) type expressed shy flwering. In Jasminum auriculatum pin and thrum type flwers have been reprted. Thrum type plants were reprted t be superir t pin type in flral bud length, crlla tube length, and diameter f pen flwer. SEED SET AND GERMINATION

135 Seed set depends n gentype and envirnment n the basis f seed setting percentage. In ne study at IIHR, Bangalre, jasmines were gruped int 5 grups viz., prfuse seed setting type i. e 70 t 80 per cent (J. auriculatum); mderate seed setting type i.e. 5 t 10 per cent (J. calphyllum, J. flexile); pr seed setting type (J. angustiflium, J. grandiflrum, J. savissinum) ; very pr seed setting type i.e. belw 1 per cent (J. arbrescens, J, rigidum) and nill seed set type (J. humile, J. nitidum, J, fficinale and J. pubescens). OPEN POLLINATED SEEDLING SELECTION A high yielding variety f Jasminum auriculatum, Parimullai was evlved by TNAU, Cimbatre. It yields 4300 kg flwers cmpared t 2500 kg btained in rdinary types. It is resistant t gall mite infestatin als. In J auriculatum several seedling selectins were evaluated at TNAU, Cimbatre. A seedling selectin yielded ver 8.8 tnnes f flwers/ha and 0.34% cncrete, the flral buds pssessed shrt crlla tube and bld bud size. The selectin was released as CO1 Mullai. Based n their distinctive mrphlgical and ecnmic character six clnes f J. grandiflrum were identified. Amng these, the clne Jg3 Scins f the strain, Lucknw), was prmising in flwer prductin (10,144 kg/ha) and cncrete recvery (29.42 kg/ha). It was released as 'CO1 Pitchi' by TNAU. At IIHR, Bangalre, by clnal selectin a high yielding strain (Pink Pin) f Jasminum grandiflrum has been develped. Its ptential flwer yield is 10 tnnes per hac and ptential recvery f cncrete is 35 kg/ha. At IIHR, Bangalre Ann has recently named it as 'Surabhi. Anther strain develped by IIHR, is 'Pink Thrum.' It prduces mre cncrete (0.41 per cent) but is pr in flwer yield. Narayanaswamy et al. evaluated 18 Jasminum types (4 Cvs. f J. auriculatum and 14 cvs. f J. sambac) t ccurrence f rust (Urmyces hbsni). Leat spt (Cercspra jasminicla) and anthracnse (Cllettrichum sp). Jasminum sambac cv. Eruvatchi', J. calphyllum and J. paniculatum were cmpletely free frm the 3 diseases. Jagadish Chandra et al. screened 18 species and 11 varieties f Jasminum against yellw ring msaic virus. Seven species (J. angustiflium, J. arbrescens, J. calphyllum, J. nitidum, J. rigidum, J. sambac and J. suavissimum) expressed 10 t 100 per cent infectin. Whereas 5 species (J. auriculatum, J. beesianum and J. grandiflrum L. (Pin and Thrum types) J. fficinalis and J. auriculatum did nt exhibit the symptm indicating they pssess factr fr resistance, hence can be used in breeding prgramme fr disease resistance. In this cnnectin it is t mentin that jasmine species like J. calphyllum, J. flexile, J. angustiflium and J. rigidum when grwn in Cimbatre were fund t be tlerant t yellw ring Msaic but n grwing in Bangalre, thse were bserved t be susceptible. In Jasminum amingay has revealed appreciable tlerance t white fly and red spidermite. Hybridizatin Genetic imprvement in jasmines thrugh hybridizatin appears t be cmplicated. The mst imprtant barrier is nn-fruitfulness is mst species and crss

136 cmbinatins. Under natural cnditins seed set varies with variety in species. Peak and active flwering ccurs during night. Breeder nrmally face difficulty in emasculatin and pllinatin as styles in sme cases are lng and fiery delicate, s risk f damaging the stigmatic regin is very high The prblems are further aggravated by the greater impact f insect interference due t fragrance. It has been bserved that very minute insects mve up and dwn the crlla tube thus pssibly making the stigma dusted with pllen. Nrmally jasmine fruit cntain nly ne seed. Grwth f seedling is slw. Keeping all the pints in view jasmine breeder has t devise suitable breeding technique and methd t cntrl the minute insect befre emasculatin and after pllinatin, s as t get wide range f variability fr different plant characters. There shuld be bud pllinatin t avid insect interference. A large number f crsses were attempted at IIHR, Banglre, invlving Jasminum arbrescence, J. calphylum, J. flexile, J. grandiflrum, J. humile var. wallihianum, J. nitidum and J. rigidum. Mst crss cmbinatin failed t set seed. Certain cmbinatin prduced very shriveled seeds. Except frm ne cmbinatin invlving the parent J. flexile and J. suavissimum in thers there was n germinatin. Sme wrkers evaluated 18 hybrid prgenies f tw parental cmbinatins viz., 'Mutant' x 'Parimullai' (A1 t A10) and 'Mutant' X Lng pint (B1 t B7) fr their variability. Higher variability was bserved fr plant vlume and flwer yield per plant. B7 and A 1 expressed cnsistently highest flwer yields. Several intervarietal crsses f J grandiflrum were attempted at IIHR Bangalre. Only ne cmbinatin viz. Seed set selectin Pink Pin yielded 6.8 %, seed set 0 t 3.2 per cent. Hybridizatin f Jasminum pubescens, with several allied species failed t yield any seedset. Mutatin Breeding Jasminum species shuld be subjected t a range f physical and chemical mutagens fr creatin f large spectrum f variability fr the characters f ecnmic imprtance. Induced variability when fllwed by cycles f recmbinatin and selectin can result in imprvement f desirable attributes which therwise may nt respnd t selectin. Once a desirable mutant is achieved it is easy t multiply it by vegetative prpagatins. Ra and Krishnan reprted a spntaneus mutant with larger flwers in Jasminum auriculatum. On cmparisn with the surce plant, it excelled in length and width f flral bud, length f crlla tube, diameter f pen flwer, number f petals, length and width f petal and 100 flral buds weight. At TNAU, Cimbatre, Chezhiyan et al. reprted a variegated mutant Jasminum auriculatum. It was btained n seed irradiatin with 7.5 Krad, 12.5 Krad, 30 Krad and 10 Krad + Ethyl methane sulphnate 2%. The plant flwer nrmally in 12 mnths. Because f shrt stature and variegated fliage this mutant has added rnamental value. In case f Jasminum grandiflrum, Nambisan et al. reprted tw induced mutant viz. resistant t Cercspra jasminicla and dwarf. Hwever, bth yielded lwer cncrete percentage. Sensitiveness f J. grandiflrum, cuttings t gamma radiatin has been reprted by Kumar et al. Sftwd cuttings f the variety 'CO1 Pitchi' were subjected t 0.5 t 3 Krad. Rting declines frm 55% in 0.5% in 3 Krad.

137 Similar trends was bserved with regard t spruting f axillary buds. Rting innn-treated cuttings was 85%. Devaiah and Srivastava reprted that LD50 was clse t 2.5 Krad fr Jasminum grandiflrum var. Pink Pin' and clse t 0.5 Krad fr var. 'Pink Thrum', clse t 2.5 Krad, fr J. flexile, clse t 1 Krad fr J. calphyllum and 2 Krad fr J. sambac. "Gundumalli'. Percentage f rting, number f rts per cutting, length and thickness f rts decreased with increase in intensity f gamma radiatin. Plyplidy Spntaneus triplid in (2n = 39) Jasminum sambac has been reprted by Sharma & Sharma, in J. grandiflrum by Murthy & Khanna, in J. iliciflium by Taylr in J. nitidum by Taylr, in J. primulinum by Krishnaswamy shaman, and in J. autumnale by Sharma and Sharma. Spntaneus tetraplidy (2n = 52) have been reprted by Dutta in J. calphyllum, by Raman in Jasminum flexile. Triplidy in J. grandiflrum has been fund t increase cncrete cntent and there by hld prmise by as useful avenue fr imprvement f this crp. Effrts t induce tetraplidy has been attempted in jasmine. Suppressin f plyplidy by diplid grwth despite pinching has been a bttleneck in plyplidy prgramme. Induced tetraplidy in J. grandiflrum did nt reveal superirity. Hibiscus Breeding Intrductin The genus Hibiscus L. belngs t the family Malvaceae. There are 300 species widely distributed in trpical and sub-trpical parts f the wrld. Out f these nly fur rnamental species f Hibiscus, namely, H. rsa-sinensis L., H. schizpetalus Hk., H. mutabilis L. and H. syriacus L. are grwn almst all ver the trpics and sub-trpics. Amng these rnamental species, H. rsa-sinensis L. (She Flwer) is the mst imprtant and beautiful f them all. A large number f types are fund freely grwing in India and majrity f these types are hardy-and tlerant t drught cnditins cmpared t the Hawaiian varieties. Mst f the imprvement wrk thrugh breeding in Hibiscus rsa-sinensis L. has been taken up in sub-trpical areas such as Mauritius, Hawaii, Fiji, India, Califrnia and Flrida. In India, wrk n imprvement f rnamental Hibiscus was mainly taken up at the Indian institute f Hrticultural Research, Hessaraghatta; Lalbagh Btanic Garden, Bangalre; Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Cimbatre and Kerala Agricultural University, Trichur, besides sme leading nurserymen. An attempt has been made here t review the breeding wrk dne in India in this crp. Species and Cultivars Species Sme f the imprtant rnamental Hibiscus species grwn in India and ther parts f the wrld have been described by varius wrkers. A brief descriptin f each species is as fllws: H. rsa-sinensis L.: A native f Asia, prbably China, but nw cnspicuus in all warm cuntries. A large evergreen shrub called the She flwer r Chinese rse. Crlla cm acrss, clumn cnspicuusly exserted. The leaves are brightly green vals, pinted

138 at the apex and carsely tthed except rund the base. There are many new clurs including white, yellw, pink, range, terractta, cerise etc. H. schizpetalus Hk.: This is als called Cral hibiscus and was imprted frm Africa. A large, glabrus distinct shrub with many slender drping branches. 11 bears red r range-red flwers drping and with deeply fringed and recurved petals. The staminal tube is quite lng measuring up t 15 cm. Leaves vate-elliptic, 5-7 cm lng, acute r acuminate, dentate, calyx tubular, staminal clumn lng and exerted. H. mutabilis L.: This is native f China. It is knwn as the Changeable Rse r Persian Rse. Leaves large, heart-shaped, almst as brad as they are lng and hairy. The edge is serrate. The flwers are single r duble, 7-10 cm acrss, pure white in the mrning and gradually turn pale pink t deep pink. H. syriacus L.: It is a native f East Asia and is knwn as Rse f Sharn It is als knwn as Tree Hllyhck r Althea shrub. A glabrus erect grwing shrub. Leaves rather small, traingular-vate, 5-7 cm lng. Thriving best in hills and Prduces lvely white, blue r mauve flwers either single r duble. Cultivars There are several hybrids f the Hibiscus rsa-sinensis type with single and duble flwers in varying shades. Their brief characteristic features are as fllws: Single flwer cultivars 'Agnes' : Large flwers with cyclamen-pink and deep pink centre. 'Australian Single' : Very large flwers and deep rse with marn centre. 'Glwing Sunset' : Deep glwing salmn range 'Lipstick' : Bright red with dark centre. 'My Beauty' : Very large pink with a prminent marn centre. 'Netaji' : White flwers with crimsn centre. 'Vicery' : Small deep rse-red flwers. 'Waimeae' : Snw white with slightly fragrant flwers. Duble flwer cultivars 'Alipre Beauty' : Grws like a tree, bearing deep rsy cerise medium-size flwers. Highly flriferus. 'Aurra' : Very large flwers with flesh pink clur. 'Chitra' : Marigld Orange flwer. 'Daffdil' : Large size with true Daffdil yellw. 'Dream' : Large mauve flwers. 'Glden Gleam' : Very huge attractive shade f buttercup yellw. 'Jun' : Large flwers with cerise clur. 'Mahatma' : Big duble flwers, cadmium range with red centre. Breeding Many f the Hibiscus rsa-sinensis cultivars were prved t be cmpletely sterile. Only a limited number cmbined desirable characters with a reasnable degree f fertility, culd be used as parents fr the breeding prgramme. The imprvement f rnamental Hibiscus thrugh breeding in India is mainly dne in trpical areas f suthern states like Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala where the envirnmental cnditins like temperature and humidity are cngenial fr seed setting in sme f the species and cultivars. The majr bjectives included were plant with gd grwth habit, flriferus nature, desirable flwer clur, size, shape and gd keeping quality.

139 Hybridizatin Hybridizatin is ne f the mst imprtant methds f breeding in Hibiscus. Befre taking up hybridizatin, basic infrmatin n pllen mrphlgy, prductin, fertility, germinatin, pllinatin techniques are prerequisites. These have been discussed belw: Pllen Mrphlgy Individual pllen grains f H. rsa-sinensis L. and tw ther species like H. mutabilis and H. schizpetalus are pantprate, spheridal and spinse. Pllen diameter varied and ranged frm 25.91µ in Acc. 29 t µ in Acc. 25. It was als nticed that thugh there was variatin in clur and size, the pllen grains f different types and species had similar shape. Pllen Prductin In Hibiscus, the varieties were fund t differ significantly in pllen prductin. The number f pllen grains per anther was fund t vary frm 159 t 359. Variatin in the pllen utput per anther amng different types and species f Hibiscus are varied frm 87 in Acc. 16 t 500 in H. mutabilis. The pllen prductin per flwer depended n the number f anthers per flwer. Pllen Fertility Pllen fertility f Hibiscus was estimated by acetcarmine staining technique. Pllen grains which stained well, lked plumpy and well-shaped were cnsidered as fertile and thse unstained, small r shrivelled as sterile. Different types and species shwedsignificant variatin in pllen- fertility and it ranged frm 4.6 Per cent in Acc. 7 t 97.4 per cent in H. mutabilis. Pllen Germinatin Pllen germinatin studies in viv shwed that the pllen grains f nly six ('Rse', 'Sunset', 'Jun', 'Australian Single', 'Splendens' and H. schizpetalus) ut f ten varieties germinated n the stigma. Amng the abve six varieties pllen tubes elngated nly in fur 'Rse', 'Sunset', 'Jlun' and H. schizpetalus. Pllinatin and Fruit Set The pllinatin technique fllwed during hybridizatin' is quite simple. After selecting the desired female parents, flwer buds are emasculated with a fine frceps ne day prir t the pening and these buds can be tied in the middle with a thread s as t make it cnvenient fr bagging. On the fllwing day, pllen frm- desired male parent which have been bagged prperly are brught alng with the staminal clumn and slwly smeared n the sticky stigmatic surface f the female parent. After crssing, the crssed flwers are bagged with a butter paper bag t prtect frm further crss-pllinatin by insects. The pllinated flwers are labelled indicating the parents invlved and the date f crssing. After a week f crssing, the bags can be remved and the yung capsules may be allwed t develp under natural cnditins. Generally, the successful crsses will shw swelling f the capsule and d nt fall easily. Generally, the capsules take fr seed maturity after hybridizatin 40 t 71 days under Bangalre cnditins. Prmising Hybrids and Seedlings The intraspecific hybridizatin f H. rsa-sinensis was undertaken mainly at the Indian institute f Hrticultural Research, Hessaraghatta, Lalbagh, Bangalre and Tamil Nadu Agnultural University, Cimbatre resulted in raising f large number f F 1 prgeny. The prmising seedlings frm the segregating ppulatin were tested thrughly fr varius attributes befre release.

140 Varieties develped at IIHR, Hessaraghatta: Out f the nearly 1200 intravarietal hybrids and pan-pllinated seedlings f H. rsa-sinensis, 25 new varieties with attractive flwers were released between 1972 t These are mentined belw alng with their flwer clur. 'Aikta' (Pst Office Red), 'Anuradha' (Glden Buff), 'Arundaya' (Nasturtium Orange), 'Ashirwad' (Yellw), 'Basant' (SulphurYellw), 'Benazeer' (Bright Yellw), 'Bharat Sundari' (Deep Neyrn Rse), 'Chitralekha' (China Rse with white variegated petal), 'Dilruba' (Mark Glden Buff), 'Geetanjali' (Turkey Red), 'Jgan' (Azalea Pink), 'Nartaki' (Marigld Orange), 'Nazneen' (Tangerine Orange), 'Neelfer' (Magenta Rse), 'Pakeezah' (Carmine Red), 'Phulkari' (Delft Rse with yellw brder), 'Priya' (Rse Bengali), 'Queen f Hessaraghatta' (Orange), 'Ratna' (light yellw with range stripe), 'Red Gld' (Dutch Vermilin), 'Red Saturn' (Signal Red), 'Shanti' (Primrse Yellw), 'Smt. Indira Gandhi' (Indian Yellw), 'Smt. Kamala Nehru' (Rse Bengal) and 'Tribal Queen' Cardinal Reds. Sme f the very ppular nes are briefly described belw: 'Arundaya': This seedling was prduced frm the crss 'IIHR-H 2' and 'Rachaiah'. A vigrus shrub with many lateral branches, highly flriferus. Flwers are single, cm acrss. Petals are incurved alng the margin. Crlla Nasturtium Orange (25 B) and the basal part f the crlla is Rse Bengal (57 B) which spreads upt 3 cm. 'Ashirwad': This is a crss between 'H.S. 21' and 'Hmbe Gwda'. A vigrus plant with prminent lenticells all ver the surface f branches, flriferus. Flwers are single, cm acrss. Crlla Cadmium Orange (23 B) and slightly Mandarin Red (40 C) twards ne side f the brder. Petals with slightly- ruffled margin. The basal part f the crlla Currant Red (46 A) with Neyrn Rse (55 A) brder which spreads upt 3.5 cm. 'Basant': This hybrid seedling is acrss between 'IIHR-1' and 'Rachaiah'. A mderately vigrus shrub with erect lateral branches. Leaves are slightly pubescent. Flwers are single, cm acrss. Petals are slightly incurved alng the margin. Crlla Sulphur Yellw (6 A) withut any cnspicuus centre. This is ne f the best yellw clured varieties in hibiscus. 'Nazneen': This seedling was prduced frm the crss 'H.S. 203' and 'Rashtrapati'. A mderately vigrus shrub with slightly pubescent leaves, flriferus. Flwers are single, Nightly cup-shaped, cm acrss. Crlla is Tangeririe Orange (24 B). Petals are recurved alng the margin and with silky texture. Basal part f the crlla is red -with light mauve brder which spreads up t 3 cm. 'Dr. B.P. Pal': This is als a seedling f 'Lahiana'. Flwers single, measures 22 cm acrss. The base f the crlla is whitish pink and turns t rse pink later n. The petals are Mandarin Red with prminent veins. The general clur effect f the flwer is rich deep gld washed with vermilin. 'Mther': This is a hybrid seedling between 'Hni Hni' and 'Crnet'. Leaves crdate, vate, acute and undulate. Flwer cm acrss. The base Clthe crlla is Capsicum Red and the margin f the petal is Saffrn Red. Mutatin Breeding Three smatic mutants have been islated, ne in cv. 'Cruenthus' and tw thers in 'Alipre Beauty'. Bth the varieties were expsed in pts, under semi-acute expsures. In cv. 'Cruenthus', a mutatin with change f flwer frm frm duble t single type has been established. In cv. 'Alipre Beauty' tw smatic mutants ne with deep red flwer clur as against light red carmine clur and the ther with deep red flwer clur

141 cupled with semi-duble frm with an average f 2-15 petals have been islated. Single flwer mutant f cv. 'Alipre Beauty' thrugh inductin f gamma rays and it has been named as 'Anjali'.

142