RESTORATION by using plant traits

Transcription

1 Insights in ESTABLISMENT CONSTRAINTS RESTORATION by using plant traits Jelte Pieter Dijkstra, University of Groningen Community and Conservation Ecology group, Haren, The Netherlands Promotor: Rudy van Diggelen

2 POSITIONAL FACTORS CONDIT IONAL FACTORS OPERAT IONAL FACTORS Atmosferic deposition BIOTICS ABIOTICS water Potential bottle necks in restoration Seed source surroundings Composition Base saturation Al Fe Ca Physical and chemical Redox potentials soil deposition ph Ground water levels Competition and facilitation Pollination Dispersal Soil pore water VEGETATION ESTABLISMENT Germination conditions Seed sources Soil temperature Microbial activity Soil seedbank Nutrient availability

3 Establishment constraints: Reduced pollination service:

4 Bringing beehives close to nature areas to restore pollination service

5 Species visited by honey bees Garden plants Wild plant species Small reward Big reward Low visitation frequency Apis High visitation frequency Apis Not insect pollinated Insect pollinated Cleistogamy Geitonomy Common Alternative pollinators Rare Selfing Honey bees Wind Following a dropout race: Flowering time Red list species after adding plant traits Naturalization Lateral spread Mass-flowering

6 1058 Honey bee visitation Garden/wild Reward 103 Following a dropout race: after adding plant traits Visitation frequency Insect pollination Abundance Alternative pollinators

7 Results Honey bee visitation 1058 Visitation frequency of honey bees versus the abundance of wild plant species Garden/wild Number species are extinct trough rare (category 0-4) R 2 =0.72 n.s Reward Extinct or absent Rare Common Total Medium visit frequency Start Abundance Remained High visit frequency % Remained Very common Visitation frequency Insect pollination Abundance Alternative pollinators

8 Results: Common plant species visited by honey bees Charasteritics for 'the 47' common wild plant species visited by honey bees Numer of species Bumble Bees Wild Bees Butter flies Yes Native Alternative pollinators Naturalized Common Numer of species <1cm 1-25cm >25cm Yes No Lateral spread per year Mass of flowers Alternative pollinators Naturalization Lateral spread Mass-flowering

9 Conclusions Honey bees: The higher nectar and pollen availability the higher the visitation frequency of honeybees; They forage for common plants flowering with many flowers; Not really desired for restoration purposes

10 Establishment constraints: Invasive species

11 Southwestern WA: A biodiversity hotspot and an agriculture region

12 Durakoppin, 2 sites Research area Dongolocking, 2 sites Tutanning, 4 sites Picture of NR s in the wheatbelt

13 Sand-plain heathlands Well known for their species richness; Scattered around the wheatbelt; Reference sites for future restoration; Several threats: invasion of Allocasuarina huegeliana.

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15 A. huegelina / rock sheoak

16 Summer course ** Restoration ecology of low productive ecosystems, September 2007 Transect experiment Present Absent 150 m A A A A A A A A P A A A A A A A A P P P P P P P 20m P A

17 Kangaroo/ Wallaroo Brush Wallaby Tammar Wallaby Rabbit Browsing pressure % Perrenial cover % Annual cover % % Perrenial Litter cover cover Height of neigbour vegetation Distance closest neigbour Texture Colour Distance closest reproductive parent tree Research % of site Surrounded sheoak woodland Biotic Abiotic Fine earth Gravel ph Time since fire SOIL

18 Stages of invasion Seeds Seedling (browsing, drought and others factors) Juvenile... (prolonged drought, diseases) Reproductive trees

19 Invasion Allocasuarina huegelina more competitive species: better light competitor But using plant traits

20 Establishment constraints: Competition

21 Plant traits: Grime s C-S-R theory C R C/CR C/CS C/CSR CR CR/CSR CS/CSR CS R/CR CSR S/CS CSR R/CSR SR/CSR S/CSR S/CSR CS/CSR C/CSR R R/SR SR S/SR S S S/CS CS C/CS C

22 Establishment, light stress regimes, plant traits

23 Total 19 plant species Results after 40 days and after 80 days Transparant 12.3 % reduction Light green 64.5 % reduction Dark green 84.0 % reduction

24 Establishment, light stress regimes, plant traits Mortality % Control Strategy nr. 1 C 2 C-CSR/C-CS 3 CSR 4 S-CSR 5 S Days Light Green Days Dark Green Days Mortality Tested by Tukey Post Hoc Test for MANOVA (p < 0.05). Day 60 Day 80 Strategy: 1,2>2,3,5,4 1>2,3>3,5,4 LEE Filter: C>LG>DG C>LG>DG

25 Establishment, light stress regimes, plant traits Dry Matter (gr.) Halfway (40 days) Strategy nr. 1 C 2 C-CSR/C-CS 3 CSR 4 S-CSR 5 S Final (80 days) C LG DG LEE Filter C LG DG LEE Filter Dry matter Error Bars show Mean ±1.0 S.E. Tested by Tukey Post Hoc Test for MANOVA, (p < 00.5). Halfway Final Strategy: 1>2>3>5>4 1,2,3>4>5 LEE Filter: C>LG>DG C>LG>DG

26 Establishment Need for low productive circumstances for the more stress tolerant, rare plant species Restoration of former agri culture fields Very nutrient rich; High light competition; Only competitve species: No seed source available: Which plant traits favour competition for light?

27 Restoration of former Need for low productive circumstances for the more stress tolerant, rare plant species Restoration of former agri culture fields Very nutrient rich; agri-culture fields High light competition; Only competitive species: No seed source available: Create germination conditions Hay transfusion Which plant traits favour competition for light?

28 Midden Groningen

29 Clay Peat Sand Dannemeer Woudbloem Kolham

30 3 soil types: 1) sand (in the south), 2) peat (in the middle) and 3) clay (in the north); 3 water regimes: 1) surface water fed, 2) rainwater fed and 3) no water regime; 3 germination conditions: 1) bare soil, after top soil removal, 2) open patches in grass sward, done by a special machine, 3) intact sward without standing crop, done by mowing. 720 plots of 3 m x 3 m. 8 selected vegetation types

31 Introduced vegetation types C 1 1 Calluno-Genistion pilosae, Droge heide; 2 Ericion tetralix, Natte heide; 3 Calthion palustris, Dotterbloemhooiland; 4 Caricetum aquatilis, Noordse zegge hooiland; 5 Calthion palustris, Overstromingsdotterbloemhooiland; 6 Nardo Galion, Heischraal; 7 Caricion nigrae, Kleine zeggen; 8 Lolio-Potentillion, Overstromingsgrasland; 9 Cynosurion cristati, Kamgrasweide; 10 Alopecurion pratensis, Kievitsbloemhooiland; C C C

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