Pyrus calleryana North

Transcription

1 Assessment date 26 June 208 Pyrus calleryana North Answer Score.0 Is the species highly domesticated? n 0.02 Has the species become naturalised where grown?.03 Does the species have weedy races? 2.0 Species suited to Florida's USDA climate zones (0-low; -intermediate; 2-high) 2 North Zone: suited to Zones 8, 9 Central Zone: suited to Zones 9, 0 South Zone: suited to Zone Quality of climate match data (0-low; -intermediate; 2-high) Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) n Native or naturalized in habitats with periodic inundation y North Zone: mean annual precipitation inches Central Zone: mean annual precipitation inches South Zone: mean annual precipitation inches 2.05 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y 3.0 Naturalized beyond native range y Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y Weed of agriculture n Environmental weed y Congeneric weed n Produces spines, thorns or burrs y 4.02 Allelopathic n Parasitic n Unpalatable to grazing animals 4.05 Toxic to animals y 4.06 Host for recognised pests and pathogens unk Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans n Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems unk Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle n Grows on infertile soils (oligotrophic, limerock, or excessively draining soils). North y & Central Zones: infertile soils; South Zone: shallow limerock or Histisols. 4. Climbing or smothering growth habit n Forms dense thickets y 5.0 Aquatic n Grass n Nitrogen fixing woody plant n 0

2 5.04 Geophyte n Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat n Produces viable seed y 6.03 Hybridizes naturally y 6.04 Self-compatible or apomictic n Requires specialist pollinators n Reproduction by vegetative propagation y 6.07 Minimum generative time (years) Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily unk trafficked areas) Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y 7.03 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant unk Propagules adapted to wind dispersal unk Propagules water dispersed unk Propagules bird dispersed y 7.07 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) n Propagules dispersed by other animals (internally) y 8.0 Prolific seed production 8.02 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (> yr) y 8.03 Well controlled by herbicides y Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation or cultivation unk ? Total Score Implemented Pacific Second Screening Risk Assessment Results 2 no High section A B C total # questions answered satisfy minimum? yes 9 yes 7 yes 37 yes

3 Assessment date 26 June 208 Pyrus calleryana CENTRAL Answer Score.0 Is the species highly domesticated? n 0.02 Has the species become naturalised where grown?.03 Does the species have weedy races? 2.0 Species suited to Florida's USDA climate zones (0-low; -intermediate; 2-high) North Zone: suited to Zones 8, 9 Central Zone: suited to Zones 9, 0 South Zone: suited to Zone Quality of climate match data (0-low; -intermediate; 2-high) Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) n Native or naturalized in habitats with periodic inundation y North Zone: mean annual precipitation inches Central Zone: mean annual precipitation inches South Zone: mean annual precipitation inches 2.05 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y 3.0 Naturalized beyond native range y Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y Weed of agriculture n Environmental weed y Congeneric weed n Produces spines, thorns or burrs y 4.02 Allelopathic n Parasitic n Unpalatable to grazing animals 4.05 Toxic to animals y 4.06 Host for recognised pests and pathogens unk Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans n Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems unk Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle n Grows on infertile soils (oligotrophic, limerock, or excessively draining soils). North y & Central Zones: infertile soils; South Zone: shallow limerock or Histisols. 4. Climbing or smothering growth habit n Forms dense thickets y 5.0 Aquatic n Grass n Nitrogen fixing woody plant n 0

4 5.04 Geophyte n Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat n Produces viable seed y 6.03 Hybridizes naturally y 6.04 Self-compatible or apomictic n Requires specialist pollinators n Reproduction by vegetative propagation y 6.07 Minimum generative time (years) Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily unk trafficked areas) Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y 7.03 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant unk Propagules adapted to wind dispersal unk Propagules water dispersed unk Propagules bird dispersed y 7.07 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) n Propagules dispersed by other animals (internally) y 8.0 Prolific seed production 8.02 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (> yr) y 8.03 Well controlled by herbicides y Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation or cultivation unk ? Total Score Implemented Pacific Second Screening Risk Assessment Results 8 no High section A B C total # questions answered satisfy minimum? yes 9 yes 7 yes 37 yes

5 Assessment date 26 June 208 Pyrus calleryana South Answer Score.0 Is the species highly domesticated? n 0.02 Has the species become naturalised where grown?.03 Does the species have weedy races? 2.0 Species suited to Florida's USDA climate zones (0-low; -intermediate; 2-high) 0 North Zone: suited to Zones 8, 9 Central Zone: suited to Zones 9, 0 South Zone: suited to Zone Quality of climate match data (0-low; -intermediate; 2-high) Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) n Native or naturalized in habitats with periodic inundation y North Zone: mean annual precipitation inches Central Zone: mean annual precipitation inches South Zone: mean annual precipitation inches 2.05 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y 3.0 Naturalized beyond native range y 3.02 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed y 3.03 Weed of agriculture n Environmental weed y 3.05 Congeneric weed n Produces spines, thorns or burrs y 4.02 Allelopathic n Parasitic n Unpalatable to grazing animals 4.05 Toxic to animals y 4.06 Host for recognised pests and pathogens unk Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans n Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems unk Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle n Grows on infertile soils (oligotrophic, limerock, or excessively draining soils). North y & Central Zones: infertile soils; South Zone: shallow limerock or Histisols. 4. Climbing or smothering growth habit n Forms dense thickets y 5.0 Aquatic n Grass n Nitrogen fixing woody plant n 0

6 5.04 Geophyte n Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat n Produces viable seed y 6.03 Hybridizes naturally y 6.04 Self-compatible or apomictic n Requires specialist pollinators n Reproduction by vegetative propagation y 6.07 Minimum generative time (years) Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily unk trafficked areas) Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y 7.03 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant unk Propagules adapted to wind dispersal unk Propagules water dispersed unk Propagules bird dispersed y 7.07 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) n Propagules dispersed by other animals (internally) y 8.0 Prolific seed production 8.02 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (> yr) y 8.03 Well controlled by herbicides y Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation or cultivation unk ? Total Score Implemented Pacific Second Screening Risk Assessment Results 7 no High section A B C total # questions answered satisfy minimum? yes 9 yes 7 yes 37 yes

7 Reference Source data.0 Cultivated, but no evidence of selection for reduced invasive traits..02 Skip to Skip to Gilman EF,Watson DG.994.Pyruscalleryana Bradford : Bradford Callery Pear. Gainesville: Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extensive Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Fact Sheet ST USDA Agriculural Research Service ( [assessed 26 Oct 207]) 3. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. [assessed 27 Oct 207] 4.Cuizhi G, Spongberg SA Pyrus. Flora of China 9: No computer analysis was performed.. Found in USDA hardiness zones 5A through 9A. 2. North Florida USDA Hardiness zones are 8a, 8b, 9a, amd 9b. 3. Native to ASIA-TEMPERATE China: China - Anhui, - Fujian, - Guangdong, - Guangxi, - Henan, - Hubei, - Hunan, - Jiangsu, - Jiangxi, - Shaanxi, - Shandong, - Zhejiang, Eastern Asia: Korea; Taiwan, ASIA-TROPICAL Indo- China: Vietnam 4.Native to China, Taiwan, Korea, Vietnam, and Japan No computer analysis was performed. Native range is well known; refer to 2.0 source data Köppen-Geiger climate map ( [accessed 26 Oct 207]). 2. Global Biodiversit Information Facility ( [assessed 26 Oct 207]). See source data for World Climate Maps ( Climate-Maps.htm [assessed 2 Oct 207]) 2. Global Biodiveristy Information Facility ( [assessed 2 Oct 207]) National Park Service [assessed 24 Oct 207]) 2. Culley, T. M., Hardiman N. A. (2007 December). The Beginning of a New Invasive Plant: A History of the Ornamental Callery Pear in the United States. BioScience, 57(), Distribution in native and cultivated ranges occurs two climate zones. (Cfa, Cfb). The Native range includes precipitation averages from 30 inches to 00 inches.. First introduced to the Arnold Arboretum in 909. Soon after the U.S. Department of Agriculture introduced Pyrus calleryana in 96 to comabt fire blight. In the 950's the species became even more popular in the United States due to its ornamental value and hardiness. 2. In the early 900's Frank Myer, a USDA plant explorer, traveled to China to collect 00 pounds of Pyrus calleryana seed. The seed was used to help develop a fire blight resistant strain of the common pear. Meyer made his last trip to China in 96 to 98 and shipped the seeds he found back to the United States. In 952 seeds from Meyers previous collection was used to create an ornamental tree by grafting cuttings on to Pyrus calleryana. This cultivar is known as the Bradford tree. In 962 this tree became avaiable commercially and was used primarily in urban landscapes USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. See 2.0 for native distribution range.. Naturalized in North America.

8 3.02. Culley, T. M., Hardiman N. A. (2007 December). The 57(), Texas Invasives ( mbol=pyca80 [assessed 7 Nov 207]) 3.03 No evidence Culley, T. M., Hardiman N. A. (2007 December). The 57(), National Park Service [assessed 24 Oct 207]) 3.05 No evidence Vincent, M. A., (2005 March). On the Spread and Current Distribution of Pyrus calleryana in the United States. Castanea, 70(), Culley, T. M., Hardiman N. A. (2007 December). The Beginning of a New Invasive Plant: A History of the Ornamental Callery Pear in the United States. BioScience, 57(), No evidence No evidence No evidence.. New saplings are found speading in urban residential areas where the ornamental trees were orginally planted. 2. After being planted in residential and commercial areas Pyrus calleryana is known to escape into natural areas.. Potential environmental weed in Austrailia. Prefers high light environments and competes with native species. It has the potential to to disrupt the installation of other species in the area. 2. Froms dense thickets that outcompetes native speciesfor water, space and sun..known to form dense thorny thickets. "Thornless cultivars appear to retain genes for thorniness that may be expressed as genes recombine in their progeny." 2. Thorns are common along the branches and stems of wild Pyrus calleryana in Asia. In other species of Pyrus with the same phenoype, thorns are lost in mature shoots. Thorns on wild Pyrus calleryana reduce herbivory Safe and Poisonous Garden Plants University of Califonia, Davis ( f [assessed 7 Nov 207]). The Pyrus spp. has a toxicity rating of. This means the seeds of the species could cause death or illness if injested by an animal. In this case we are specifically refering to cats and dogs No evidence Garden Guides ( bradford-pear-trees-cyanide.html [assessed 2 Nov 207]) Gilman EF,Watson DG.994.Pyruscalleryana Bradford : Bradford Callery Pear. Gainesville: Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extensive Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Fact Sheet ST National Park Service [assessed 24 Oct 207]). The seeds of the Pyrus calleryana are poisonous if consumed in large amounts. It would take approximately cup (6 oz) of seeds to poison a human adult. The fruits of Pyrus calleryana are generally not consumed by humans because they are small and hard. It is very unlikely that a human would consume a cup of the seeds.. Requires full sun. 2. Tolernant of limited shade, but prefers full sun Culley, T. M., Hardiman N. A. (2007 December). The 57(), Gilman EF,Watson DG.994.Pyruscalleryana Bradford : Bradford Callery Pear. Gainesville: Environmental Horticulture Department, Florida Cooperative Extensive Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Fact Sheet ST Adapted to a variety of soils including clay. Tolerates variable ph, drought, heat, root zones, and pollution. 2. Ability to grow in most soil conditions including wet or dry, compact, polluted, clay or alkaline.

9 4. Due to growth habit of the species it is not known to climb or smother other plants Culley, T. M., Hardiman N. A. (2007 December). The 57(), National Park Service [assessed 24 Oct 207]) 5.0 Flora of China ( [assessed 26 Oct 207]) 5.02 Flora of China ( [assessed 26 Oct 207]) 5.03 Flora of China ( [assessed 26 Oct 207]) 5.04 Flora of China ( [assessed 26 Oct 207]).Assembles large dense thickets that are impenetrable to humans do to the thorns and thickness. These thickets provide shelter and a habitat for birds and other animals. 2. Forms dense thickets that out compete surrounding plants for resources. Family: Rosaceae Family: Rosaceae Family: Rosaceae Family: Rosaceae 6.0 No evidence Master Gardener Program University of Wisconsin-Extension ( [assessed 3 Oct 207]) Hardiman N. A., Culley T. M. ( 28 October 2008) The role of intraspecific hybridization in the evolution of invasiveness: a case study of the ornamental pear tree Pyrus calleryana. Biological Invasions. (5), Vincent, M. A., (2005 March). On the Spread and Current Distribution of Pyrus calleryana in the United States. Castanea, 70(), Culley, T. M., Hardiman N. A. (2007 December). The 57(), National Park Service [assessed 24 Oct 207]) Farkas Á, Orosz-Kovács Z, Szabo LG Insect attraction of flowers in pear cultivars. Pages in Janick J, Sansavini S, Tagliavini M, Sugar D, Webster AD, eds. Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Pear, Ferrara (Italy): International Society for Horticultural Science. Acta Horticulturae Encyclopedia of Life ( n [assessed 3 Oct 207]). Does not produce viable seed through self pollination or when cross pollinated with a tree of the same cultivar. Viable seed is only produced when cross pollinated with a different cultivar.. Intraspecific hybridizaion between cultivars could be the cuase of the rapid spread of the species across the United States. 2. Produces fertile offspring through cross pollination with other plants species.. Pyrus calleryana is self incompatible and cannot reproduce through self pollination. Self-incaptibilty promotes out-bredding resulting in inceased genetic variation amoung populations. Pyrus calleryana experiences gametophytic self-incompatibilty which occurs when haploid pollen grains possess the same self-compatibiltiy allele as the diploid maternal tissue. In order for for a vaiable fruit to be produce the haploid pollen and the diploid maternal tissue cannot both posssess the same selfincompatibily allele. 2. Specific genotypes are selfincompatible. These species rely on cross-pollination from other genotypes.. Malodiferous flowers pollinated by honeybees (Apis mellifera L. ), bumblebees (Bombus terrestris L.) and hoverflies (Syrphidae). 2. Long-tounged (Anthophoridae) and shorttounged (Andreninae) bees are common pollinators.

10 6.06. National Park Service [assessed 24 Oct 207]) 2.Missouri Department of Conservation ( asive.pdf [assessed 7 Nov 207]) Vincent, M. A., (2005 March). On the Spread and Current Distribution of Pyrus calleryana in the United States. Castanea, 70(), Culley, T. M., Hardiman N. A. (2007 December). The Beginning of a New Invasive Plant: A History of the Ornamental Callery Pear in the United States. BioScience, 57(), Culley, T. M., Hardiman N. A. (2007 December). The 57(), Global Invasive Species Database ( ts=&lang=en [assessed 7 Nov 207]) 2. Tree Seeds ( [assessed 7 Nov 207]) 3. Sheffield's Seed Company ( [assessed 7 Nov 207]) Culley, T. M., Hardiman N. A. (2007 December). The 57(), Perry, E. and A. Lagarbo Ethephon sprays eliminate the messy, hazardous fruits of flowering pear and liquidambar. California Agriculture 48: Encyclopedia of Life ( n [assessed 3 Oct 207]). Reproduces by vegeative means to produce large patches of biomass over a period of several years. 2. Spreads by vegetative means.. "Callery pears are precocious, having a very short juvenile period, and flower as early as 3 years old." 2. Begins flowering at three years of age.. Large numbers of Pyrus calleryana are planted in urban areas across the United States. A variey of species are planted in close proximity to one another, which allows cross pollintation and the spread of Pyrus calleryana. Seeds can be purchased online or from nurseries..seeds consumed and dispersed by a multitude of animals including European starlings and American robins. 2. Fruits attract cedar waxings, robins, and other birds. The trees are known to be full of mistletoe as the pear fruits attract variety of birds carrying mistletoe. 3. Fruit is eaten and distributed by Robins, Starlings, Cardinals, amd Northern Songbirds Seed has no adaptations for attachment National Park Service [assessed 24 Oct 207]) 2. Accessed 6/26/ s=&lang=en accessed 6/26/ Culley, T. M., Hardiman N. A. (2007 December). The 57(), National Park Service [assessed 24 Oct 207]) 3. Missouri Department of Conservation ( asive.pdf [assessed 7 Nov 207]). Seeds dispersed by birds and small mammals. 2. Spreads by prolific bird- and animal-dispersed seeds. 3. seed that is dispersed by birds and possibly small mammals Likely:. Each flower produces a maximum of 0 seeds; however, usually there are 2 to 6 seed per flower. 2. Produces "copious amunts of seed that is dispersed by birds and possibly small mammals." 3. Produces large amounts of seeds.

11 8.02. Culley, T. M., Hardiman N. A. (2007 December). The 57(), Missouri Department of Conservation ( asive.pdf [assessed 7 Nov 207]) 2. Global Invasive Species Database ( ts=&lang=en [assessed 2 Nov 207]) Culley, T. M., Hardiman N. A. (2007 December). The 57(), Perry, E. and A. Lagarbo Ethephon sprays eliminate the messy, hazardous fruits of flowering pear and liquidambar. California Agriculture 48: Vincent, M. A., (2005 March). On the Spread and Current Distribution of Pyrus calleryana in the United States. Castanea, 70(), A seed bank allows the species to continue to populate an area even after the mature plants have been removed. 2. "persistent seed bank". Species can be managed by cutting down the trunk and branches of the tree, then immdiately applying an herbicide containing concentrated glyphosate or triclopyr to the remains. The most effective management is the complete removal of the tree form the surrounding environment. 2. Fruit production can be prevented by spraying tree with ethephon during full bloom.. Few to no natural controls.