Application des isotopes stables en Ecologie trophique et Ecotoxicologie
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1 Application des isotopes stables en Ecologie trophique et Ecotoxicologie Gilles Lepoint, François Remy, Loïc Michel & Krishna Das Laboratoire d Océanologie Université de Liège
2 Studies in the Oceanology Lab involving Stable isotopes (C,N, S): Delineation of marine trophic web Trophic ecology of aquatic animals (aquatic invertebrates, fishes, birds, marines mammals) Relation between trophic ecology and ecotoxicology Stable isotopes in Trophic ecology and Ecotoxicology - Pessac - September 2014
3 Studies in the Oceanology Lab involving Stable isotopes (C,N, S): Delineation of marine trophic web Trophic ecology of aquatic animals (aquatic invertebrates, fishes, birds, marines mammals) Relation between trophic ecology and ecotoxicology Stable isotopes in Trophic ecology and Ecotoxicology - Pessac - September 2014
4 EA IRMS (Isoprime 100 Vario MicroCube) and MS- GC- IRMS
5 "You are what you eat plus a few per mille" DeNiro & Epstein, 1978 MIXING Law: "YOU ARE WHAT YOU EAT" Stable isotopes in Trophic ecology and Ecotoxicology - Pessac - September 2014
6 x «Plus few per mille» Plus few per mille = trophic enrichment factor (TEF) = trophic fractionation factor Stable isotopes in Trophic ecology and Ecotoxicology - Pessac - September 2014
7 ? Stable isotopes in Trophic ecology and Ecotoxicology - Pessac - September 2014
8 Our question: Is it possible from isotopic composition of an animal to calculate the different contribution of potential food sources to its diet???????? Stable isotopes in Trophic ecology and Ecotoxicology - Pessac - September 2014
9 Mixing equation for n sources: m ( f f f a a b b c c...) Complex mixing modelling IsoSource (Philips et al., 2001) or SIAR (Parnell et al. 2010) or. Stable isotopes in Trophic ecology and Ecotoxicology - Pessac - September 2014
10 Case study 1: Trophic ecology of Gammarus aequicauda (amphipoda) Gammarus aequicauda 1 cm François Remy Stable isotopes in Trophic ecology and Ecotoxicology - Pessac - September 2014
11 Seagrass meadow (Posidonia oceanica)
12
13 Exported Dead Leaves
14 More than 120 species Up to 6000 id.m -2 Dominated by amphipods Prey for fishes Stable isotopes in Trophic ecology and Ecotoxicology - Pessac - September 2014
15 C: G.aequicauda: G.fucicola: ± 0.5 d 15 N: G.aequicauda: 3.0 ± 0.6 G.fucicola: 2.2 ± N ( ) C ( ) Source: Lepoint et al Stable isotopes in Trophic ecology and Ecotoxicology - Pessac - September 2014
16 SIAR Modelling TEF All the same Δ 13 C = + 1 Δ 15 N = Litter Algae Epiphytes Amphipodes Stable isotopes in Trophic ecology and Ecotoxicology - Pessac - September 2014
17 C: G.aequicauda: G.fucicola: N: G.aequicauda: G.fucicola: C ( ) Source Lepoint et al Stable isotopes in Trophic ecology and Ecotoxicology - Pessac - September 2014
18 TEF Determination: Experimental design Freshwater amphipod powder 3 different treatments : Green algae powder Dead P. oceanica powder Different carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions Different quality (C/N ratios) All potentially ingestible by G. aequicauda
19 TEF Determination: Experimental design Amphipods Green algae Dead leaves 0,7 L Controled conditions 96 ind / treatment (individual isotopic compositions
20 TEF Calculations and C turnover Amphipod as food R² = 0,8019 P < δ 13 C = e -0,0591t t 1/2 = days Food source δ 13 C
21 Food source δ 13 C Posidonia litter as food High mortality Very slow assimilation R² = 0,6923 P < δ 13 C = e -0,0134t t 1/2 = days Far too long!
22 Green Algae as food: Even worst (algae toxicity) Food source δ 13 C
23 Food source δ 15 N No significant change of isotopic composition No turnover rates calculation Apparently
24 Trophic Enrichment Factors : TEFs or Δ Amphipod treatment Algae treatment Litter treatment Δ 13 C ( ) 0.81 ± 0.39 / 1.19 ± 0.13 Δ 15 N ( ) 2.91 ± ± ± 0.42 Treatment 1 typical of predator Treatments 2 & 3 typical of primary detritic-feeder
25 SIAR Modeling : the return TEF: food source specific (experimentally determined by Michel for epiphytes and by Remy for litter, sciaphilous algae and animal diets) Litter Algae Epiphytes Amphipodes Stable isotopes in Trophic ecology and Ecotoxicology - Pessac - September 2014
26 * Bulk IRMS does not discriminate different component of epiphytic community Stable isotopes in Trophic ecology and Ecotoxicology - Pessac - September 2014
27 Discriminate different component of epiphytic community using GC IRMS Measurement of delta 13 C on fatty acids Next Elementar Seminar Stable isotopes in Trophic ecology and Ecotoxicology - Pessac - September 2014
28 CASE STUDY 2: TO ELUCIDATE CONTAMINATION PATHWAY OF AN ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDE Organochlorine pollution in tropical rivers (Guadeloupe): Role of ecological factors in food web bioaccumulation Stable isotopes in Trophic ecology and Ecotoxicology - Pessac - September 2014
29 Heavy contamination by organochlorine pesticides (Banana culture) What is the general structure of the trophic web? Is there a relation between trophic level and pollutant contamination Applications of Biomarkers in Aquatic food web studies - Liège - 30 January 2013
30 Figure 1: Pérou River sampling site (Guadeloupe) Figure 2: Example of crustacean species found the river Pérou fauna (photos: Nicolas Marichal)
31 Source: Coat et al. (2009) Freshwater Biology 54, pp ,
32 Source: Coat et al. (2011), Environmental Pollution 159:
33 CASE STUDY 3: Brominated and phosphorus flame retardants in White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla nestlings: Bioaccumulation and associations with dietary proxies (δ 13 C, δ 15 N and δ 34 S) Stable isotopes in Trophic ecology and Ecotoxicology - Pessac - September 2014
34 C, N, S stable isotopes measurements in feathers Stable isotopes in Trophic ecology and Ecotoxicology - Pessac - September 2014 source: Eulaers et al., 2014
35 Thank you for your attention
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Two of the main currents in the Arctic region are the North Atlantic Current (in red) and the Transport Current (in blue).
Have you ever enjoyed playing in the snow or making snowmen in the wintertime? The winter season is our coldest season. However, some of the coldest days we have here in Indiana have the same temperature
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no energy = no life Types of Consumers herbivores herbivore us vegetation to swallow or devour Types of Consumers herbivores the organisms that eat plants carnivores carnivore us flesh to swallow or devour
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Most are autotrophic. Heterotrophic Some autotrophic. animal- like = heterotrophs plant- like = autotrophs fungi- like = heterotrophs.
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