Points of View. The Use of Mean Instead of Smallest Interspecific Distances Exaggerates the Size of the Barcoding Gap and Leads to Misidentification
|
|
- Scot Haynes
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Points of View Syst. Biol. 57(5): , 2008 Copyright c Society of Systematic Biologists ISSN: print / X online DOI: / The Use of Mean Instead of Smallest Interspecific Distances Exaggerates the Size of the Barcoding Gap and Leads to Misidentification RUDOLF MEIER, 1 GUANYANG ZHANG, 1,2 AND FARHAN ALI 1 1 Department of Biological Sciences and University Scholars Programme, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 4, Singapore , Singapore; dbsmr@nus.edu.sg (R.M.) 2 Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, USA 809 DNA barcoding is one of the best funded and most visible large-scale initiatives in systematic biology and has generated both much interest and controversy. DNA barcoding has also attracted significant support from foundations that had previously shown little interest in systematics. Yet, the project is controversial because many systematists feel that currently the conceptual foundation of DNA barcoding remains weak. This problem can only be alleviated through additional research that can lead to improved tools and concepts. Here, we scrutinize a key concept of DNA barcoding, the so-called barcoding gap (Meyer and Paulay, 2005), and use empirical data to document that it needs to be computed based on the smallest instead of the mean distances. In the literature on DNA barcoding, the barcoding gap (Meyer and Paulay, 2005) refers to the separation between mean intra- and sequence variability for congeneric COI sequences. The barcoding gap is so essential to barcoding that a widely cited publication was dedicated to documenting these gaps across major metazoan taxa (Hebert et al., 2003b). It is also regularly mentioned in articles promoting barcoding to a broader audience (Check, 2005; Cognato and Caesar, 2006; Dasmahapatra and Mallet, 2006) and is one of the few metrics included in the Web-based identification system BOLD, The Barcode of Life Data System, which is a major identification tool for the DNA barcoding community ( Ratnasingham and Hebert, 2007). Large barcoding gaps are routinely used to predict DNA-barcoding success for the taxon under study (Hebert et al., 2003a, 2003b, 2004a, 2004b; Hogg and Hebert, 2004; Powers, 2004; Zehner et al., 2004; Armstrong and Ball, 2005; Ball et al., 2005; Barrett and Hebert, 2005; Lorenz et al., 2005; Saunders, 2005; Smith et al., 2005, 2006; Ward et al., 2005; Cywinska et al., 2006; Hajibabaei et al., 2006a, 2006b; Lefebure et al., 2006; Clare et al., 2007; Seifert et al., 2007). However, here we argue and document that barcoding gaps are currently incorrectly computed and that the values reported in the barcoding literature are misleading. The main problem is that the barcoding gap is generally quantified as the difference between intraspecific and mean, congeneric distances, whereas we will argue here that for species identification only the smallest distance should be used. Other authors have also pointed out that the use of smallest distances would be more appropriate (see Sperling, 2003; Moritz and Cicero, 2004; Vences et al., 2005a, 2005b; Cognato, 2006; Meier et al., 2006; Meyer and Paulay, 2005; Roe and Sperling, 2007), but currently we lack a comparative study that documents that the two measures yield different results. Here we provide evidence based on 43,137 COI sequences from 12,459 Metazoan species that barcoding gaps based on mean distances are artificially inflated and that only smallest distances correctly reflect that species identification gets more difficult as more species are sampled. Using DNA barcodes for species identification is analogous to identifying an unidentified specimen by comparing it to a reference collection of identified specimens. Initially one may compare an unidentified specimen to all identified material in the same genus, but ultimately the identification problem pares down to deciding whether a specimen belongs to one of a few, very similar, congeneric species. Determining an unidentified specimen to species is straightforward if the intraspecific variability is small i.e., the unidentified specimen is a good match to a referenced species and the differences between the best-matching species and the next best match is large i.e., the specimen is a good match to only one of the referenced species. Analogously, the ease with which a query sequence can be identified to species is only dependent on how different it is from the most similar allospecific sequence, whereas its distinctness from a hypothetical average congeneric species does not matter (see Sperling, 2003; Moritz and Cicero, 2004; Vences et al., 2005a, 2005b; Cognato, 2006; Meier et al., 2006; Meyer and Paulay, 2005; Roe and Sperling, 2007). Yet, DNA barcoding publications and BOLD continue to report the mean instead of the smallest distances for congeneric species.
2 810 SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY VOL. 57 In order to quantify the distances we aligned 43,137 GenBank sequences for 12,459 species of Metazoa (see Table 1 and online Supplementary Material 1, available at based on amino acid translations using Alignment- Helper (McClellan and Woolley, 2004) in conjunction with ClustalW (Thompson et al., 1994). For each sequence for the 4599 species with multiple sequences in the data set, the mean uncorrected, intraspecific distance was collected using TaxonDNA (Meier et al., 2006). We also determined for all sequences the mean and the smallest distances for congeneric species. We then calculated the overlap between intra- and variability after deleting the 5% largest intraspecific and the 5% smallest distances (Meier et al., 2006). For one sample (Coleoptera: 5431 sequences for 1942 species), we also tested whether uncorrected distances and estimates of pairwise sequence divergence under the K2P model yield similar results. The main reason for using the K2P model was its widespread use in the barcoding literature. However, in contrast to the barcoding literature, the pairwise sequence divergences are here expressed as substitutions per site (subs./site). A comparison of the different barcoding gaps reveals that an approach based on mean distances yields inflated estimates (Table 1). The differences are particularly striking for invertebrates, the group of animals with the largest need for new identification techniques. A typical example for an invertebrate group are the Coleoptera where the mean uncorrected distance is 11.2% ± 4.3%, whereas it is 7% ± 5.4% for the lowest values (K2P: ± versus ± subs./site). Correspondingly, the overlap between intra- and variability is also artificially small for mean values. For example, for Coleoptera the overlap zone is only 1.5% to 7.2% based on mean values, whereas it is 0.2% to 7.2% for smallest uncorrected distances (K2P: to versus subs./site). For the smaller zone based on mean values, 27% of all pairwise congeneric uncorrected distances fall into the interval, whereas it is 40% for the wider zone based on smallest values (K2P: mean inter: 25%; smallest inter: 37%). Qualitatively, the results are similar for all major taxa of Metazoa (Table 1). Quantitatively, it appears that the different ways to compute the barcoding gaps yield more congruent results for vertebrates than for invertebrates, but it is probably premature to discuss additional taxonspecific differences given that despite 20 years of sequencing COI, the taxon coverage remains very poor and uneven across Metazoa. For example, fewer than 2% of all described species for all four megadiverse orders of insects have been sequenced, whereas the coverage is approximately 10% for birds. These differences in the size of barcode gaps based on mean versus smallest distances have major implications for identifying query sequences using DNA barcoding. For example, BOLD will identify an unidentified sequence to species when it has a match within 1% of an identified barcode in the database (Ratnasingham and Hebert, 2007). This appears reasonable based on mean values but the overlap zone based on smallest distances clearly indicates that a query with a <1% uncorrected distance to a barcode in a database has a fair chance of being. This is confirmed by an inspection of our data set that reveals that, for example, for beetles 13% of all congeneric species have an allospecific match below this threshold (K2P: 11%; online Supplementary Material 2, For other Metazoa groups the proportion of species with such a match ranges from 7% to 26% (Table 1; online Supplementary Material 3, This can lead to misidentifications in BOLD, because BOLD will incorrectly assume that a <1% uncorrected distance between a query and an identified DNA barcode in the database means that they are conspecific. Yet, depending on which group of Metazoa is considered, a <1% uncorrected distance has a 7% to 26% chance of being and BOLD may thus assign the incorrect species name. Proper measures of distances are not only important for distance-based identification techniques. DNA barcodes with unusually large distances to putatively conspecific sequences are often also used to predict the existence of cryptic species (Hebert et al., 2004a; Hogg and Hebert, 2004; Armstrong and Ball, 2005; Ball et al., 2005; Barrett and Hebert, 2005; Janzen et al., 2005; Lambert et al., 2005; Smith et al., 2005, 2006; Ward et al., 2005; Cywinska et al., 2006; Hajibabaei et al., 2006a; Clare et al., 2007; Seifert et al., 2007). But what constitutes a large distance? The answer is often obtained by consulting the mean distances for congeneric species. However, a new species is not recognized based on the mean difference to its congeneric species. Instead, if one wanted to predict cryptic species based on distance, one would have to use the smallest distance. A hitherto unnoticed drawback of using the mean instead of the smallest, congeneric distances for quantifying the barcoding gap is that the difference between the two metrics increases with taxon sampling. As a genus is more exhaustively sampled, the observed mean distances will converge onto the true mean for the genus, whereas a denser taxon sample will generally decrease the smallest observed distance for a species. This is due to the fact that with denser sampling, each species is more likely to be matched with its closest relative. We tested these predictions based on the 1001 genera in our dataset that are represented by more than two species and indeed the smallest distances decrease with the number of species sampled (r =.12, P <.0001), whereas the mean distances are not correlated with sampling intensity (r =.06, P >.05). Not surprisingly, the difference between the smallest and the mean distances increases significantly with the number of congeneric species sampled (Fig. 1) and the mean distances are thus an increasingly poor estimator for the
3 TABLE 1. Barcoding gaps and sequence variability (uncorrected sequence divergence) for Metazoa. Note that due to the reluctance of some researchers to submit identical haplotypes to GenBank, the mean intraspecific distances are likely overestimates. No. of species/genera /sequences No. of species with intraspecific sequences Mean intraspecific Mean Smallest Overlap a between intraand mean Overlap a between intraand lowest No. of species with allospecific match < 1% (% congeneric species) Vertebrata Mammalia 376/236/ ± ± ± (20.0 b ) (49.2 b ) 14 (7.2) Aves 953/427/ ± ± ± (3.3 b ) (34.8 b ) 134 (19.0) Reptiles 253/119/ ± ± ± (78.4 b ) (95 b ) 19 (10.5) Fish 946/541/ ± ± ± (29.8 b ) (39.3 b ) 65 (11.7) Arthropoda Crustacea 1192/395/ ± ± ± (15.0 b ) (39.5 b ) 71 (7.4) Chelicerata 529/218/ ± ± ± (63.0 b ) (93.9 b ) 34 (9.1) Coleoptera 1942/526/ ± ± ± (27.0 b ) (40.4 b ) 213 (13.2) Diptera 1001/211/ ± ± ± (6.3 b ) (25.1 b ) 125 (14.5) Hymenoptera 1068/344/ ± ± ± (17.3 b ) (28.7 b ) 74 (9.1) Lepidoptera 1786/738/ ± ± ± (16.3 b ) (33.6 b ) 197 (15.2) Paraneoptera 495/265/ ± ± ± (70.2 b ) (75.4 b ) 25 (8.6) Other invertebrates Gastropoda 1687/568/ ± ± ± (48.7 b ) (78.1 b ) 267 (20.2) Echinodermata 231/103/ ± ± ± (47.4 b ) (79.2 b ) 44 (26.3) Total 12,459/4694/43, a Overlap after deleting the 5% largest intra- and 5% smallest values. b Proportion of pairwise congeneric distances in overlap range. 811
4 812 SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY VOL. 57 FIGURE 1. The number of sampled congeneric species is significantly correlated with the difference between mean and smallest distances (r =.58, P <.00001). smallest distances. Yet, it is the decrease in the smallest distances that correctly reflects that species identification gets more difficult as the number of species that need to be distinguished increases. We would like to conclude our point of view with properly acknowledging the drawbacks of using GenBank data (see e.g., Meier et al., 2006) and the well-justified criticism of distance-based methods for species determination. Especially, with regard to the use of distances in taxonomy and systematics, one could argue that there is no longer a need for additional discussion given the extensive criticism in the literature (Ferguson, 2002; Lee, 2004; Moritz and Cicero, 2004; Will and Rubinoff, 2004; DeSalle et al., 2005; Mallet et al., 2005; Meyer and Paulay, 2005; Prendini, 2005; Cognato, 2006; Hickerson et al., 2006; Little and Stevenson, 2007) and the emerging evidence for different rates of evolution in different climate zones and taxa (Pinceel et al., 2005; Wright et al., 2006). However, we believe scrutiny is still needed given that problematic metrics are being widely used and implemented in software such as The Barcode of Life Data System. We hope that the large amount of empirical evidence presented here will convince the users of DNA barcoding to choose smallest over mean distances for computing barcoding gaps. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful for the helpful comments by two anonymous reviewers and the editors that helped with improving the clarity of the manuscript. R.M. would like to acknowledge financial support from grants R and R of the Ministry of Education in Singapore. REFERENCES Armstrong, K. F., and S. L. Ball DNA barcodes for biosecurity: Invasive species identification. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond B 360: Ball, S. L., P. D. N. Hebert, S. K. Burian, and J. M. Webb Biological identifications of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) using DNA barcodes. J. North Am. Benthol. Soc. 24: Barrett, R. D. H., and P. D. N. Hebert Identifying spiders through DNA barcodes. Can. J. Zool. 83: Check, E Cowrie study strikes a blow for traditional taxonomy. Nature 438: Clare, E. L., B. K. Lim, M. D. Engstrom, J. L. Eger, and P. D. N. Hebert DNA barcoding of Neotropical bats: Species identification and discovery within Guyana. Mol. Ecol. Notes 7: Cognato, A. I Standard percent DNA sequence difference for insects does not predict species boundaries. J. Econ. Entomol. 99: Cognato, A. I., and R. M. Caesar Will DNA barcoding advance efforts to conserve biodiversity more efficiently than traditional taxonomic methods? Front. Ecol. Environ. 4: Cywinska, A., F. F. Hunter, and P. D. N. Hebert Identifying Canadian mosquito species through DNA barcodes. Med. Vet. Entomol. 20: Dasmahapatra, K. K., and J. Mallet DNA barcodes: Recent successes and future prospects. Heredity 97: DeSalle, R., M. G. Egan, and M. Siddall The unholy trinity: Taxonomy, species delimitation and DNA barcoding Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond B 360: Ferguson, J. W. H On the use of genetic divergence for identifying species. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 75: Hajibabaei, M., D. H. Janzen, J. M. Burns, W. Hallwachs, and P. D. N. Hebert. 2006a. DNA barcodes distinguish species of tropical Lepidoptera. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103: Hajibabaei, M., G. A. C. Singer, and D. A. Hickey. 2006b. Benchmarking DNA barcodes: Does the DNA barcoding gap exist? Genome 49: Hebert, P. D. N., A. Cywinska, S. L. Ball, and J. R. dewaard. 2003a. Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proc. R. Soc. Biol. Sci. B 270:
5 2008 POINTS OF VIEW 813 Hebert, P. D. N., E. H. Penton, J. M. Burns, D. H. Janzen, and W. Hallwachs. 2004a. Ten species in one: DNA barcoding reveals cryptic species in the neotropical skipper butterfly Astraptes fulgerator. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101: Hebert, P. D. N., S. Ratnasingham, and J. R. dewaard. 2003b. Barcoding animal life: Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 divergences among closely related species. Proc. R. Soc. Biol. Sci. B 270:S96 S99. Hebert, P. D. N., M. Y. Stoeckle, T. S. Zemlak, and C. M. Francis. 2004b. Identification of birds through DNA barcodes. PLoS Biol. 2: Hickerson, M. J., C. P. Meyer, and C. Moritz DNA barcoding will often fail to discover new animal species over broad parameter space. Syst. Biol. 55: Hogg, I. D., and P. D. N. Hebert Biological identification of springtails (Hexapoda: Collembola) from the Canadian Arctic, using mitochondrial DNA barcodes. Can. J. Zool. 82: Janzen, D. H., M. Hajibabaei, J. M. Burns, W. Hallwachs, E. Remigio, and P. D. N. Hebert Wedding biodiversity inventory of a large and complex Lepidoptera fauna with DNA barcoding. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond B 360: Lambert, D. M., A. Baker, L. Huynen, O. Haddrath, P. D. N. Hebert, and C. D. Millar Is a large-scale DNA-based inventory of ancient life possible? J. Hered. 96: Lee, M. S. Y The molecularisation of taxonomy. Invertebr. Syst. 18:1 6. Lefebure, T., C. J. Douady, M. Gouy, and J. Gibert Relationship between morphological taxonomy and molecular divergence within Crustacea: Proposal of a molecular threshold to help species delimitation. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 40: Little, D. P., and D. W. Stevenson A comparison of algorithms for the identification of specimens using DNA barcodes: Examples from gymnosperms. Cladistics 23:1 21. Lorenz, J. G., W. E. Jackson, J. C. Beck, and R. Hanner The problems and promise of DNA barcodes for species diagnosis of primate biomaterials. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond B 360: Mallet, J., N. J. B. Isaac, and G. M. Mace Response to Harris and Froufe, and Knapp et al.: Taxonomic inflation. Trends Ecol. Evol. 20:8 9. McClellan, D. A., and S. Woolley AlignmentHelper, Version 1.0. Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah. Meier, R., S. Kwong, G. Vaidya, and P. K. L. Ng DNA barcoding and taxonomy in Diptera: A tale of high intraspecific variability and low identification success. Syst. Biol. 55: Meyer, C. P., and G. Paulay DNA barcoding: Error rates based on comprehensive sampling. PLoS Biol. 3: Moritz, C., and C. Cicero DNA barcoding: Promise and pitfalls. PLoS Biol. 2: Pinceel, J., K. Jordaens, and T. Backeljau Extreme mtdna divergences in a terrestrial slug (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Arionidae): Accelerated evolution, allopatric divergence and secondary contact. J. Evol. Biol. 18: Powers, T Nematode molecular diagnostics: From bands to barcodes. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 42: Prendini, L Comment on Identifying spiders through DNA barcodes. Can. J. Zool. 83: Ratnasingham, S., and P. D. N. Hebert BOLD: The Barcode of Life Data System ( Mol. Ecol. Notes 7: Roe, A. D., and F. A. H. Sperling Patterns of evolution of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I and II DNA and implications for DNA barcoding. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 44: Saunders, G. W Applying DNA barcoding to red macroalgae: A preliminary appraisal holds promise for future applications. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond B 360: Seifert, K. A., R. A. Samson, J. R. dewaard, J. Houbraken, C. A. Levesque, J.-M. Moncalvo, G. Louis-Seize, and P. D. N. Hebert Prospects for fungus identification using CO1 DNA barcodes, with Penicillium as a test case. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104: Smith, M. A., B. L. Fisher, and P. D. N. Hebert DNA barcoding for effective biodiversity assessment of a hyperdiverse arthropod group: The ants of Madagascar. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond B 360: Smith, M. A., N. E. Woodley, D. H. Janzen, W. Hallwachs, and P. D. N. Hebert DNA barcodes reveal cryptic host-specificity within the presumed polyphagous members of a genus of parasitoid flies (Diptera : Tachinidae). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103: Sperling, F DNA barcoding. Deus et machina. Newsl. Biol. Surv. Can. (Terrestrial Arthropods) Opin. Page 22: Thompson, J. D., D. G. Higgins, and T. J. Gibson CLUSTAL W: improving the sensitivity of progressive multiple sequence alignment through sequence weighting, position-specific gap penalties and weight matrix choice. Nucleic Acids Res. 22: Vences, M., M. Thomas, R. M. Bonett, and D. R. Vieites. 2005a. Deciphering amphibian diversity through DNA barcoding: Chances and challenges. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond B 360: Vences, M., M. Thomas, A. Van der Meijden, Y. Chiari, and D. R. Vieites. 2005b. Comparative performance of the 16S rrna gene in DNA barcoding of amphibians. Front. Zool. 2:5. Ward, R. D., T. S. Zemlak, B. H. Innes, P. R. Last, and P. D. N. Hebert DNA barcoding Australia s fish species. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond B 360: Will, K. W., and D. Rubinoff Myth of the molecule: DNA barcodes for species cannot replace morphology for identification and classification. Cladistics 20: Wright, S., J. Keeling, and L. Gillman The road from Santa Rosalia: A faster tempo of evolution in tropical climates. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103: Zehner, R., J. Amendt, S. Schuett, J. Sauer, R. Krettek, and D. Povolny Genetic identification of forensically important flesh flies (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Int. J. Leg. Med. 118: First submitted 8 December 2007; reviews returned 21 March 2008; final acceptance 7 May 2008 Associate Editor: Kelly Zamudio
A minimalist barcode can identify a specimen whose DNA is degraded
Molecular Ecology Notes (2006) 6, 959 964 doi: 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2006.01470.x Blackwell Publishing Ltd BARCODING A minimalist barcode can identify a specimen whose DNA is degraded MEHRDAD HAJIBABAEI,*
More informationDNA barcoding of 18 species of Bovidae
Article Molecular Biology doi: 10.1007/s11434-010-4302-1 SPECIAL TOPICS: DNA barcoding of 18 species of Bovidae CAI YanSen 1,3, ZHANG Liang 2*, SHEN FuJun 2, ZHANG WenPing 2, HOU Rong 2, YUE BiSong 3,
More informationThe Promise of DNA Barcoding for Taxonomy
852 SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY VOL. 54 Syst. Biol. 54(5):852 859, 2005 Copyright c Society of Systematic Biologists ISSN: 1063-5157 print / 1076-836X online DOI: 10.1080/10635150500354886 The Promise of DNA Barcoding
More informationBayesian species identification under the multispecies coalescent provides significant improvements to DNA barcoding analyses
Molecular Ecology (2017 26, 3028 3036 doi: 10.1111/mec.14093 Bayesian species identification under the multispecies coalescent provides significant improvements to DNA barcoding analyses ZIHENG YANG* and
More informationSpecies Identification and Barcoding. Brendan Reid Wildlife Conservation Genetics February 9th, 2010
Species Identification and Barcoding Brendan Reid Wildlife Conservation Genetics February 9th, 2010 Why do we need a genetic method of species identification? Black-knobbed Map Turtle (Graptemys nigrinoda)
More informationDNA barcoding is a technique for characterizing species of organisms using a short DNA sequence from a standard and agreed-upon position in the
DNA barcoding is a technique for characterizing species of organisms using a short DNA sequence from a standard and agreed-upon position in the genome. DNA barcode sequences are very short relative to
More informationSPECIATION. REPRODUCTIVE BARRIERS PREZYGOTIC: Barriers that prevent fertilization. Habitat isolation Populations can t get together
SPECIATION Origin of new species=speciation -Process by which one species splits into two or more species, accounts for both the unity and diversity of life SPECIES BIOLOGICAL CONCEPT Population or groups
More informationEffects of Gap Open and Gap Extension Penalties
Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive All Faculty Publications 200-10-01 Effects of Gap Open and Gap Extension Penalties Hyrum Carroll hyrumcarroll@gmail.com Mark J. Clement clement@cs.byu.edu See
More informationPLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE. Full terms and conditions of use:
This article was downloaded by:[danish Veterinary and Agricultural Library] [Danish Veterinary and Agricultural Library] On: 25 April 2007 Access Details: [subscription number 773444395] Publisher: Taylor
More informationA preliminary framework for DNA barcoding, incorporating the multispecies coalescent
University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health - Papers Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health 2014 A preliminary framework for DNA barcoding, incorporating the multispecies
More informationThe Royal Entomological Society Journals
Read the latest Virtual Special Issues from The Royal Entomological Society Journals Click on the buttons below to view the Virtual Special Issues Agricultural and Forest Pests Introduction This virtual
More informationWhat is conservation genetics? Conservation Genetics. Are genetics important in conservation? Inbreeding and loss of genetic diversity
What is conservation genetics? B242 Evolutionary Genetics Conservation Genetics Kanchon Dasmahapatra Conservation genetics is the application of genetics to preserve species as dynamic entities capable
More informationDNA-based species delimitation
DNA-based species delimitation Phylogenetic species concept based on tree topologies Ø How to set species boundaries? Ø Automatic species delimitation? druhů? DNA barcoding Species boundaries recognized
More informationOther matters: * Term paper: 11 (Monday) Nov 15 (Friday), 16, 17? Final * Wednesday, 11 December (8 11 AM)
Nov 4-Nov 8 Nov 11-15 DNA barcoding Molecular systematics in plants (Les) Lab 8: likelihood (Garli and/or RAxML) and Bayesian analyses (Wagner in Austin) Molecular systematics in animals (Simon) (Wagner
More informationPlant Names and Classification
Plant Names and Classification Science of Taxonomy Identification (necessary!!) Classification (order out of chaos!) Nomenclature (why not use common names?) Reasons NOT to use common names Theophrastus
More informationAppraisal of the entire mitochondrial genome for DNA barcoding in birds
Progress in Biological Sciences Vol. 4, Number 2, Summer / Autumn 2014/167-178 Appraisal of the entire mitochondrial genome for DNA barcoding in birds Received: January 5, 2014; Accepted: March 30, 2014
More informationPhylogenies Scores for Exhaustive Maximum Likelihood and Parsimony Scores Searches
Int. J. Bioinformatics Research and Applications, Vol. x, No. x, xxxx Phylogenies Scores for Exhaustive Maximum Likelihood and s Searches Hyrum D. Carroll, Perry G. Ridge, Mark J. Clement, Quinn O. Snell
More informationDNA Barcoding and taxonomy of Glossina
DNA Barcoding and taxonomy of Glossina Dan Masiga Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Department, icipe & Johnson Ouma Trypanosomiasis Research Centre, KARI The taxonomic problem Following ~250 years of
More informationThis is the author s version of a work that was submitted/accepted for publication in the following source:
This is the author s version of a work that was submitted/accepted for publication in the following source: Meiklejohn, Kelly, Wallman, James F., Cameron, Stephen L., & Dowton, Mark (2012) Comprehensive
More informationAssessing the Phylogenetic Utility of DNA Barcoding Using the New Zealand Cicada Genus Kikihia
University of Connecticut DigitalCommons@UConn Honors Scholar Theses Honors Scholar Program Spring 5-9-2010 Assessing the Phylogenetic Utility of DNA Barcoding Using the New Zealand Cicada Genus Kikihia
More informationThe Wonderful World of Insects. James A. Bethke University of California Cooperative Extension Farm Advisor Floriculture and Nursery San Diego County
The Wonderful World of Insects James A. Bethke University of California Cooperative Extension Farm Advisor Floriculture and Nursery San Diego County Taxonomy The Insects The Orders Part I Taxonomy Scientific
More informationESTIMATION OF CONSERVATISM OF CHARACTERS BY CONSTANCY WITHIN BIOLOGICAL POPULATIONS
ESTIMATION OF CONSERVATISM OF CHARACTERS BY CONSTANCY WITHIN BIOLOGICAL POPULATIONS JAMES S. FARRIS Museum of Zoology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Accepted March 30, 1966 The concept of conservatism
More information:? DNA Barcodes: A New Tool for Biological Identifications? 1
... 40(2) 396-407 (2555) KKU Sci. J. 40(2) 396-407 (2012) :? DNA Barcodes: A New Tool for Biological Identifications? 1 ABSTRACT DNA barcode is a new concept that applies gene or universal DNA sequences
More information8/23/2014. Phylogeny and the Tree of Life
Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Chapter 26 Objectives Explain the following characteristics of the Linnaean system of classification: a. binomial nomenclature b. hierarchical classification List the major
More information2 Dean C. Adams and Gavin J. P. Naylor the best three-dimensional ordination of the structure space is found through an eigen-decomposition (correspon
A Comparison of Methods for Assessing the Structural Similarity of Proteins Dean C. Adams and Gavin J. P. Naylor? Dept. Zoology and Genetics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, U.S.A. 1 Introduction
More informationEric D. Stein Biology Department
Eric D. Stein Biology Department The Promise of Molecular Methods Faster answers Weeks vs. months Less expensive Better data Recognizing misidentifications Improving taxonomic keys Helping with difficult
More informationHongying Duan, Feifei Chen, Wenxiao Liu, Chune Zhou and Yanqing Zhou*
Research in Plant Biology, 4(3): 29-35, 2014 ISSN : 2231-5101 www.resplantbiol.com Mini Review Research and application of DNA barcode in identification of plant species Hongying Duan, Feifei Chen, Wenxiao
More informationthe Belgian Network for DNA Barcoding (BeBoL)
the Belgian Network for DNA Barcoding (BeBoL) http://bebol.myspecies.info Massi Virgilio Joint Experimental Molecular Unit (RMCA-RBINS, Belgium) financed by the Fund for Scientific Research Flanders (FWO)
More informationDNA Barcodes for Species Identification in the Hyperdiverse Ant Genus Pheidole (Formicidae: Myrmicinae)
DNA Barcodes for Species Identification in the Hyperdiverse Ant Genus Pheidole (Formicidae: Myrmicinae) Authors: R.N. Ng'endo, Z.B. Osiemo, and R. Brandl Source: Journal of Insect Science, 13(27) : 1-13
More informationInsect parasitoids are often a major cause of mortality for many
DNA barcodes reveal cryptic host-specificity within the presumed polyphagous members of a genus of parasitoid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae) M. Alex Smith*, Norman E. Woodley, Daniel H. Janzen, Winnie Hallwachs,
More informationAnalysis of putative DNA barcodes for identification and distinction of native and invasive plant species
Babson College Digital Knowledge at Babson Babson Faculty Research Fund Working Papers Babson Faculty Research Fund 2010 Analysis of putative DNA barcodes for identification and distinction of native and
More informationWorkshop on barcoded DNA: application to rotifer phylogeny, evolution, and systematics
Hydrobiologia (2007) 593:175 183 DOI 10.1007/s10750-007-9052-y ADVANCES IN ROTIFER RESEARCH Workshop on barcoded DNA: application to rotifer phylogeny, evolution, and systematics C. William Birky Jr. Ó
More informationChapter 19: Taxonomy, Systematics, and Phylogeny
Chapter 19: Taxonomy, Systematics, and Phylogeny AP Curriculum Alignment Chapter 19 expands on the topics of phylogenies and cladograms, which are important to Big Idea 1. In order for students to understand
More informationReview of Literature Chapter-2
2.1 REVIEW OF LITERATURE DNA barcoding is a major field of research in fish taxonomy and it is useful for the characterization of fishes existing in the throughout world. India has a wider continental
More informationManuscript accepted for publication in Hydrobiologia. Barcoded DNA: Application to Rotifer Phylogeny, Evolution, and Systematics
Manuscript accepted for publication in Hydrobiologia Barcoded DNA: Application to Rotifer Phylogeny, Evolution, and Systematics C. William Birky Jr. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Graduate
More informationMyth of the molecule: DNA barcodes for species cannot replace morphology for identification and classification
Cladistics Cladistics 20 (2004) 47 55 www.blackwell-synergy.com Myth of the molecule: DNA barcodes for species cannot replace morphology for identification and classification Kipling W. Will a, * and Daniel
More informationa-fB. Code assigned:
This form should be used for all taxonomic proposals. Please complete all those modules that are applicable (and then delete the unwanted sections). For guidance, see the notes written in blue and the
More informationIntroduction to Biosystematics - Zool 575
Introduction to Biosystematics Lecture 8 - Modern Taxonomy Outline - 1. Tools - digital imaging, databases 2. Dissemination - WWW 3. Tools - Molecular data, species demarcation, phylogeography 1 2 Prognosis
More information9/19/2012. Chapter 17 Organizing Life s Diversity. Early Systems of Classification
Section 1: The History of Classification Section 2: Modern Classification Section 3: Domains and Kingdoms Click on a lesson name to select. Early Systems of Classification Biologists use a system of classification
More informationWhat is the purpose of the Classifying System? To allow the accurate identification of a particular organism
What is the purpose of the Classifying System? To allow the accurate identification of a particular organism Taxonomy The practice of classifying organisms -Taxonomy was founded nearly 300 years ago by
More informationConnectivity using DNA the basics
Connectivity using DNA the basics Greg Rouse Scripps Institution of Oceanography WORKSHOP ON THE DESIGN OF IMPACT REFERENCE ZONES AND PRESERVATION REFERENCE ZONES IN DEEP-SEA MINING CONTRACT AREAS Sept
More informationBMC Evolutionary Biology 2013, 13:6
BMC Evolutionary Biology This Provisional PDF corresponds to the article as it appeared upon acceptance. Fully formatted PDF and full text (HTML) versions will be made available soon. Correction: Male-killing
More informationChapter 5. Proteomics and the analysis of protein sequence Ⅱ
Proteomics Chapter 5. Proteomics and the analysis of protein sequence Ⅱ 1 Pairwise similarity searching (1) Figure 5.5: manual alignment One of the amino acids in the top sequence has no equivalent and
More informationPhylogenetic diversity and conservation
Phylogenetic diversity and conservation Dan Faith The Australian Museum Applied ecology and human dimensions in biological conservation Biota Program/ FAPESP Nov. 9-10, 2009 BioGENESIS Providing an evolutionary
More informationPostgraduate teaching for the next generation of taxonomists
Postgraduate teaching for the next generation of taxonomists Alfried P. Vogler Professor of Molecular Systematics Imperial College London and Natural History Museum MSc in Taxonomy and Biodiversity MRes
More informationAmy Driskell. Laboratories of Analytical Biology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution, Wash. DC
DNA Barcoding Amy Driskell Laboratories of Analytical Biology National Museum of Natural History Smithsonian Institution, Wash. DC 1 Outline 1. Barcoding in general 2. Uses & Examples 3. Barcoding Bocas
More informationBIO 111: Biological Diversity and Evolution
BIO 111: Biological Diversity and Evolution Varsha 2017 Ullasa Kodandaramaiah & Hema Somanathan School of Biology MODULE: BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGY Part I - FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS OF BIODIVERSITY
More informationNicolas Hubert, Robert Hanner DNA Barcoding, species delineation and taxonomy: a historical perspective
DNA Barcodes 2015; Volume 3: 44 58 Review Article Open Access Nicolas Hubert, Robert Hanner DNA Barcoding, species delineation and taxonomy: a historical perspective DOI 10.1515/dna-2015-0006 Received
More informationTaxonomy and Biodiversity
Chapter 25/26 Taxonomy and Biodiversity Evolutionary biology The major goal of evolutionary biology is to reconstruct the history of life on earth Process: a- natural selection b- mechanisms that change
More informationDNA Barcoding Fishery Resources:
DNA Barcoding Fishery Resources: A case study in Shandong Costal Water Shufang Liu Laboratory of Molecular ecology of fishery resources Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute (YSFRI) Chinese Academy of
More informationThe Perils of DNA Barcoding and the Need for Integrative Taxonomy
844 SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY VOL. 54 that accompany this article, Will and Hebert respond to 10 questions selected by V.S. to reflect the balance of issues raised by the PEET audience (Hebert and Gregory, 2005;
More informationANALYSIS OF CHARACTER DIVERGENCE ALONG ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENTS AND OTHER COVARIATES
ORIGINAL ARTICLE doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2007.00063.x ANALYSIS OF CHARACTER DIVERGENCE ALONG ENVIRONMENTAL GRADIENTS AND OTHER COVARIATES Dean C. Adams 1,2,3 and Michael L. Collyer 1,4 1 Department of
More informationChapter 26. Phylogeny and the Tree of Life. Lecture Presentations by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Lecture Presentations by Nicole Tunbridge and Kathleen Fitzpatrick Investigating the Tree of Life Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of a species or group of
More information10 Biodiversity Support. AQA Biology. Biodiversity. Specification reference. Learning objectives. Introduction. Background
Biodiversity Specification reference 3.4.5 3.4.6 3.4.7 Learning objectives After completing this worksheet you should be able to: recall the definition of a species and know how the binomial system is
More informationDNA Barcode of Thief Ant Complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications: Department of Entomology Entomology, Department of 2013 DNA Barcode of Thief Ant Complex (Hymenoptera:
More informationDNA barcoding as a tool for coral reef conservation
Coral Reefs (2007) 26:487-499 DOI 10.1007/s00338-007-0248-4 REVIEW DNA barcoding as a tool for coral reef conservation J. Neigel A. Domingo J. Stake Received: 9 January 2007 / Accepted: 4 May 2007 / Published
More informationInDel 3-5. InDel 8-9. InDel 3-5. InDel 8-9. InDel InDel 8-9
Lecture 5 Alignment I. Introduction. For sequence data, the process of generating an alignment establishes positional homologies; that is, alignment provides the identification of homologous phylogenetic
More informationSystematics - BIO 615
ICZN UPDATE Several issues now confronting the zoological community make desirable the development of a 5th edition of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (Code). Prime among them are: 1)
More informationEvolution and Taxonomy Laboratory
Evolution and Taxonomy Laboratory 1 Introduction Evolution refers to the process by which forms of life have changed through time by what is described as descent with modification. Evolution explains the
More informationTitle ghost-tree: creating hybrid-gene phylogenetic trees for diversity analyses
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 Title ghost-tree: creating hybrid-gene phylogenetic trees for diversity analyses
More informationDNA Barcoding Analyses of White Spruce (Picea glauca var. glauca) and Black Hills Spruce (Picea glauca var. densata)
Southern Adventist Univeristy KnowledgeExchange@Southern Senior Research Projects Southern Scholars 4-4-2010 DNA Barcoding Analyses of White Spruce (Picea glauca var. glauca) and Black Hills Spruce (Picea
More informationthe map Redrawing Donald Hobern takes a look at the challenges of managing biodiversity data [ Feature ]
Redrawing the map Donald Hobern takes a look at the challenges of managing biodiversity data 46 Volume 12 > Number 9 > 2008 www.asiabiotech.com Cicadetta sp., Canberra, Australia, December 2007 Photograph
More informationLesson 3 Classification of Insects
Lesson 3 Classification of Insects Timeframe 1 Fifty minute class period Target Audience Middle School (6-8) Life Science but easily adapted to Grades 4-12 Materials - Petri Dishes - Magnifying Lenses
More informationThe study of insect species diversity and modern approaches
The study of insect species diversity and modern approaches Humala A.E. Forest Research Institute Karelian Research Centre RAS Petrozavodsk, RUSSIA The main idea and aim of any research TO FILL THE GAPS
More informationOMICS Journals are welcoming Submissions
OMICS Journals are welcoming Submissions OMICS International welcomes submissions that are original and technically so as to serve both the developing world and developed countries in the best possible
More informationMicrobiome: 16S rrna Sequencing 3/30/2018
Microbiome: 16S rrna Sequencing 3/30/2018 Skills from Previous Lectures Central Dogma of Biology Lecture 3: Genetics and Genomics Lecture 4: Microarrays Lecture 12: ChIP-Seq Phylogenetics Lecture 13: Phylogenetics
More informationThe Tempo of Macroevolution: Patterns of Diversification and Extinction
The Tempo of Macroevolution: Patterns of Diversification and Extinction During the semester we have been consider various aspects parameters associated with biodiversity. Current usage stems from 1980's
More informationAnts in the Heart of Borneo a unique possibility to join taxonomy, ecology and conservation
Ants in the Heart of Borneo a unique possibility to join taxonomy, ecology and conservation Carsten Brühl, University Landau, Germany 1 Borneo Interior mountain ranges of Central Borneo represent the only
More informationPlant Systematics. What is Systematics? or Why Study Systematics? Botany 400. What is Systematics or Why Study Systematics?
Plant Systematics Botany 400 http://botany.wisc.edu/courses/botany_400/ What is Systematics? or Why Kenneth J. Sytsma Melody Sain Kelsey Huisman Botany Department University of Wisconsin Pick up course
More informationPoint of View Determining Species Boundaries in a World Full of Rarity: Singletons, Species Delimitation Methods
Point of View Syst. Biol. 61(1):165 169, 2012 c The Author(s) 2011. Published by Oxford University Press, on behalf of the Society of Systematic Biologists. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please
More informationOutline. Classification of Living Things
Outline Classification of Living Things Chapter 20 Mader: Biology 8th Ed. Taxonomy Binomial System Species Identification Classification Categories Phylogenetic Trees Tracing Phylogeny Cladistic Systematics
More informationBioinformatics. Dept. of Computational Biology & Bioinformatics
Bioinformatics Dept. of Computational Biology & Bioinformatics 3 Bioinformatics - play with sequences & structures Dept. of Computational Biology & Bioinformatics 4 ORGANIZATION OF LIFE ROLE OF BIOINFORMATICS
More informationCasey Bickford & Derek Sikes. University of Alaska Museum
Casey Bickford & Derek Sikes University of Alaska Museum Introduction and Rationale Coleoptera: Salpingidae: Aegialitinae Northern Pacific distribution Found in intertidal rock crevices Very habitat specific
More informationPost-doc fellowships to non-eu researchers FINAL REPORT. Home Institute: Centro de Investigaciones Marinas, Universidad de La Habana, CUBA
Recipient: Maickel Armenteros Almanza. Post-doc fellowships to non-eu researchers FINAL REPORT Home Institute: Centro de Investigaciones Marinas, Universidad de La Habana, CUBA Promoter: Prof. Dr. Wilfrida
More informationBioinformatics: Investigating Molecular/Biochemical Evidence for Evolution
Bioinformatics: Investigating Molecular/Biochemical Evidence for Evolution Background How does an evolutionary biologist decide how closely related two different species are? The simplest way is to compare
More informationPhylogeny 9/8/2014. Evolutionary Relationships. Data Supporting Phylogeny. Chapter 26
Phylogeny Chapter 26 Taxonomy Taxonomy: ordered division of organisms into categories based on a set of characteristics used to assess similarities and differences Carolus Linnaeus developed binomial nomenclature,
More informationa-dB. Code assigned:
This form should be used for all taxonomic proposals. Please complete all those modules that are applicable (and then delete the unwanted sections). For guidance, see the notes written in blue and the
More informationCover Page. The handle holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation.
Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/65602 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation. Author: Ruchisansakun, S. Title: Balsaminaceae in Southeast Asia: systematics, evolution,
More informationMeasuring species turnover in aquatic macroinvertebrate communities using barcoding and metabarcoding
Measuring species turnover in aquatic macroinvertebrate communities using barcoding and metabarcoding Alfried P. Vogler, Carmelo Andujar, Cesc Murria, Kat Bruce Imperial College London and Natural History
More informationPHYLOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS
AP BIOLOGY EVOLUTION/HEREDITY UNIT Unit 1 Part 11 Chapter 26 Activity #15 NAME DATE PERIOD PHYLOGENY AND SYSTEMATICS PHYLOGENY Evolutionary history of species or group of related species SYSTEMATICS Study
More informationChapter 16: Reconstructing and Using Phylogenies
Chapter Review 1. Use the phylogenetic tree shown at the right to complete the following. a. Explain how many clades are indicated: Three: (1) chimpanzee/human, (2) chimpanzee/ human/gorilla, and (3)chimpanzee/human/
More informationEFFECTS OF TAXONOMIC GROUPS AND GEOGRAPHIC SCALE ON PATTERNS OF NESTEDNESS
EFFECTS OF TAXONOMIC GROUPS AND GEOGRAPHIC SCALE ON PATTERNS OF NESTEDNESS SFENTHOURAKIS Spyros, GIOKAS Sinos & LEGAKIS Anastasios Zoological Museum, Department of Biology, University of Athens, Greece
More informationChapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life
Chapter 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life Chapter focus Shifting from the process of how evolution works to the pattern evolution produces over time. Phylogeny Phylon = tribe, geny = genesis or origin
More informationClassification. 18a. Lab Exercise. Contents. Introduction. Objectives. 18a
Lab Exercise Classification Contents Objectives 1 Introduction 1 Activity.1 Classification of Organisms 4 Activity.2 Phylogenetic Analysis 5 Resutls Section 7 Objectives - To create a classification of
More informationAnnouncements: 1. Labs meet this week 2. Lab manuals have been ordered 3. Some slides from each lecture will be on the web 4. Study questions will be
Announcements: 1. Labs meet this week 2. Lab manuals have been ordered 3. Some slides from each lecture will be on the web 4. Study questions will be posted after each lecture Prokaryotes Eukaryotes Protozoa
More informationAssessing state-wide biodiversity in the Florida Gap analysis project
University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Nebraska Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit -- Staff Publications Nebraska Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit
More informationMicrobial Taxonomy and the Evolution of Diversity
19 Microbial Taxonomy and the Evolution of Diversity Copyright McGraw-Hill Global Education Holdings, LLC. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 Taxonomy Introduction to Microbial Taxonomy
More informationDNA Barcoding: A New Tool for Identifying Biological Specimens and Managing Species Diversity
DNA Barcoding: A New Tool for Identifying Biological Specimens and Managing Species Diversity DNA barcoding has inspired a global initiative dedicated to: Creating a library of new knowledge about species
More informationLecture 11 Friday, October 21, 2011
Lecture 11 Friday, October 21, 2011 Phylogenetic tree (phylogeny) Darwin and classification: In the Origin, Darwin said that descent from a common ancestral species could explain why the Linnaean system
More informationGlobal biodiversity: how many species of arthropods are there? George Weiblen Plant Biology
Global biodiversity: how many species of arthropods are there? George Weiblen Plant Biology the biodiversity crisis complete sequencing of the human genome illustrates our tremendous capacity to catalogue
More informationHexapoda Origins: Monophyletic, Paraphyletic or Polyphyletic? Rob King and Matt Kretz
Hexapoda Origins: Monophyletic, Paraphyletic or Polyphyletic? Rob King and Matt Kretz Outline Review Hexapod Origins Response to Hexapod Origins How the same data = different trees Arthropod Origins The
More informationOverview. How many species are there? Major patterns of diversity Causes of these patterns Conserving biodiversity
Overview How many species are there? Major patterns of diversity Causes of these patterns Conserving biodiversity Biodiversity The variability among living organisms from all sources, including, inter
More informationSingle alignment: Substitution Matrix. 16 march 2017
Single alignment: Substitution Matrix 16 march 2017 BLOSUM Matrix BLOSUM Matrix [2] (Blocks Amino Acid Substitution Matrices ) It is based on the amino acids substitutions observed in ~2000 conserved block
More informationBiology 211 (2) Week 1 KEY!
Biology 211 (2) Week 1 KEY Chapter 1 KEY FIGURES: 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7 VOCABULARY: Adaptation: a trait that increases the fitness Cells: a developed, system bound with a thin outer layer made of
More informationClassification, Phylogeny yand Evolutionary History
Classification, Phylogeny yand Evolutionary History The diversity of life is great. To communicate about it, there must be a scheme for organization. There are many species that would be difficult to organize
More informationConcept Modern Taxonomy reflects evolutionary history.
Concept 15.4 Modern Taxonomy reflects evolutionary history. What is Taxonomy: identification, naming, and classification of species. Common Names: can cause confusion - May refer to several species (ex.
More informationHomework Assignment, Evolutionary Systems Biology, Spring Homework Part I: Phylogenetics:
Homework Assignment, Evolutionary Systems Biology, Spring 2009. Homework Part I: Phylogenetics: Introduction. The objective of this assignment is to understand the basics of phylogenetic relationships
More informationHow to read and make phylogenetic trees Zuzana Starostová
How to read and make phylogenetic trees Zuzana Starostová How to make phylogenetic trees? Workflow: obtain DNA sequence quality check sequence alignment calculating genetic distances phylogeny estimation
More informationHow Molecules Evolve. Advantages of Molecular Data for Tree Building. Advantages of Molecular Data for Tree Building
How Molecules Evolve Guest Lecture: Principles and Methods of Systematic Biology 11 November 2013 Chris Simon Approaching phylogenetics from the point of view of the data Understanding how sequences evolve
More informationSPECIES PARADOX By Colin leslie dean
SPECIES PARADOX By Colin leslie dean B,Sc, BA, B.Litt(Hons), MA, B.Litt(Hons), MA, MA (Psychoanalytic studies), Master of Psychoanalytic studies, Grad Cert (Literary studies) Gamahucher press West Geelong
More information