Nautical Almanac Nautic

Transcription

1 utical Almanac autical Almanac autical Alm autical Almanac autical Alm cal Almanac autical Almanac auti autical Almanac autic al Almanac autical Alma autical Almanac autical Almanac autical autical Almanac utical Almanac autical Almanac autical A autical Almanac autica cal Almanac autical Almanac autical Almana autical Almanac autic autical Almanac autic utical Almanac autical Almanac autical A autical Almanac autical Almanac autical Almanac autical Alman cal Almanac autical Almanac aut autical Almanac autical Almanac autical Almanac autical Almanac 7 aut utical Almanac autical Almanac autical Alm autical Almanac autic utical Almanac autical Almanac autical Alm utical Almanac autic autical Almanac autical Almanac autical Almanac autic

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3 The autical Almanac 7 Warning and Terms of Usage: The following pages have been generated by a computer program. Complex computer programs usually have bugs and may produce wrong data. The data in this autical Almanac is believed to be accurate but no warranty is given for its correctness. Use this autical Almanac only for training and exercising! Compiled by Erik De Man (mail2erik@siranah.de) on Mon ep 2 0::32

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5 Introduction This autical Almanac contains the Ephemerides of the un, the Moon, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and aturn. It is designed for determination of Position (geographical Latitude and Longitude) from astronomical observations (Altitude of Celestial Objects). The data compiled in this autical Almanac is based on calculations done with the software package "OVA" from the U.. aval Observatory ( The basic ephemerides are taken from the "DE5" files published by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( For the astrodynamical calculations, the following values for "delta T" (the difference between terrestrial time realized by atomic clocks and UT defined by the irregular rotation of the Earth) have been used: Jan :. s Apr :. s Jul :. s Oct :. s Feb :.7 s Mar :.7 s May:. s Jun :. s Aug:.0 s ep:.0 s ov:. s Dec:.2 s OTICE: This autical Almanac uses a slightly different approach for the interpolation of the integral-hour values of Greenwhich Hour Angle and Declination, compared to the techniques used in most commercially available Almanacs. For more information please refer to the following web site: "

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7 Positions of the Celestial Objects The charts on the following pages show the position of the Celestial Objects used in this autical Almanac relative to the stars (celestial background). The charts can be used to find the location of the planets and also for the planning of astronomical observations. The charts are available for each month of the year. Each chart has two parts showing a part of the celestial sphere around the ecliptic. otice that the position of the Celestial Equator (Declination = ) is shifted in the two different parts of a chart. The changing position of a Celestial Object through the month is drawn as a solid line (not for the Moon). Marker tics are shown to indicate the st, th 5th, nd and th day of the month (at 2:00 UT). For Jupiter and aturn only the first day of the month is marked since their apparent positions do not change significantly over the period of one month. The position of the Moon is shown by a small circle for each individual day of the month. otice that the circles are much larger than the apparent size of the Moon.

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9 January 7 arctur enif altair ras alhague unuk AQUARIU Mars 3 Venus Jupiter VIRGO 2 PICE 2 spica CAPRICOR LIBRA un aturn antares fomalhaut AGITTARIU CORPIO Right Ascension castor pollux GEMII hamel TAURU 2 LEO ARIE 3 aldebaran denebola 4 5 regulus 7 beteigeuse procyon rigel sirius deneb kaitos February 7 arctur ras alhague enif altair unuk AQUARIU 5 2 VIRGO 5 Jupiter 7 PICE 25 spica un CAPRICOR LIBRA aturn antares fomalhaut AGITTARIU CORPIO Right Ascension castor pollux GEMII TAURU hamel LEO 7 ARIE aldebaran5 regulus beteigeuse 2 Venus 3 procyon Mars denebola rigel sirius deneb kaitos

10 March 7 arctur un AQUARIU 2 5 Jupiter VIRGO 25 PICE spica 24 CAPRICOR 7 LIBRA 23 2 Right Ascension fomalhaut enif altair castor AGITTARIU aturn pollux GEMII hamel TAURU 7 LEO 5 ARIE aldebaran denebola regulus 3 5 Mars Venus 2 2 beteigeuse procyon 2 0 ras alhague CORPIO antares unuk rigel sirius deneb kaitos April 7 arctur ras alhague enif altair unuk 5 0 Venus 23 AQUARIU Jupiter 2 VIRGO PICE 2 3 spica CAPRICOR LIBRA aturn antares fomalhaut AGITTARIU CORPIO Right Ascension castor pollux GEMII hamel TAURU LEO ARIE 5 Mars 2 aldebaran denebola 27 regulus un beteigeuse 25 procyon 0 24 rigel sirius deneb kaitos

11 May 7 arctur ras alhague enif altair unuk 0 7 AQUARIU Jupiter VIRGO PICE spica CAPRICOR LIBRA aturn antares fomalhaut AGITTARIU CORPIO Right Ascension castor pollux GEMII 5 hamel MarsTAURU LEO ARIE 2 2 un 3 aldebaran 25 denebola 3 4 regulus beteigeuse 5 procyon Venus 0 2 rigel sirius deneb kaitos June 7 arctur enif altair ras alhague unuk AQUARIU Jupiter 5 VIRGO PICE 5 spica 4 CAPRICOR 7 LIBRA 3 2 aturn antares fomalhaut AGITTARIU CORPIO Right Ascension castor pollux GEMII 5 5 hamel Mars un TAURU LEO ARIE 2 aldebaran denebola regulus 2 Venus 2 beteigeuse procyon 0 rigel sirius deneb kaitos

12 July 7 arctur ras alhague enif altair unuk AQUARIU 2 Jupiter 3 VIRGO 3 PICE 2 spica CAPRICOR 4 3 LIBRA 5 7 aturn antares fomalhaut AGITTARIU CORPIO Right Ascension castor pollux GEMII 5 5 hamel TAURU 5 Marsun 2 LEO 23 Venus ARIE 24 aldebaran denebola 25 regulus 2 7 beteigeuse 27 procyon 0 5 rigel sirius deneb kaitos August 7 arctur enif altair ras alhague unuk AQUARIU 2 Jupiter VIRGO 27 PICE spica CAPRICOR LIBRA aturn antares fomalhaut AGITTARIU CORPIO Right Ascension castor pollux GEMII 5 hamel TAURU 7 5 Venus LEO ARIE 5 Mars aldebaran 5 denebola 2 regulus un 4 23 beteigeuse 3 procyon 2 0 rigel sirius deneb kaitos

13 eptember 7 arctur ras alhague enif altair unuk 0 2 AQUARIU VIRGO 23 5 Jupiter PICE spica CAPRICOR 24 4 LIBRA aturn antares fomalhaut AGITTARIU CORPIO Right Ascension castor pollux GEMII hamel TAURU LEO ARIE aldebaran denebola 5 regulus Venus Mars beteigeuse 5 procyon 0 un 7 rigel sirius deneb kaitos October 7 arctur ras alhague enif altair unuk Venus 4 3 AQUARIU 5 3 VIRGO PICE 2 2 un spica CAPRICOR LIBRA Jupiter aturn antares fomalhaut AGITTARIU CORPIO Right Ascension castor pollux GEMII TAURU hamel LEO aldebaran ARIE 5 regulus 7 denebola beteigeuse procyon 0 Mars 5 Venus rigel sirius deneb kaitos

14 ovember 7 arctur enif altair ras alhague unuk AQUARIU Mars 27 VIRGO PICE spica LIBRA 25 CAPRICOR 24 5 Venus Jupiter 23 2 un aturn antares fomalhaut AGITTARIU CORPIO Right Ascension castor pollux GEMII TAURU hamel LEO 7 aldebaran 5 ARIE 2 denebola regulus beteigeuse procyon 2 0 rigel sirius deneb kaitos December 7 arctur enif altair ras alhague unuk AQUARIU 3 24 VIRGO 4 5 PICE 23 spica CAPRICOR 5 LIBRA Mars 2 7 Jupiter 5 5 aturn un Venus antares fomalhaut AGITTARIU CORPIO Right Ascension castor pollux GEMII hamel TAURU LEO 7 ARIE 3 aldebaran denebola 2 regulus 2 beteigeuse procyon rigel sirius deneb kaitos

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16 Phases of the Moon The following table lists the phases of the Moon through the year 7. The table shows the day and the approximate time (in UT) when the particular lunar phases occur. The calculations are based on the difference between the GHA of the un and the GHA of the Moon (Delta_GHA = GHA_sun - GHA_moon). The constellations "new moon", "first quarter", "full Moon" and "last quarter" are obtained when Delta_GHA is equal to,, and 27 respectively. ew Moon First Quarter Full Moon Last Quarter January February March April May June at 2 0: un 2 4:3 Tue 2 00:45 Wed 2 0:34 Thu 25 :2 at 24 02:3 Thu 5 :7 Thu 2 2:34 Fri 04:3 at 4 :4 at 0: un 02: un 5 4:4 un 2 3: Mon 5:54 Mon 3 5: Tue 02:54 Wed 02:35 Tue 2 : Wed :44 Thu 5:27 Thu 05:34 Fri 2: at 7 0:0 July un 23 :33 un : at 0:5 un 04:5 un 23: August eptember October ovember December Mon 2 :3 Tue 4:00 Wed 03: Thu 2 0:24 Thu 5:37 Fri 27 3:32 at 0:07 un 2 07:3 Mon 0:7 Tue 2 07:45 Mon 7 :4 Tue 5 07:25 Wed 05:3 Wed 3 0:32 Thu 5 5:42 Thu 2 07:5 at 4 02:3 Fri :3 un 3 4:43 un 0:42 Tidal Phase spring neap spring neap Lunar Phases and Tides The lunar phases may be used to roughly estimate the occurrence of spring and neap tides. pring tide occurs around new and full moon. eap tide occurs around the first and last quarter. Each tidal region on Earth, has a characteristic "tidal delay" which, specifies the time difference between the occurrence of a particular lunar phase and the occurrence of the resulting tidal phase. The tidal delay can be a couple of hours for the open seas, or up to several days for branched tidal waters such as parts of the orth ea. Reliable tidal predictions are obtained from a Tidal Almanac.

17 Lunar Eclipses An eclipse of the Moon - or lunar eclipse - can only occur at Full Moon, and only if the Moon passes through some portion of the Earth s shadow. The Earth s shadow is composed of two concentric cone-shaped components. The outer or penumbral shadow is a region where the Earth blocks part (but not all) of the un s light from reaching the Moon. The inner or umbral shadow is a region where the Earth blocks all direct sunlight from reaching the Moon. Based on this, three types of lunar eclipses are distinguised:. Penumbral Lunar Eclipse: the Moon passes through the Earth s penumbral shadow. These kind of eclipses are subtle and very difficult to observe. 2. Partial Lunar Eclipse: a part of the Moon passes through the Earth s umbral shadow. 3. Total Lunar Eclipse: the Moon passes entirely through the Earth s umbral shadow. During this phase of the eclipse the Moon will take a vibrant range of dark red and brown colors. OTICE: Eclipse contact times depend on the angular diameters of the un and Moon. The calculations in this Almanac are based on a perfect circular form for the limb of the Moon, and do not take into account effects of refraction of the sunlight in the Earth atmosphere. ince this is only an approximation of reality, contact times are accurate only within a couple of minutes. The following lunar eclipses may be observed during the year 7: February : a penumbral lunar eclipse begin [ Feb, :33 UT ] / end [ Feb, 02:5 UT ] August 7 : a partial lunar eclipse begin [ Aug 7, 5:4 UT ] / end [ Aug 7, :54 UT ] Rp =.227 Ru = August 7-5:4 UT begin of penumbral eclipse 2-7:24 UT begin of partial eclipse :2 UT moment of greatest eclipse umbra - : UT end of partial eclipse penumbra 7 - :54 UT end of penumbral eclipse August 7

18 olar Eclipses An eclipse of the un - or solar eclipse - can only occur at ew Moon, and only if the Earth passes through some portion of the Moon s shadow. een from the Earth, the Moon passes in front of the un and thus a part - or all - of the light of the un is eclipsed. The shadow cast by the Moon is composed of two concentric cone-shaped components. The outer or penumbral shadow zone is the region where the Moon blocks a part of the sunlight. The inner or umbral shadow zone is a region where the Moon blocks all sunlight. Based on this, three types of solar eclipes may be distinguised:. Total solar eclipse: occurs when the umbra of the Moon s shadow touches a region on the surface of the Earth. 2. Partial solar eclipse: occurs when the penumbra of the Moon s shadow passes over a region on the Earth s surface. 3. Annular solar eclipse: occurs when a region on the Earth s surface is in line with the umbra, but the distances are such that the tip of the umbra does not reach the Earth s surface Because of the relative sizes of the Moon and un and their specific distances from the Earth, only a small part of the Earth surface is covered by the Moon shadow during a solar eclipse. Especially the path of totality is usually very narrow (a few hundreds of kilometers across). A much broader region is covered by the penumbral shadow of the Moon. However, an observer in this region will see only a partial solar eclipse. The appearance of a specific solar eclipse can be summarized conveniently by mapping the path of totality and the region covered by the penumbral shadow of the Moon for the complete duration the eclipse. The lines of constant time, included in the charts, indicate the instances of greatest eclipse. Warning: never look directly at the un without proper eye protection, even during an eclipse. Even when the un is partially covered, your eyes can be seriously damaged by looking directly at it. unglasses are not an adequate eye protection for viewing the un.

19 The following solar eclipses may be observed during the year 7: February 2 : annular solar eclipse begin [ Feb 2, 2: UT ] / end [ Feb 2, 7:3 UT ] : P4 :00 5 P 3: 4:00 4: 5:00 5: Circumstances at Moment of Greatest Eclipse Fist Contacts (P/U) Last Contacts (U4/P4) Time: 4:53 UT Penumbra Penumbra Location: 34.4 W : UT 7:3 UT August 2 : total solar eclipse begin [ Aug 2, 5:47 UT ] / end [ Aug 2, 2:05 UT ] 7: :00 : 45 P 7:00 :00 3 : 5 :00 P Circumstances at Moment of Greatest Eclipse Fist Contacts (P/U) Last Contacts (U4/P4) Time: :2 UT Duration (full): 0.0 min Penumbra Umbra Umbra Penumbra Location: 3.7 W 07.7 Path Width: 5 km 5:47 UT :4 UT :03 UT 2:05 UT

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21 Equation of Time The "Equation of Time" is the difference between the Apparent olar Time and the Mean olar Time at the Prime Meridian of Greenwich. The value for the Equation of Time (EoT) for a specific day can be obtained from the autical Almanac. The section of the un records the "Greenwich Culmination Time" (GCT), which is the UT time at which the Geographical Position of the un transits the Prime Meridian of Greenwich. This is also the UT time of Local Apparent oon for the Prime Meridian. Thus, the value for the Equation of Time is obtained from: EoT = 2:00:00 - GCT. Examples: GCT = :57:23 GCT = 2:0:57 EoT = 2:00:00 - :57:23 = +00:02:37 EoT = 2:00:00-2:0:57 = -00:0:57 otice that EoT has a sign: positive if the un "culminates" before 2 UT (then Apparent Time is "leading" Mean Time) and negative if the un "culminates" after 2 UT (then Apparent Time is "lagging" Mean Time). The next graph shows the values for the "Equation of Time" (in Minutes) over the year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug ep Oct ov Dec

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23 autical Almanac The following pages contain the coordinates of the Geographical Position (in Greenwich Hour Angle and Declination) for each integral hour of the year for the recorded celestial objects. Each page compiles the complete Almanac data for one day of the year. The time used in this Almanac is Universal Time (UT). OTICE: This autical Almanac uses a slightly different approach for the interpolation of the integral-hour values of Greenwhich Hour Angle and Declination, compared to the techniques used in most commercially available Almanacs. For more information please refer to the following web site: " Abbreviations used in the Almanac tables: UT Universal Time GHA Greenwich Hour Angle [degrees] Dec Declination [degrees] ddgha the increment of the GHA value for the next hour of time, additional to the "linear" increment of 5 /h [minutes of arc] ddec the increment of the Dec value for the next hour of time [minutes of arc] D emi-diameter of the celestial object [minutes of arc] HP Horizontal Parallax [minutes of arc] a the "age" of the Moon, according to the following scheme: a = 0.00 : new moon a = 0.25 : first quarter a = 0.50 : full moon a = 0.75 : last quarter

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