PHSC 1053: Astronomy Time and Coordinates
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1 PHSC 1053: Astronomy Time and Coordinates
2 Astronomical Clocks Earth s Rotation on its Axis Time between two successive meridian transits of the sun 1 solar day (our adopted clock time) 24 hours (86,400 seconds)
3 Local Time Meridian (North-South Line Through Zenith) Meridian Transit (Object Crossing The Meridian) Local Noon = Solar Meridian Transit NCP Zenith N S W
4 Universal Time The Time At Zero Degrees Longitude = UT (GMT) Universal Time (UT) or Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) Tropic of Cancer Equator Prime Meridian Greenwich Observatory, England Tropic of Capricorn Greenwich Observatory
5 World Time Zones
6 U.S.A. Time Zones
7 Earth s Orbit Counter Clockwise (When viewed from above?) Above = from Polaris to North Pole, N. Hemisphere Rotation (Earth s spin about its axis) Revolution (Earth s orbit around the Sun) Sun
8 Astronomical Clocks Earth s Rotation on its Axis Time between two successive meridian transits of the sun 1 solar day (our adopted clock time) 24 hours (86,400 seconds) Earth s Orbit Around the Sun Sun s Path on the Sky Returns to the Same Constellation 1 solar year days
9 Astronomical Clocks Earth s Rotation on its Axis Time between two successive meridian transits of the sun 1 solar day (our adopted clock time) 24 hours (86,400 seconds) Earth s Orbit Around the Sun Sun s Path on the Sky Returns to the Same Constellation 1 solar year days Moon s Orbit Around the Earth 1 month (1 moon th) 29.5 days
10 Days of the Week The 7 heavenly bodies visible with the unaided eye are each honored with their own day.
11 Solar Day Day Length Observe Successive Meridian Transits of the Sun 24 hours (86,400 seconds) Clock Time Sidereal Day (sidereal = with respect to the stars ) Observe Successive Meridian Transits of a Star 23 hours 56 minutes (86,160 seconds) Sky Time A 4 MINUTE DIFFERENCE!! What Gives?
12 4 minutes? Solar versus Sidereal Aligned With Star Earth Motion Aligned With Sun
13 Earth Motion
14 Earth Motion
15 Earth Motion
16 Earth Motion
17 Earth Motion
18 Earth Motion
19 Earth Motion
20 Earth Motion
21 Earth Motion
22 Sidereal Day 1 Sidereal Day later Aligned With Star Since there are ~365 days in the year and 360 degrees in a circle, the earth moves along its orbit about ~1 degree over the course of a day.
23 Solar Day 1 Sidereal Day later plus 4 more minutes The Sky appears to move westward by 4 minutes each day when compared to solar or adopted clock time. Aligned With Sun
24 4 Miniscule Minutes Actual Length of Year ( days) = days (11 minutes/year)
25 A Tale of Time Actual Length of Year ( days) = days (11 minutes/year) After years, this miniscule error accumulates 11 minutes/year X 1500 = 11 days WHO CARES?
26 Julian Calendar Adopted ~ 45 B.C. Ten months (Mar,, Sept, Oct, Nov, Dec???) Add July (Julius Caesar) Add August (Augustus Caesar) Three Years of 365 days One Year with 366 days (Leap Year) This simulates a Calendar with days per year if averaged over the four years.
27 Easter Astronomically Defined The First Sunday After The First Full Moon After The Vernal Equinox (date when sun is in a particular location on the sky) As Early as March 21 st As Late as April 20 th BUT that 11 days made Easter LATER and LATER
28 Gregorian Reformation By 1582 A.D. Pope Gregory had had enough. He Made A Proclamation October 4 th would be October 15 th Century Years Divisible by 400 are NOT Leap Years Average Year = days (23 seconds) Time needed to accumulate 1 day of error (3850 years)
29 What Time Is IT?! OR What Day is IT Really?! Only the Stars Know
30 Bowl Diagram Orienting yourself to a local horizon. Zenith NCP Celestial Equator N S W
31 Altitude - Azimuth Horizon based coordinate system Horizon dependent (different for each observer) E N S W
32 Altitude - Azimuth Horizon based coordinate system Horizon dependent (different for each observer) Azimuth Angle (degrees) measured CW from N to E N = 0 o, E = 90 o, S = 180 o, W = 270 o W N S 90 E N E W S
33 Altitude - Azimuth Horizon based coordinate system Horizon dependent (different for each observer) Azimuth Angle (degrees) measured CW from N to E N = 0 o, E = 90 o, S = 180 o, W = 270 o Altitude Angle(degrees) horizon to star Horizon = 0 o Zenith = 90 o E N S W
34 Celestial Orientation
35 Right Ascension - Declination Geocentric Coordinates Observer Independent North Celestial Pole (NCP) Celestial Equator (Earth s Equator) Toward the Vernal Equinox (Position of the Sun on March 21-22)
36 Right Ascension - Declination Right Ascension (hours) Measured from the Vernal Equinox along the C.E. Vernal Eq. = 0 hours Celestial Equator (Earth s Equator) RA Toward the Vernal Equinox = 0 hours
37 Right Ascension - Declination Declination (degrees) Measured from the Celestial Equator to the Pole CE = 0 o NCP = 90 o NCP DEC Celestial Equator (Earth s Equator) Toward the Vernal Equinox = 0 hours
38 Sky Atlas Magnitude Right Ascension Constellation Lyra, Bright Star Vega
39 Planetary Observations Inner Planets Mercury Venus Outer Planets Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Inner Planet Sun Earth Orbit Outer Planet
40 Conjunctions Inner Planets Conjunction (Aligned with the Sun) Inferior Sun Earth
41 Conjunction Outer Planets Conjunction (Aligned with the Sun) Always Superior, Never Inferior Sun Earth
42 Conjunctions Inner Planets Conjunction (Aligned with the Sun) Inferior Superior Sun Earth
43 Planetary Elongation
44 Elongation Inner Planets Conjunction (Aligned with the Sun) Inferior Superior Greatest Elongation (Farthest From Sun) Eastern Western Sun Earth
45 Elongation Inner Planets Conjunction (Aligned with the Sun) Inferior Superior Greatest Elongation (Farthest From Sun) Eastern Western Best Time to View Inner Planet = Greatest Elongation Earth
46 Conjunction Outer Planets Conjunction Aligned with the Sun Always Superior Sun Earth
47 Opposition Outer Planets Conjunction Aligned with the Sun Always Superior Opposition Opposite the Sun Earth Closest Approach Sun Best Time to View Outer Planet = Opposition
48 Planetary Alignments
49 Planetary Observational Terms Summary
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