Nuclear bombs and coral: Guam coral core reveals operationspecific radiocarbon signals from the Pacific Proving Grounds. Allen Hia Andrews, Ph.D.
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1 Nuclear bombs and coral: Guam coral core reveals operationspecific radiocarbon signals from the Pacific Proving Grounds Allen Hia Andrews, Ph.D. Allen H. Andrews & Donald Kobayashi NOAA Fisheries PIFSC Ryuji Asami & Yasufumi Iryu University of the Ryukyus Frank Camacho University of Guam Including numerous other colleagues involved in the fish age and growth work presented here.
2 Age estimation of fishes Scales Vertebrae Fin rays NIWA
3 Fish age from Otoliths Estimated to be >100 years old Shortraker rockfish (Sebastes borealis)
4 Yelloweye rockfish Are these growth rings annual? Andrews et al. 2002
5 Bomb Radiocarbon Dating Theory and Application
6 Opakapaka (Pristipomoides filamentosus) Age validation of this fish using Bomb Radiocarbon Dating
7 Von Bertalanffy Growth Function How fish grow over time Important to stock assessments Ludwig von Bertalanffy
8 Von Bertalanffy Growth Functions Age estimation and extrapolation Age of large fish? Maximum predicted age 18 years
9 Bomb Radiocarbon Dating - Atmospheric Testing - Carbon-14 Carbon-14 Carbon-14 Carbon-14 Carbon-14 Carbon-14 Castle Romeo Shot 11 Mt (26 March 1954) Thermonuclear detonations reached megatons of TNT in energy equivalence from the mid-1950s to early-1960s Testing created a global radiocarbon signal and doubled the naturally occurring levels in the atmosphere
10 Atmospheric bomb radiocarbon records C ( ) ( o / oo ) Year (AD) Vermunt, Austria 47 o N, 10 o E Schauinsland, Germany 48 o N, 8 o E Debre Zeit, Ethiopia 9 o N, 39 o E Wellington, New Zealand 41 o S, 175 o E Cape Grim, Australia 41 o S, 145 o E Atmospheric nuclear tests in the SH Atmospheric nuclear tests in the NH Effective yield of atmospheric nuclear detonation (Mt) Hua and Barbetti (2004) Effective yield TNT (Mt)
11 Marine Bomb Radiocarbon Records Hawaii Coral
12 Pink Hawaiian snapper Ear stone Opakapaka otolith
13 Series of extractions Dimensions within 1 yr otolith Yield ~3 mg of material Radiocarbon Analysis - 14 C at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute
14 Opakapaka Bomb Radiocarbon dating Direct comparison with coral - DIC
15 Von Bertalanffy Growth Functions & New age data
16 Published - Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Contact me for PDF Allen.Andrews@noaa.gov
17 Regional Age Validation Guam & CNMI Δ 14 C reference Reference unknown Hawaiian archipelago Reliable Δ 14 C reference Reference established
18 Guam - Bomb Radiocarbon Record? Guam Δ 14 C reference unknown funding Kure/FFS with Okinawa Nauru/Pohnpei Saltonstall-Kennedy University of Guam and University of the Ryukyus Palau Asami et al. (2005)
19 Guam & Regional Bomb Radiocarbon Records Guam Δ 14 C reference documented As expected, but with a surprise
20 Guam - Early Bomb Radiocarbon Guam Δ 14 C reference vs. Atmospheric Δ 14 C
21 Indo-Pacific Early Bomb Radiocarbon Possible close-in fallout 14 C documented from Operation Castle (1954) thermonuclear tests - Palau, Langkai, Lombok, Okinawa, Palmyra Guam
22 Guam Early Bomb Radiocarbon Guam close-in fallout 14 C propagation from Castle, Redwing, and Hardtack I Operations Ivy 11 Mt Castle 48 Mt Redwing 21 Mt Hardtack I 27 Mt
23 Guam Early Bomb Radiocarbon Guam close-in fallout 14 C propagation from Castle, Redwing, and Hardtack I Operations Ivy 11 Mt Castle 48 Mt Redwing 21 Mt Hardtack I 27 Mt
24 Guam Early Bomb Radiocarbon Guam close-in fallout 14 C propagation from Castle, Redwing, and Hardtack I Operations Ivy 11 Mt Castle 48 Mt Redwing 21 Mt Hardtack I 27 Mt
25 Surface Bomb Radioactivity Propagation Fallout propagation modeling using 10 depth stratified layers Each modeled event was >1 Mt and begins at the test date SHOW MOVIE
26 Surface Bomb Radioactivity Propagation Guam coral 14 C record nearly coincident with modeling
27 Surface Bomb Radioactivity Propagation Palau coral 14 C record nearly coincident with minor offset and similar split peak (Castle Bravo and Union signals) Glynn et al (2013)
28 Surface Bomb Radioactivity Propagation Indo-Pacific Throughflow complicated but confirms Castle Fallon and Guilderson (2008) Guilderson et al (2009)
29 Surface Bomb Radioactivity Propagation Bonus run Confirmed hypothesis that Sr-90 signal at Cocos-Keeling Islands as fallout propagation from Pacific Proving Grounds Toggweiler and Tumbore (1985)
30 Mechanism Incorporation of bomb 14 C to close-in fallout Thermonuclear explosions produce an enormous burst of neutrons within the first few microseconds Most neutrons are absorbed by atmospheric nitrogen = 14 C = 14 CO 2 Source of 14 C created in atmosphere immediately surrounding fireball Most 14 C entrained by superheated, toroidal cloud and advected into stratosphere Some 14 CO 2 incorporated by cooling substrates (vaporized/pulverized coral) (Only bombs that made fireball contact with island and sea surfaces) Subsequent dissolution at sea surface = Close-in fallout Some 14 CO 2 directly absorbed into cooling water vapor cloud (Most surface blasts vaporized a massive volume of sea water) Subsequent infusion to sea surface
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